Abstract
Birds use their beaks as visually guided prehensile (reaching/grasping) effectors, employing the beak for functions critical to survival. The beak is used to pick up and ingest food, preen the feathers, gather nesting material and assemble the nest. In many altricial species, beak-mediated prehension is involved in the delivery of food to the young, either by grasping the beaks of the young and delivering food regurgitatively, or by using the beak to seize food and carry it back to the nest. In aggressive interactions the beak is used to grasp forcefully and to twist the skin and feathers of the opponent. The beak is also involved in critical non-prehensile tasks; notably, song production, drinking, and aggressive jabbing. As well as showing variation in beak use across functions, some species must show flexibility in their beak movements within a task, such as feeding.
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Deich, J.D., Balsam, P.D. (1994). Development of Prehensile Feeding in Ring Doves (Streptopelia risoria): Learning Under Organismic and Task Constraints. In: Davies, M.N.O., Green, P.R. (eds) Perception and Motor Control in Birds. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75869-0_10
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