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Review Transforming growth factors and the regulation of cell proliferation

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EJB Reviews 1990

Part of the book series: European Journal of Biochemistry ((EJB REVIEWS,volume 1990))

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Abstract

Mechanisms of growth regulation by polypeptides include endocrine, paracrine and autocrine systems. Factors, such as hormones, which enter the circulatory system and effect target cells or tissues distant from their site of synthesis, are endocrine in nature. It has been postulated that some growth factors may function in an endocrine manner. Insulin-like growth factor, which is synthesized in the liver and enters the blood stream to affect distal tissues, is an example of endocrine action of a specific growth factor [1,2]. The paracrine mechanism of action suggests that growth factors synthesized by one cell type diffuse through the extracellular spaces to act on neighboring target cells. Finally, autocrine growth regulation may occur when cells are able to both synthesize and respond to a specific growth signal. The autocrine model of growth regulation was originated as a concept to explain the abnormal growth of cancer. This model hypothesizes that affected cells over-produce a stimulatory growth factor to which they respond, thus resulting in sustained, self-stimulated proliferation [3]. Although initially postulated to explain the unregulated growth of cancer cells, the autocrine mechanism of growth regulation, in addition to paracrine and endocrine systems, is likely to play an important role in normal cellular processes, including development, differentiation and proliferation [4, 5]. Thus local concentrations of growth factors and numbers of specific cell-surface receptors, will affect the biological response of cells to a particular growth factor. It is apparent, therefore, that regulated growth requires the complex interaction of many growth signals and that this interaction may be influenced by the synthesis and delivery of growth factors to target tissues. Of particular interest in the study of the regulation of cell proliferation are the transforming growth factors (TGF), for which paracrine and autocrine mechanisms have been postulated.

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Abbreviations

TGF:

transforming growth factor

EGF:

epidermal growth factor

PDGF:

platelet derived growth factor

IGF:

insulin like growth factor

IL-2:

interleukin-2

BMP :

bone morphogenetic protein

PAI-1:

plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1

TIMP :

tissuespecific inhibitor of metalloproteinase

SSC:

squamous cell carcinoma

MK:

mouse keratinocyte

KC:

K-ras-transformed mouse keratinocyte

CHO:

Chinese hamster ovary

NGF:

nerve growth factor

MSA:

multiplication stimulating activity.

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  1. Department of Cell Biology, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, USA

    Russette M. Lyons & Harold L. Moses

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  1. Biochemisches Institut der Universität Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zürich, Germany

    P. Christen

  2. Institut für Biochemie der Universität Leipzig, Liebigstraße 16, O-7010, Leipzig, Germany

    E. Hofmann

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Lyons, R.M., Moses, H.L. (1990). Review Transforming growth factors and the regulation of cell proliferation. In: Christen, P., Hofmann, E. (eds) EJB Reviews 1990. European Journal of Biochemistry, vol 1990. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76168-3_2

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