Skip to main content
  • 1295 Accesses

Abstract

In this book we have examined hydrothermal processess, the origin and nature of their products, i.e. their mineral deposits, the nature of the geological terranes and the geotectonic settings in which they occur. We have seen that these processess are essentially confined to the upper 10–15 km of the lithosphere. There are five major factors that govern hydrothermal processess and the mineral deposits that are formed by them, namely: (1) the energy sources; (2) the source rock; (3) the water (the solvent); (4) the channelways, sensu lato, which allow the movement of the solutions; and (5) the site of discharge and/or precipitation of solutes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Anhaeusser C R (1976a) The geology of the Sheba Hills area of the Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa, with particular reference to the Eureka Syncline. Trans Geol Soc S Afr 79: 253–280

    Google Scholar 

  • Anhaeusser C R (1976b) The nature and ditsribution of Archean gold mineralization in Southern Africa. Minerals Sci Eng 8: 46–84

    Google Scholar 

  • Anhaeusser C R (1981) Barberton Excursion Guide Book. Geocongress ’81 Geol Soc S Afr

    Google Scholar 

  • Anhaeusser C R (ed) (1983) Contributions to the geology of the Barberton Mountain Land. National geodynamics programme. Geol Soc S Afr Spec Publ No 9

    Google Scholar 

  • Anhaeusser C R (1984) The nature and distribution of Archaean gold mineralization in the Barberton Mountain Land. In: Abstr Archean Gold - Barberton Centenary Symp, Barberton

    Google Scholar 

  • Anhaeusser C R, Viljoen M J (1986) Archean metallogeny of Southern Africa. In: Anhaeusser C R, Maske S (eds) Mineral Deposits of southern Africa, vol 1. Geol Soc S Afr, pp 33–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Anhaeusser C R, Wilson J F (1981) The granitic-gneiss greenstone shield of Southern Africa. In: Hunter D R (ed) Precambrian in the southern hemisphere. Developments in Precambrian geology 2. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 423–499

    Google Scholar 

  • Ash J P, Tyler N (1986) Preliminary investigation of fluid inclusions in the Pilgrim’s Rest goldfield, Eastern Transvaal. Econ Geol Res Unit, Inf Circ 180, Univ Witwatersrand

    Google Scholar 

  • Barley M E, Eisenlohr B N, Groves D I, Perring C S, Vearncombe J R (1989) Late Archean convergent margin tectonics and mineralization: a new look at the Norseman-Wiluna belt, Western Australia. Geology 17: 826–829

    Google Scholar 

  • Badenhorst F P (1987) Lithostratigraphy of the Damara Sequence in the Omaruru area of the northern Central Zone of the Damara orogen and a proposed correlation across the Omaruru Lineament. Comm Geol Surv SW Afr/Namibia 3: 3–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Binns R A, Eames J C (1989) Geochemistry of wall rocks at the Clunes gold deposit, Victoria. Econ Geol Monogr 6:310–3(19

    Google Scholar 

  • Bishop D G (1972) Progressive metamorphism from the prehnite-pumpellyite to greenschist facies in the Dansey Pass area, New Zealand. Geol Soc Am Bull 83:3177–3(197

    Google Scholar 

  • Boulter C A, Fotios M G, Phillips G N (1987) The Golden Mile, Kalgoorlie: a giant gold deposit localized in ductile shear zones by structurally induced infiltration of an auriferous metamorphic fluid. Econ Geol 82: 1661–1678

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonnemaison M, Marcoux E (1990) Auriferous mineralization in some shear zones: a three-stage model of metallogenesis. Mineral Depos 25: 96–104

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyle R W (1979) The geochemistry of gold and its deposits. Geol Surv Can Bull 280: 584 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Brathwaite R L (1988) The tectonic setting and control of gold deposits in New Zealand. In: Bicentennial Gold ’88. Geol Soc Aust Abstr Ser 22: 191–196

    Google Scholar 

  • Brathwaite R L, Pirajno F (in prep) Metallogenic Map of New Zealand. NZ Geol Surv Bull, Govt Printer

    Google Scholar 

  • Burrows D R, Spooner ETC (1987) Generation of a magmatic H2O-CO2 fluid enriched in Mo Au and W within an Archean sodic granodiorite stock, Mink Lake, northwestern Ontario. Econ Geol 82: 1931–1957

    Google Scholar 

  • Burrows D R, Spooner ETC (1989) Relationships between Archean goldquartz vein-shear zone mineralization and igneous intrusions in the Val d’Or and Timmins areas, Abitibi Subprovince, Canada. Econ Geol Monogr 6: 424–444

    Google Scholar 

  • Burrows D R, Wood P C, Spooner ETC (1986) Carbon isotope evidence for a magmatic origin for Archean gold-quartz vein ore deposits. Nature (London) 321: 851–854

    Google Scholar 

  • Cameron E M, Hattori K (1985) The Hemlo gold deposit, Ontario: a geochemical and isotopie study. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 49: 2041–2050

    Google Scholar 

  • Cameron E M Hattori K (1987) Archean gold mineralization and oxidised hydrothermal fluids. Econ Geol 82: 1177–1191

    Google Scholar 

  • Colvine A C (1989) An empirical model for the formation of Archean gold deposits: products of final cratonization of the Superior Province, Canada. Econ Geol Monogr 6: 37–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Condie K C (1981) Archean greenstone belts. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 434 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Coney P J (1980) Cordilleran metamorphic core complexes: an overview. Mem Geol Soc Am 153: 7–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Corfu F, Muir T L (1989) The Hemlo-Heron Bay greenstone belt and Hemlo Au-Mo deposit, Superior Province, Ontario, Canada. 2. Timing of metamorphism, alteration and Au mineralization from titanite, rutile and monazite U-Pb geochronology. Chem Geol Isotope Geoscie Sec 79: 201–223

    Google Scholar 

  • Cox S F, Etheridge M A, Wall V J (1986) The role of fluids in syntectonic mass transport, and the location of metamorphic vein-type ore deposits. Ore Geol Rev 2: 65–86

    Google Scholar 

  • Craw D, Koons P O (1988) Technically induced gold mineralisation adjacent to major fault zones. In: Bicentennial Gold ’88. Geol Soc Aust Abst Ser 22: 338–343

    Google Scholar 

  • Craw D, Koons P O (1989) Tectonically induced hydrothermal activity and gold mineralization adjacent to major fault zones. Econ Geol Monogr 6: 471–478

    Google Scholar 

  • Craw D, Rattenbury M S, Johnstone R D (1987) Structural geology and vein mineralisation in the Callery River headwaters, Southern Alps, New Zealand. NZ J Geol Geophys 30: 273–286

    Google Scholar 

  • Dahlkamp F J (1978) Geologic appraisal of the Key Lake U-Ni deposits, Northern Saskatchewan. Econ Geol 73: 1430–1449

    Google Scholar 

  • De Ronde C E J, Kamo S, Davis D W, de Witt M J, Spooner E T C (1991) Field, geochemical and U- Pb isotopie constraints from hypabyssal felsic intrusions within the Barberton greenstone belt, South Africa: Implications for tectonics and the timing of gold mineralization. Precambrian Res 49: 261–280

    Google Scholar 

  • De Witt M J (1982) Gliding and overthrust nappe tectonics in the Barberton greenstone belt. J Struct Geol 4: 117–136

    Google Scholar 

  • De Witt M J (1983) Notes on a preliminary 1:25000 geological map of the southern part of the Barberton greenstone belt. Geol Soc S Afr Spec Pubi 9: 185–187

    Google Scholar 

  • Duane M J, de Witt M J (1988) Pb-Zn ore deposits of the northern Caledonides: Products of continental-scale fluid mixing and tectonic expulsion during continental collision. Geology 16: 999–1002

    Google Scholar 

  • Dubé B, Guha J, Rocheleau M (1987) Alteration patterns related to gold mineralization and their relation to CO2/H2O ratios. Mineral Petrol 37: 267–291

    Google Scholar 

  • Economic Geology (ed) (1978) Special Issue devoted to Uranium Geology.Vol 73, 8

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisenlhor B N, Groves DI Partington G A (1989) Crustal-scale shear zones and their significance to Archean gold mineralization in Western Australia. Mineral Depos 24: 1–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Etheridge M A, Wall V J, Vernon R H (1983) The role of the fluid phase during regional metamorphism and deformation. J Metamorph Geol 1: 205–226

    Google Scholar 

  • Etheridge M A, Wall V J, Cox F S, Vernon R H (1984) High fluid pressure during regional metamorphism and deformation: implications for mass transport and deformation mechanisms. J Geophys Res 89: 4344–4388

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans E L (ed) (1986) Uranium deposits of Canada. Can Inst Min Metall Spec Vol 33

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson J, Goleby A B (eds) (1980) Uranium in the Pine Creek geosyncline. IAEA Vienna

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferry J M (1983) regional metamorphism of the Vassalboro Formation, south-central Maine, USA: a case study of the role of fluid in metamorphic petrogenesis. J Geol Soc London 140: 551–576

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferry J M (1984) A biotite isograd in South-Central Maine, USA: mineral reactions, fluid transfer, and heat transfer. J Petrol 25: 871–893

    Google Scholar 

  • Frimmel H E (1990) Ore mineralization in platform sediments - passive or active continental margin features ? In: Abstr Geocongress ’90 Cape Town. Geol Soc S Afr, pp 165–168

    Google Scholar 

  • Fripp REP (1976) Stratabound gold deposits in Archean banded iron formation, Rhodesia. Econ Geol 71: 58–75

    Google Scholar 

  • Fyfe W S, Kerrich R (1984) Gold: natural concentration processes. In: Foster R P (ed) Gold ’82: The geology, geochemistry and genesis of gold deposits. Geol Soc Zimbabwe Spec Pubi 1: 199–127

    Google Scholar 

  • Fyfe W S, Price N J, Thompson A B (1978) Fluids in the Earth’s crust. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 383 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Fyon J A, Troop D G, Marmont S, Macdonald A J (1989) Introduction of gold into Archean crust, Superior Province, Ontario - Coupling between mantle-initiated magmatism and lower crustal thermal maturation. Econ Geol Monogr 6: 479–490

    Google Scholar 

  • Gee R D (1979) Structure and tectonic style of the Western Australian shield. Tectonophysics 58: 327–369

    Google Scholar 

  • Glover J E, Groves DI (eds) (1981) Archaean geology. In: 2nd Int Symp Geol Soc Aust Spec Publ 7, 515 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldfarb R J, Leach D L, Pickthorn W J, Paterson C J (1988) Origin of lode gold deposits of the Juneau gold belt, southeastern Alaska. Geology 16: 440–443

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldfarb R J, Leach D L, Rose S C, Landis G P (1989) Fluid inclusion geochemistry of gold-bearing quartz veins of the Juneau gold belt, southeastern Alaska: implications for ore genesis. Econ Geol Monogr 6: 363–375

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldie R (1985) The sinters of the Ohaki and Champagne pools, New Zealand: possible modern analogues of the Hemlo gold deposits, Northern Ontario. Geosci Can 12: 60–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Green D, Milkereit B, Mayrand L J, Ludden R, Hubert C, Jackson S L, Sutcliffe M, West G F, Verpaelst P, Simard A (1990) Deep structure of an Archeaen greenstone terrane. Nature (London) 344: 327–330

    Google Scholar 

  • Groves D I, Batt W D (1984) Spatial and temporal variations of Archean metallogenic associations in terms of evolution of granite-greenstone terrains with particular emphasis on the Western Australian shield. In: Kroner A, Hanson G H, Goodwin A M (eds) Archaean Geochemistry. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, pp 73–98

    Google Scholar 

  • Groves D I, Phillips G N (1987) The genesis and tectonic control on Archean gold deposits–A metamorphic replacement model. Ore Geol Rev 2: 287–322

    Google Scholar 

  • Groves D I, Phillips G N, Ho S E, Houston S M, Standing C A (1987) Craton-scale distribution of Archean greenstone gold deposits; predictive capacity of the metamorphic model. Econ Geol 82: 2045–2058

    Google Scholar 

  • Groves D I, Barley M E, Ho S E (1989) Nature, genesis, and tectonic setting of mesothermal gold mineralization in the Yilgarn Block, Western Australia. Econ Geol Monogr 6: 71–85

    Google Scholar 

  • Groves D I, Foster R P (1991) Archaean lode gold deposits. In: Foster R P (ed) Gold metallogeny and exploration. Blackie, Glasgow, London, pp 63–103

    Google Scholar 

  • Guilbert J M, Park C F (1986) The geology of ore deposits. Freeman, San Francisco, New York, 985 PP

    Google Scholar 

  • Haack U, Heinrichs H, Bones N, Schneider A (1984) Loss of metals from pelites during regional metamorphism. Contrib Mineral Petrol 85: 116–132

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris D C (1986) Mineralogy and geochemistry of the main Hemlo gold deposit, Hemlo, Ontario, Canada. In: Macdonald A J (ed) Proc Gold ’86, Montreal, pp 297–310

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris D C (1989) The mineralogy and geochemistry of the Hemlo gold deposit, Ontario. Geol Surv Can Rep 38: 88 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Hegge M R, Rowntree J C (1978) Geologic setting and concepts on the origin of uranium deposits in the East Alligator River region, N.T., Australia. Econ Geol 73: 1420–1429

    Google Scholar 

  • Henley R W (1973) solubility of gold in hydrothermal chloride solutions. Chem Geol 11:73–87

    Google Scholar 

  • Henley R W, Adams J (1979) On the evolution of giant gold placers. Trans Inst Min Metall 88: B41–B50

    Google Scholar 

  • Henley R W, Norris R J, Paterson C J (1976) Multistage ore genesis in the New Zealand geosyncline, a history of post-metamorphic lode emplacement. Mineral Depos 11: 180–186

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodgson C J (1989) The structure of shear-related, vein-type gold deposits: a review. Ore Geol Rev 4: 231–273

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodgson C J, Hamilton J V (1989) Gold mineralization in the Abitibi greenstone belt: End-stage results of Archean collisional tectonics? Econ Geol Monogr 6: 86–100

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoeve J, Sibbald TII (1978) On the genesis of Rabbit Lake and other unconformity-type uranium deposit in Northern Saskatchewan, Canada Econ Geol 73: 1450–1473

    Google Scholar 

  • Höll R, Maucher A, Westenberger H (1972) Synsedimentary-diagenetic ore fabrics in the strata- and time-bound scheelite deposits of Kleinarltal and Felbertal in the Eastern Alps. Mineral Depos 7: 217–226

    Google Scholar 

  • Hugon H (1986) The Hemlo gold deposit, Ontario, Canada: A central portion of a large scale, wide zone of heterogeneous ductile shear. In: Macdonald A J (ed) Proc Gold ’86, Montreal, pp 379–387

    Google Scholar 

  • Hutton C O, Turner F J (1936) Metamorphic rocks in northwest Otago. Trans R SocNZ 65: 405–406

    Google Scholar 

  • Jemielita R A, Davis D W, Krogh T E (1990) U-Pb evidence for Abitibi gold mineralization postdating greenstone magmatism and metamorphism.Nature (London) 346: 831–834

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnstone R D, Craw D, Rattenbury M S (1990) Southern Alps Cu-Au hydrothermal system, Westland, New Zealand. Mineral Depos 25: 118–125

    Google Scholar 

  • Keays R R (1984) Archean gold deposits and their source rocks: the upper mantle connection. In: Foster R P (ed) Gold ’82: The geology, geochemistry and genesis of gold deposits. Geol Soc Zimbabwe Spec Publ 1: 17–51

    Google Scholar 

  • Keays R R (1987) Principles of mobilization (dissolution) of metals in mafic and ultramafic rocks. The role of immiscible magmatic sulphides in the generation of hydrothermal gold and volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits. Ore Geol Rev 2: 47–63

    Google Scholar 

  • Keppie D J, Boyle R W, Haynes S J (eds) (1986) Turbidite-hosted gold deposits. Geol Ass Can Spec Pap 32: 186 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerrich R (1986) Fluid transport in lineaments. Phil Trans R Soc London Ser A 317: 219–251

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerrich R, Fryer B J (19790 Archaean precious-metal hydrothermal systems, Dome Mine, Abitibi greenstone belt. II. REE and oxygen isotope relations. Can J Earth Sci 16: 440–458

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerrich R, Fryer B J (1981) The separation of rare elements from abundant base metals in Archean lode gold deposits: implications of low water/rock source regions. Econ Geol 76: 160–166

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerrich R, Fyfe W S (1981) The gold-carbonate association: source of CO2 and CO2-fixation reactions in Archaean lode deposits. Chem Geol 33: 265–294

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerrich R, Wyman D (1990) Geodynamic setting of mesothermal gold deposits: An association with accretionary tectonic regimes. Geology 18: 882–885

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuhns R J, Kennedy P, Cooper P, Brown P, Mackie B, Kusins R, Friesen R, (1986) Geology and mineralization associated with the Golden Giant deposit, Hemlo, Ontario, Canada. In: Macdonald A J (ed) Proc Gold ’86, Montreal, pp 327–339

    Google Scholar 

  • Landefeld L A (1988) The geology of the Mother Lode Gold Belt, Sierra Nevada foothills metamorphic belt, California. In: Bicentennial Gold ’88. Geol Soc Aus Abstr Series 22: 167–172

    Google Scholar 

  • Landefeld L A, Silberman M L (1987) Geology and geochemistry of the Mother Lode Gold Belt, California, compared with Archean lode gold deposits. In: Johnson J L (ed) Bulk mineable precious metal deposits of the Western U.S. Guidebook for field trips. Geol Soc Nev, Reno, pp 213–222

    Google Scholar 

  • Langseth M G, Moore C J (1990a) Introduction to special section on the role of fluids in sediment accretion, deformation, diagenesis and metamorphism in subduction zones. J Geophys Res 95: 8737–8741

    Google Scholar 

  • Langseth M G, Moore C J (1990b) Fluids in accretionary prisms. EOS Am Geophys Un 71: 245–247

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee M C, Batt W D, Robinson P C (1989) The Round-Hill gold-scheelite deposit, Macraes Flat, Otago, New Zealand. Australas Inst Min Metall Monogr 13. Parkville, Victoria, pp 173–180

    Google Scholar 

  • Leach D L, Landis G P, Hofstra A H (1988) Metamorphic origin of the Coeur d’Alene base- and precious metal-veins in the Belt Basin, Idaho and Montana. Geology, 16: 122–125

    Google Scholar 

  • Light T D, Brew D A, Ashley R P (1990) The Alaska-Juneau Treadwell lode gold systems, southeastern Alaska. US Geol Surv Bull 1857: D27–D36

    Google Scholar 

  • Louw D R, Byerly G R, Ransom B, Land B, Nocita B W (1985) Stratigraphioc and sedimentological evidence bearing on structural repetition in early Archean rocks of the Barberton greenstone belt, South Africa. Precambrian Res 27: 165–186

    Google Scholar 

  • Marmont S (1987) Unconformity-type uranium deposits Ore deposit models 13. Geosci Can 14: 219–229

    Google Scholar 

  • Mawer C K (1986) The bedding-concordant gold-quartz veins of the Meguma Group, Nova Scotia. Geol Ass Can Spec Pap 32: 135–148

    Google Scholar 

  • Minter W E L (1989) Problems with the placer model for Witwatersrand gold (Comment on paper by Phillips et al (1988). Geology 16: 1153–1154

    Google Scholar 

  • Muff R, Saager R (1979) Metallogenic interpretations from a mineragraphic and geostatistic study of antimony ores of the Murchison greenstone belt. Geol Soc S Afr Spec Publ 5: 167–179

    Google Scholar 

  • Muir T L (1982a) Geology of the Hemlo area, District of Thunder Bay. Ont Geol Surv Rep 217:65 PP

    Google Scholar 

  • Muir T L (1982b) Geology of the Heron Bay area, District of Thunder Bay. Ont Geol Surv Rep 218: 89 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Muir T L, Elliott C G, Corfu F (1988) The tectono-stratigraphic setting of the Hemlo Au-Mo deposit, Ontario, Canada. In: Bicentennial Gold ’88. Geol Soc Aust Abstr Series 23: 95–97

    Google Scholar 

  • Mutch A R (1969) The scheelite resources of the Glenorchy District, West Otago. NZ Geol Surv Rep 40: 68 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Nash J T, Granger H C, Adams S S (1981) Geology and concepts of genesis of important types of deposits. Econ Geol 75th Anniv Vol, pp 63–116

    Google Scholar 

  • Nesbitt B E (1988) Gold deposit continuum: A genetic model for lode Au mineralization in the continental crust. Geology 16: 1044–1048

    Google Scholar 

  • Nesbitt B E, Muehlenbachs K (1989) Evidence for ore formation from evolved meteoric water. Econ Geol Monogr 6: 553–563

    Google Scholar 

  • Nesbitt B E, Murowchick J B, Muehlenbachs K (1986) Dual origin of lode gold deposits in the Canadian Cordillera. Geology 14: 506–509

    Google Scholar 

  • Norris R J, Henley R W (1976) Dewatering of a metamorphic pile. Geology 80: 333–336

    Google Scholar 

  • Nutt C J (1989) Chloritization and associated alteration at the Jabiluka unconformity-type uranium deposit, Northern Territory, Australia. Can Mineral 27: 41–58

    Google Scholar 

  • Oliver J (1986) Fluids expelled technically from orogenic belts: Their role in hydrocarbon migration and other geological phenomena. Geology 14: 99–102

    Google Scholar 

  • Pagel M, Poty B, Sheppard S M F (1980) Contribution to some Saskatchewan uranium deposits mainly from fluid inclusion and isotope data. In: Ferguson J, Goleby A B (eds) Uranium in the Pine Creek Geosyncline. IAEA, Vienna, pp 639–654

    Google Scholar 

  • Paris I, Stanistreet I G, Hughes M J (1985) Cherts of the Barberton greenstone belt interpreted as products of submarine exhalative activity. J Geol 93: 111–129

    Google Scholar 

  • Paterson C J (1986) Controls on gold and tungsten mineralization in metamorphic-hydrothermal systems, Otago, New Zealand. Geol Ass Can Spec Pap 32: 25–39

    Google Scholar 

  • Paterson C J, Rankin P C (1979) Trace element distribution in the schist surrounding a quartz-scheelite lode, Glenorchy, New Zealand. NZ J Geol Geophys 22: 329–338

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearton T N (1978) The geology and geochemistry of the Monarch orebody and environs, Murchison Range, northeast Transvaal. Geol Soc S Afr Spec Publ 4: 77–86

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearton T N (1979) A geochemical investigation of the carbonate and associated rocks on the Monarch antimony mine, Murchison Range. Geol Soc S Afr Spec Publ 5: 159–166

    Google Scholar 

  • Perring C S, Barley M E, Cassidy K F, Groves D I, McNaughton N J, Rock N M S, Bettenay L F, Golding S D, Hallberg J A (1989) The association of linear orogenic belts, mantle-crust magmatism, and Archean gold mineralization in the eastern Yilgarn Block of Western Australia. Econ Geol Monogr 6: 571–584

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips G N (1985) Interpretation of Big Bell/Hemlo-type gold deposits: Precursor, metamorphism, melting and genetic constraints. Trans Geol Soc S Afr 88: 159–173

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips G N (1986) Geology and alteration in the Golden Mile, Kalgoorlie. Econ Geol 81: 779–808

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips G N (1987) Metamorphism of the Witwatersrand gold fields: conditions during peak metamorphism. J Metamorph Geol 5: 307–322

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips G N (1988) Widespread fluid infiltration during metamorphism of the Witwatersrand gold fields: generation of chloritoid and pyrophyllite. J Metamorph Geol 6: 311–332

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips G N, Myers R E (1989) The Witwatersrand gold fields: Part II. An origin for Witwatersrand gold during metamorphism and associated alteration. Econ Geol Monogr 6: 598–608

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips G N, Myers R E, Law J D M, Bailey A C, Cadle A B, Beneke S D, Giusti L (1989) The Witwatersrand gold fields: Part I. Postdepositional history, synsedimentary processes, and gold distribution. Econ Geol Monogr 6: 585–597

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips G N, Law J D M, Myers R E (1990) The role of fluids in the evolution of the Witwatersrand basin. S Afr J Geol 93: 54–69

    Google Scholar 

  • Pirajno F (1979) Geology, geochemistry and mineralisation of the Endeavour Inlet antimony-gold prospect, Marlborough Sounds, New Zealand. NZ J Geol Geophys 22: 227–237

    Google Scholar 

  • Pirajno F, Jacob R E (in press) Gold mineralisation in the intracontinental branch of the Damara Orogen, Namibia: a preliminary survey. J Afr Earth Scie 13

    Google Scholar 

  • Pirajno F, Jacob R E, Petzel V F W (1990) Marble-hosted sulphide and gold mineralisation at Onguati-Brown Mountain, Southern Central Zone of the Damara Orogen, Namibia. In: Abstr Geocongress ’90 Cape Town. Geol Soc S Afr, pp 443–446

    Google Scholar 

  • Pirajno F, Jacob R E, Petzel V W F (1991) Distal skarn-type gold mineralization in the Central Zone of the Damara orogen, Namibia. In: Ladeira E A (ed) Proc Brazil ’91, Belo Horizonte. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 95–100

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramsay J G (1980) Shear zone geometry: a review. J Struct Geol 2: 83–100

    Google Scholar 

  • Reimer T O, Mossman D J (1990) The Witwatersrand controversy revisited. Econ Geol 85: 337–343

    Google Scholar 

  • Robert F (1990) Dating old gold deposits. Nature (London) 346: 792–793

    Google Scholar 

  • Rock N M S (1987) The nature and origin of lamprophyres: An overview. Geol Soc London Spec Publ 30: 191–226

    Google Scholar 

  • Rock N M S, Groves DI (1988) Do lamprophyres carry gold as well as diamonds? Nature (London) 332: 253–255

    Google Scholar 

  • Rock N M S, Groves D I, Perring C S (1988) Gold, porphyries and lamprophyres: a new genetic model. In: Bicentennial Gold ’88. Geol Soc Aust Abstr Ser 22: 307–312

    Google Scholar 

  • Rock N M S, Groves D I, Perring C S, Golding S D (1989) Gold, lamprophyres, and porphyries: what does their association mean? Econ Geol Monogr 6: 609–625

    Google Scholar 

  • Rossiter R D (1988) The geology of Fairview gold mine, Barberton, South Africa. In: Bicentennial Gold ’88. Geol Soc Aust Abstr Ser 23: 116–118

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandiford M, Keays R R (1986) Structural and tectonic constraints on the origin of gold deposits in the Ballarat Salte Belt, Victoria. Geol Ass Can Spec Pap 32: 15–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Seward T M (1973) Thio complexes of gold and the transport of gold in hydrothermal ore solutions. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 37: 379–399

    Google Scholar 

  • Seward T M (1984) The transport and deposition of gold in hydrothermal systems. In: Foster R P (ed) Gold ’82. The geology, geochemistry and genesis of gold deposits. Geol Soc Zimbabwe Spec Publ 1: 165–181

    Google Scholar 

  • Seward T M (1989) The hydrothermal chemistry of gold and its implications for ore formation: boiling and conductive cooling as examples. Econ Geol Monogr 6: 398–404

    Google Scholar 

  • Seward T M (1991) The hydrothermal geochemistry of gold. In: Foster R P (ed) Gold metallogeny and exploration. Blackie, Glasgow, London, pp 137–62

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheppard S M F (1986) Characterization and isotopic variations in natural waters. Reviews in mineralogy, vol 16. Min Soc Am, pp 165–183

    Google Scholar 

  • Sighinolfi G P, Santos A M (1976) Geochemistry of gold in Archean granulite facies terranes. Chem Geol 17: 113–123

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith H S, O’Neil J R, Erlank A J (1984) Oxygen isotope compositions of minerals and rocks and chemical alteration patterns in pillow lavas from the Barberton greenstone belt, South Africa. In: Kroner A, Hansen G N, Goodwin AM (eds) Archaean Geochemistry. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, pp 115–137

    Google Scholar 

  • South African Journal of Geology (ed) (1990) Special issue on the origin and evolution of the Witwatersrand Basin and its mineralization. Econ Geol Res Unit, Dep Geol, Univ Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. S Afr J Geol 93, 1

    Google Scholar 

  • Storey M, Mahoney J J, Kroenke L W, Saunders A D (1991) Are oceanic plateaus sites of komatiite formation? Geology 19: 376–379

    Google Scholar 

  • Tankard A J, Erikson K A, Hobday D R, Hunter D R, Minter W E L (1982) Crustal evolution of southern Africa - 3.8 billion years of earth history. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 523 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor H P (1979) Oxygen and hydrogen isotope relationships in hydrothermal mineral deposits. In: Barnes H L (ed) Geochemistry of hydrothermal ore deposits, 2nd edn. John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp 236–277

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomich S A (1974) A new look at Kalgoorlie Golden Mile geology. Proc Australas Inst Min Metall 251: 27–35

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomich S A (1986) An outline of the economic geology of Kalgoorlie, Western Australia. Trans Geol Soc S Afr 89: 35–55

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomlison K M, Wilson C J L, Hazeldene R, Lohe E M (1988) Structural control on gold mineralization at Walhalla, Victoria. Aust J Earth Scie 35: 421–444

    Google Scholar 

  • Torgersen T (1990) Crustal scale fluid transport — magnitude and mechanisms. EOS Am Geophys Un 71: 11–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Travis G A, Woodall R, Bartram G D (1971) The geology of the Kalgoorlie goldfield. Geol Soc Aust Spec Publ 3: 175–190

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner F J (1935) Metamorphism of the Te Anau Series in the region northwest of Lake Wakatipu. Trans R Soc NZ 65: 329–349

    Google Scholar 

  • Tyler N (1986) The origin of gold mineralzation in the Pilgrim’s Rest goldfield, Eastern Transvaal. Econ Geol Res Unit, Inf Circ 179 Univ Witwatersrand, Johannesburg

    Google Scholar 

  • Valiant R I, Bradbrook C J (1986) Relationship between stratigraphy, faults and gold deposits, Page-Williams Mine, Ontario, Canada. In: Macdonald A J (Ed) Proc Gold ’86, Montreal, pp 355–361

    Google Scholar 

  • Van der Berg M A (1984) The geological setting of gold mineralisation at the Sheba Mine. In: Abstr Archean Gold. Barberton Centenary Symp, Barberton

    Google Scholar 

  • Viljoen M J (1979) The geology and geochemistry of the Antimony Line in the United Jack complex, Murchison range. Geol Soc S Afr Spec Publ 5: 133–158

    Google Scholar 

  • Viljoen M J, Viljoen R P (1969a) The geology and geochemistry of the lower ultramafic unit of the Onverwacht group and a proposed new class of igneous rocks. Geol Soc S Afr Spec Publ 2: 55–86

    Google Scholar 

  • Viljoen M J, Viljoen R P (1969b) An introduction to the geology of the Barberton granite-greenstone terrain. Geol Soc S Afr Spec Publ 2: 9–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Viljoen M J, Van Vuuren C J J, Pearton T N, Minnitt RCA, Muff R, Cilliers P (1978) The regional geological setting of mineralization in the Murchison range with particular reference to antimony. Geol Soc S Afr Spec Publ 4: 55–86

    Google Scholar 

  • Walford P, Stephens J, Skrecky G, Barnett R (1986) The geology of the “A” zone, Page-Williams Mine, Hemlo, Ontario, Canada. In: Macdonald A J (ed) Proc Gold ’86, Montreal, pp 362–378

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallis R H, Saracoglu N, Brummer J J, Golightly J P (1986) The geology of the McClean uranium deposits, northern Saskatchewan In: Evans E L (ed) Uranium deposits of Canada. Can Inst Min Metall Spec Vol 33: 193–217

    Google Scholar 

  • Watchorn R B, Wilson C J L (1989) Structural setting of the gold mineralization at Stawell, Victoria, Australia. Econ Geol Monogr 6: 292–309

    Google Scholar 

  • Weir R H, Kerrich D M (1987) Mineralogic, fluid inclusion, and stable isotope studies of several gold mines in the Mother Lode, Tuolumne and Mariposa Counties, California. Econ Geol 82: 328–344

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilde A R, Wall V J (1987) Geology of the Nabarlek uranium deposit, Northern Territory, Australia. Econ Geol 82: 1152–1168

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilde A R, Bloom M S, Wall V J (1989) Transport and deposition of gold, uranium and platinum-group elements in unconformity-related uranium deposits. Econ Geol Monogr 6: 637–660

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams J G (1974) Economic Geology of New Zealand, 2nd edn. Australas Inst Min Metall Monogr 4. Parkville, Victoria, 490 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Windley B F (1984) The evolving continents. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 399 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Winkler H G F (1976) Petrogenesis of metamorphic rocks. 4th edn. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 334 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood P C, Burrows D R, Thomas A V, Spooner ETC (1986) The Hollinger-Mclntyre Au-quartz vein system, Timmins, Ontario, Canada: geologic characteristics, fluid properties and light stable isotope geochemistry. In: MacDonald A J (ed) Proc Gold ’86, Montreal, pp 56–80

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodall R (1965) Structure of the Kalgoorlie goldfield. In: Modigan R T (ed) 8th Common Min Metall Cong Aust & NZ, vol 1. Australas Inst Min Metall, Parkville, Victoria, pp 71–79

    Google Scholar 

  • Wyman D, Kerrich R (1989) Archean shoshonitic lamprophyres associated with Superior Province gold deposits: distribution, tectonic setting, noble metal abundances and significance for gold mineralization. Econ Geol Monogr 6: 661–667

    Google Scholar 

  • Ypma P J M, Fuzikawa K (1980) Fluid inclusion and oxygen isotope studies of the Nabarlek and Jabiluka uranium deposits, Northern Territory, Australia. In: Ferguson J, Goleby A B (eds) Uranium in the Pine Creek geosyncline. IAEA, Vienna, pp 375–395

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1992 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Pirajno, F. (1992). Epilogue. In: Hydrothermal Mineral Deposits. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75671-9_17

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75671-9_17

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-75673-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-75671-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics