Abstract
Prior to the introduction of transdermal delivery systems, topical delivery of drugs was achieved by application of ointments or creams to intact skin. When the goal was systemic therapy (e.g., nitroglycerin and estradiol ointments), reproducible dosing was extremely difficult to achieve because of the difficulty in applying uniform amounts of ointment over a fixed area of skin. In addition, differences in the rate and extent of drug absorption could occur because of differences among individuals in the intrinsic permeability of skin. The skin site [8,2] and skin metabolism [9] also contributed to the variability of transdermal drug delivery.
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© 1991 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
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Hwang, S.S., Nichols, K.C., Southam, M. (1991). Transdermal Permeation: Physiological and Physicochemical Aspects. In: Lehmann, K.A., Zech, D. (eds) Transdermal Fentanyl. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76872-9_1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76872-9_1
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