Abstract
Artificial heart valves were first used in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Following the success of these early implants, the replacement of diseased or damaged valves with prosthetic substitutes rapidly became accepted as a routine clinical procedure. During the next 30 years, the field of heart valve replacement became one of the major growth areas in cardiac surgery, and it is estimated that over 150 000 valves are replaced in the world each year. Following an initial steady increase in the number of implants, the requirement for valve substitutes in the United States and Europe is beginning to stabilise. World demand for these devices, however, continues to expand at a rate of 10%–12% per year.
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Black, M.M., Drury, P.J. (1994). Mechanical and Other Problems of Artificial Valves. In: Berry, C. (eds) The Pathology of Devices. Current Topics in Pathology, vol 86. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76846-0_4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76846-0_4
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