Abstract
In principle, urine is an ideal medium for the detection for urothelial tumors. This is based in part on the exclusive contact of the urine with the excretory portion of the urinary tract, which permits a given volume of urine to bathe the tumor for up to several hours. Other advantages are that specimens can be collected noninvasively and in virtually unlimited quantities. Urinary cytology and flow cytometry are techniques that exploit the advantages of this medium. Urinary cytology has become a particularly well established routine clinical modality in recent years and, together with cystourethroscopy, forms the second cornerstone in the diagnosis of transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder. We know from experience, however, that the sensitivity of urinary cytology is not always adequate, especially in the detection of well-differentiated tumors (Dubernard et al. 1982; Koss et al. 1985; Zein et al. 1984). Moreover, the interpretation of specimens can vary greatly depending on the experience of the examiner.
This study was funded by the Federal Ministry for Research and Technology (01 GA 8701/7) and the Ministry for Science and Research of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia.
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Schmitz-Dräger, B.J. (1993). Immunocytology of Urothelial Tumors. In: Urinary Cytology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76184-3_11
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76184-3_11
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