Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Nonpharmacological Treatment Concepts of Negative Symptomatology

  • Conference paper
Negative Versus Positive Schizophrenia

Abstract

In the past decade, while various rating scales such as the Scales for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) (Andreasen 1982), the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS; Kay et al. 1987), the Psychological Impairments Rating Schedule (PIRS; Jablensky 1978), and its revised version the Behavioral Observation Schedule (BOS; Atakan and Cooper 1989) were being devised to assess negative symptoms in schizophrenia, intensive research was being conducted on negative symptoms in the fields of psychopharmacology, pathophysiology, and brain morphology (see surveys, Den Boer et al. 1987; Crow 1989). Thus, biological research began to focus its attention on a syndrome which until then had been within the domain of psychosocial treatment. In cases where integrating studies of pharmacological, psychological, and social therapies into long-term treatment of schizophrenia have been carried out, they, however, did not especially aim at negative symptoms (Carpenter 1987). It is interesting to note that the lines along which research developed led researchers to test and adopt new and older substances which were known to be partly antagonistic to neuroleptics (e.g., amphetamines). There has also been growing interest lately in the observed behavior of chronic schizophrenics who attempt to “cure themselves” with drugs and medications (Liberman and Bowers 1990).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • American Psychiatric Association (1987) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 3rd rev edn. American Psychiatric Association, Washington DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Andreasen NC (1982) Negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Definition and reliability. Arch Gen Psychiatry 39:784–788

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Atakan Z, Cooper GE (1989) Behavioural observation schedule (BOS), PIRS. Br J Psychiatry 155 [Suppl 7]: 78–80

    Google Scholar 

  • Ayllon T, Azrin NJ (1968) The token economy: a motivational system for therapy and rehabilitation. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Bales RF (1970) Personality and interpersonal behavior. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Bales RF, Cohen SP, Williamson SA (1979) SYMLOG: a system for the multiple level observation of groups. Free Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker P (1984) Bewältigungsverhalten und Psychische Gesundheit. Universität Trier, Fachbereich I Psychologie, Trier (Trierer Psychologische Berichte, voll 1(5))

    Google Scholar 

  • Beilack AS (1989) A clinical guide for the treatment of schizophrenia. Plenum, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Bellack AS, Morrison RL, Mueser K (1989) Social problem solving in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 15:101–116

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boeker W, Brenner HD, Gerstner G, Keller F, Müller J, Spichtig L (1984) Self-healing strategies among schizophrenics: attempts at compensation for basic disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand 69:373–378

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boeker W, Brenner HD, Würgler S (1989) Vulnerability-linked deficiencies, psychopathology and coping behavior in schizophrenics and their relatives. Br J Psychiatry 155 [Suppl 5]: 128–135

    Google Scholar 

  • Braff DL, Geyer MA (1990) Sensorimotor gating and schizophrenia. Human and animal model studies. Arch Gen Psychiatry 47:181–188

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Breier A, Strauss JS (1983) Self-control in psychotic disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 40:1141– 1145

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brenner HD (1989) The treatment of basic psychological dysfunctions from a systemic point of view. Br J Psychiatry 155 [Suppl 5]: 74–83

    Google Scholar 

  • Brenner HD (1987) On the importance of cognitive disorders in treatment and rehabilitation. In: Boeker W, Brenner HD (eds) Psychosocial treatment of schizophrenia. Huber, Toronto

    Google Scholar 

  • Brenner HD, Hodel B, Kube G, Roder V (1987) Kognitive Therapie bei Schizophrenen: Problemanalyse und empirische Ergebnisse. Nervenarzt 58:72–83

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brenner HD, Kraemer S, Hermanutz G, Hodel B (1990) Cognitive treatment in schizophrenia. In: Straube ER, Hahlweg K (eds) Schizophrenia. Concepts, vulnerability and intervention. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Brenner HD, Hodel B, Roder V, Corrigan P (1991a) Treatment of cognitive dysfunctions and behavioral deficits in schizophrenia. Integrated psychological therapy. Schizophr Bull (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Brenner HD, Roder V, Kienzle N, Hodel B (1991b) Treatment and rehabilitation of schizophrenic patients: an integrated psychological therapy program. Huber/Hogrefe, Toronto (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown M (1982) Maintenance and generalization issues in skills training with chronic schizophrenics. In: Curran JP, Monti PM (eds) Social skills training: a practical handbook for assessment and treatment. Guilford, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter WT Jr (1986) Thoughts on the treatment of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 12:527– 535

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter WT Jr (1987) The phenomenology and course of schizophrenia: treatment implications. In: Meltzer HY (ed) Psychopharmacology: the third generation of progress. Raven, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter WT Jr, Heinrichs DW, Alphs LD (1985) Treatment of negative symptoms. Schizophr Bull 11:440–452

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ciompi L (1982) Affektlogik: Über die Struktur der Psyche und ihre Entwicklung. Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen CI, Berg LA (1985) Personal coping styles of schizophrenic outpatients. Hosp Community Psychiatry 36:407–410

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cornblatt BA, Lenzenweger F, Dworkin RH, Erlenmeyer-Kimling L (1985) Positive and negative schizophrenic symptoms, attention and information processing. Schizophr Bull 11:397–407

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crow TY (1989) A current view of the type II syndrome: age of onset, intellectual impairment and the meaning of structural changes in the brain. Br J Psychiatry 155 [Suppl 7]: 15–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Den Boer JA, Westemberg HGM, Verhoeven WMA (1987) Negative symptoms in schizophrenia; a review of diagnostic, pathophysiological and therapeutic aspects. New Trends. Exp Clin Psychiatry 3 (2): 109–145

    Google Scholar 

  • Fallon IRH, Talbot RE (1981) Persistent auditory hallucinations: coping mechanisms and implications for management. Psychol Med 11:329–339

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Friedrich W, Hennig W (1980) Der sozialwissenschaftliche Forschungsprozess. VEB, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Funke B, Reinecker H, Commichau A (1989) Grenzen kognitiver Trainingsmethoden bei schizophrenen Langzeitpatienten. Nervenarzt 60:750–756

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Godschalk SM (1987) Experiences and coping strategies of people with schizophrenia. Diss Abst Int [B] 2:387

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein MJ, Strachan AM (1987) The family and schizophrenia. In: Jacob T (ed) Family interaction and psychopathology: theories, methods and findings. Plenum, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Green M, Walker E (1985) Neuropsychological performance and positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia. J Abnorm Psychol 94:460–470

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen DJ, Lawrence JSS, Christoff KA (1985) Effects of interpersonal problem-solving-training with chronic aftercare patients on problem-solving component skills and effectiveness of solutions. J Consult Clin Psychol 53:167–174

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harascz JL (1985) Neural plasticity in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 11:191–229

    Google Scholar 

  • Harding CM, Strauss JS (1985) The course of schizophrenia: an evolving concept. In: Alpert M (ed) Controversies in schizophrenia, changes and constancies. Guilford, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Hempel CG (1965) Aspects of scientific explanations and othersays in the philosophy of science. Free Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Hemsley DR (1977) What have cognitive deficits to do with schizophrenic symptoms? Br J Psychiatry 130:167–173

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hodel B, Brenner HD, Merlo M (1990) Cognitive and social training for chronic schizophrenic patients: a comparison between two types of therapeutic interventions. In: Stefanis CN (ed) Psychiatry, vol 3. Elsevier, Amsterdam (International Congress Series 900-3)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hogarty GE, Anderson CM, Reiss DJ (1987) Family psychoeducation, social skills training and medication in schizophrenia: the long and short of it. Psychopharmacol Bull 23(1)

    Google Scholar 

  • Jablensky A (1978) Psychological impairments rating schedule. WHO, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  • Kay SR, Opler LA, Fissbein A (1987) The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 13:261–276

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kraemer S, Sulz KHD, Schmid R, Laessle R (1987) Kognitive Therapie bei standardversorgten schizophrenen Patienten. Nervenarzt 58:84–90

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lamberti G, Wieneke KH, Brauke N (1988) Der Computer als Hilfe beim Aufmerksamkeitstraining-Eine klinisch-experimentelle Studie. Rehabilitation 27:190–198

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lang PJ, Buss AH (1965) Psychological deficit in schizophrenia: interference and activation. J Abnorm Psychol 70:77–106

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lange HU (1982) Anpassungsstrategien, Bewältigungsreaktionen und Selbstheilungsversuche bei Schizophrenen. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 49:275–285

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus RS, Folkman S (1984) Coping and adaption. In: Gentry WD (ed) Handbook of behavioral medicine. Guilford, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Leff JP, Vaughn C (1985) Expressed emotion in families. Guilford, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Liberman RP (ed) (1988) Psychiatric rehabilitation of chronic mental patients. American Psychiatric Press, Washington DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Liberman RP, Bowers MB Jr (eds) (1990) Issue theme: substance abuse comorbidity in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 16(1)

    Google Scholar 

  • Libermann RP, Jacobs HE, Boone SE, Foy DW, Donahoe CP, Fallon IRH, Blackwell G, Wallace CJ (1987) Skills training for the community adaption of schizophrenics. In: Boeker W, Brenner HD (eds) Psychosocial treatment of schizophrenia. Huber, Toronto

    Google Scholar 

  • Meichenbaum D, Cameron R (1973) Training schizophrenics to talk to themselves: a means of developing attentional controls. Behav Ther 4:515–534

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moeller HJ, von Zerssen D (1986) Der Verlauf schizophrener Psychosen unter den gegenwärtigen Behandlungsbedingungen. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Mussgay L, Olbrich R (1988) Trainingsprogramme in der Behandlung kognitiver Defizite Schizophrener. Z Klin Psychol 17:341–353

    Google Scholar 

  • Mussgay L, Olbrich R, Ihle W, Handtmann T (1991) Das Training kognitiver Fertigkeiten bei schizophrenen Patienten und seine Effekte auf elementare Informationsverarbeitungsmasse. Z Klin Psychol 20:103–114

    Google Scholar 

  • Nuechterlein KH, Dawson ME (1984) Information processing and attentional functioning in the developmental course of schizophrenic disorders. Schizophr Bull 10:160–203

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nuechterlein KH, Dawson ME (1986) Attentional vulnerability indicators, thought disorder and negative symptoms. Schizophr Bull 12:408–426

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Opler L, Kay S, Rosado V, Lindemeyer JP (1984) Positive and negative syndromes in chronic schizophrenic inpatients. J Nerv Ment Dis 172:317–325

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson GR (1982) Coercive family process: a social learning approach. Castalia, Oregon

    Google Scholar 

  • Paul GL, Lentz RJ (1977) Psychosocial treatment of chronic mental patients: milieu versus social-learning programs. Harvard University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Perrez M, Reicherts M (1987) Behavior and cognition analysis of coping with stress by depressed persons. In: Huber W (ed) Progress in psychotherapy research. Presses Universitaires de Lauvain, Lauvain-La Neuve

    Google Scholar 

  • Perris C (1988) Intensive cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy with patients suffering from schizophrenic psychotic or postpsychotic syndroms. Theoretical and practical aspects. In: Perris C, Blackburn IM, Perris H (eds) Cognitive psychotherapy, theory and practice. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Perris C (1989) Cognitive therapy with schizophrenic patients. Cassell, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Pogue-Geile MF, Harrow M (1985) Negative symptoms in schizophrenia: their longitudinal course and prognostic importance. Schizophr Bull 11:427–439

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reicherts M (1988) Diagnostik der Belastungsverarbeitung. Huber, Bern

    Google Scholar 

  • Reicherts M, Perrez M (1989) Prediction of behavior in the natural setting. In: Keats JA, Taft R, Heath RA, Lovibond SH (eds) Mathematical and theoretical systems. Elsevier, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  • Roder V (1988) Untersuchungen zur Effektivität kognitiver Therapie mit schizophrenen Patienten. Dissertation, University of Bern, Department of Psychology

    Google Scholar 

  • Roder V, Brenner HD, Kienzle N, Hodel B (1988) Integriertes Psychologisches Therapieprogramm für schizophrene Patienten (IPT). Psychologie Verlags Union, Munich

    Google Scholar 

  • Schubart C, Schwarz R, Krumm B, Biehl H (1986) Schizophrenie und soziale Anpassung-eine prospektive Längsschnittuntersuchung. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Selzer MA, Sullivan TO, Carsky M, Terkelsen KG (1989) Working with the person with schizophrenia. The treatment alliance. New York University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Shepherd G (1988) The contribution of psychological interventions to the treatment and management of schizophrenia. In: Bebbington P, McGuffin P (eds) Schizophrenia. The major issues. Heinemann, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Slade P, Bentall R (1989) Psychological treatment for negative symptoms. Br J Psychiatry 155 [Suppl 7]: 133–135

    Google Scholar 

  • Spaulding W, Storms L, Goodrich V, Sullivan M (1986) Applications of experimental psychopathology in psychiatric rehabilitation. Schizophr Bull 12:560–577

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strauss JS (1989) Mediating processes in schizophrenia towards a new dynamic psychiatry. Br J Psychiatry 155 [Suppl 5]: 22–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Strauss JS, Hafez H, Lieberman P, Harding CM (1985) The course of psychiatric disorders. III. Longitudinal principles. Am J Psychiatry 142:289–296

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strauss JS, Rakfeldt J, Harding CM, Liberman P (1989) Psychological and social aspects of negative symptoms. Br J Psychiatry 155 [Suppl 7]: 128–132

    Google Scholar 

  • Suellwold L, Huber G (1986) Schizophrene Basisstörungen. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Thurm I, Häfner H (1987) Perceived vulnerability, relapse risk and coping in schizophrenia-an explorative study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Neurol Sci:46–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaughn CE (1987) Patterns of emotional response in the families of schizophrenic patients. In: Goldstein MJ, Hand J, Hallweg K (eds) Treatment of schizophrenia. Family assessment and intervention. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker E, Lewine RJ (1988) The positive/negative symptom distinction in schizophrenia. Validity and etiological relevance. Schizophr Res 1:315–328

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wallace CJ (1984) Community and interpersonal functioning in the course of schizophrenic disorders. Schizophr Bull 10:233–257

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wallace CJ, Boone SE (1984) Cognitive factors in the social skills of schizophrenic patients: implications for treatment. Nebraska Symposion on Motivation. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln

    Google Scholar 

  • WHO (1979) Schizophrenia: an international follow-up study. Wiley, Chichester

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiedl KH, Schöttner B (1989) Die Bewältigung von Schizophrenie (I): theoretische Perspektiven und empirische Befunde. Z Klin Psychol Psychopathol Psychother 37:176–194

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wing JK, Brown GW (1970) Institutionalism and schizophrenia. Cambridge University Press, London

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Wixted JT, Morrison RL, Bellack AS (1988) Social skills training in the treatment of negative symptoms. Int J Ment Health 17:3–21

    Google Scholar 

  • Wong SE, Massel HK, Mosh MD, Liberman RP (1986) Behavioral approaches to the treatment of schizophrenia. In: Burrows GD et al. (eds) Handbook of studies on schizophrenia. Elsevier, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  • Zubin J (1985) Negative symptoms: are they indigenous to schizophrenia? Schizophr Bull 11:461–469

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zubin J, Spring B (1977) Vulnerability: a new view of schizophrenia. J Abnorm Psychol 86:103–126

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Theoretical and Evaluative Psychiatry, Psychiatric University Hospital Bern, Bollingenstraße 111, 3072, Ostermundingen, Switzerland

    M. C. G. Merlo

Authors
  1. H. D. Brenner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. B. Hodel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. M. C. G. Merlo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Psychiatrische Universitätsklinik, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, W-5300, Bonn, Germany

    Andreas Marneros

  2. Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, 500 Newton Road, Iowa City, IO, 52242, USA

    Nancy C. Andreasen MD., Ph. D.

  3. Harvard Departments of Psychiatry and Epidemiology, Brockton/West Roxbury VA Medical Center, 940 Belmont Street, Brockton, MA, 02401, USA

    Ming T. Tsuang MD., Ph. D., D. Sc.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1991 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

Brenner, H.D., Hodel, B., Merlo, M.C.G. (1991). Nonpharmacological Treatment Concepts of Negative Symptomatology. In: Marneros, A., Andreasen, N.C., Tsuang, M.T. (eds) Negative Versus Positive Schizophrenia. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76841-5_24

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76841-5_24

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-76843-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-76841-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation