Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Immunosuppression

  • Chapter
Book cover Immunopharmacology

  • 64 Accesses

Abstract

The question as to which substances should be classified as immunosuppressives does not have a straightforward answer. Both antigens and antibodies may have an immunosuppressive effect under certain conditions. Even chemical substances such as alkylating agents or antimetabolites may, depending on the circumstances of their administration, promote or — more probably — inhibit the response to an antigenic stimulus. As we shall see, azathioprine, a drug frequently administered for suppressing rejection or “graft-versus-host” reactions, can exert an immunostimulatory effect if its antiproliferative properties can be channelled to act on the development of T-suppressor cells. Antiinflammatory substances can help attenuate the results of a cell-mediated immune reaction to an organ graft or to endogenous structures. This is also true of anticoagulants in certain situations. Compounding these difficulties is the fact that the biochemical and molecular mechanisms that lead to immunosuppression are not yet fully understood. Classification of substances according to their molecular mechanism is therefore still some way off.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • AMA Council on Scientific Affairs (1986): Introduction to the management of immunosuppression. Connecticut Medicine, Vol 51, No 7, 447–452.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borel JF (ed) (1986): Ciclosporin. Karger, Basel, München, Paris, London, New York, New Delhi, Singapore, Tokyo, Sydney.

    Google Scholar 

  • Calabresi P, Parks RE (1980): Antiproliferative agents and drugs used for immunosuppression. In: The pharmacological basis of therapeutics ( Goodman Gilman A, Goodman LS, Gilman A, eds). MacMillan Publishing Co, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cosimi AB (1987): Clinical development of orthclone OKT3 Transplantation Proceedings Vol 19, No 2, Suppl 1, 7–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Costanzo-Nordin MR et al (1987): Successful reversal of acute cardiac allograft rejection with OKT3 monoclonal antibody. Circulation, Vol 76 ( Suppl. V), 71–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hadden JW (1987): Immunopharmacology. Immunomodulation and immunotherapy, JAMA, Vol 258, No 20, 3005 - 3010.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kahan BD (ed) (1984): Cyclosporine: Biological activity and clinical applications. Grune and Stratton, Orlando, Vol 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirkpatrick CH (1987): Transplantation immunology, JAMA, Vol 258, No 20, 2993–3000.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Padberg W, Schwemmle K, Dobroschke J, Kupiec-Weglinski JW, Tilney NL (1987): Immunosup¬pressive Therapie in der Transplantationschirurgie. Dtsch med Wschr, Vol 112, 1670–1674.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vane J, Botting R (1987): Inflammation and the mechanism of action of anti-inflammatory drugs FASEBJ, Vol 1, 89–96.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • White DJG (ed) (1981): Cyclosporin A. Elsevier Biomedical Press, Amsterdam, New York, Ox-ford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aarsman AJ, Mynbeck G, van den Bosch H, Rothhut B, Prieur B, Cornera C, Jordan L, Russo- Marie F (1987): Lipocortin inhibition of extracellular and intracellular phospholipase A2 is substrate concentration dependent. FEBS letters. Elsevier Science publishers B.V. (Biomedical Division), Vol 219, No 1, 176–180.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Becker P, Gloss B, Schmid W, Stràhle U, Schiitz G (1986): In vivo protein-DNA interactions in a glucocorticoid response element require the presence of the hormone. Nature, Vol 324, 686–688.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blackwell G J, Camuccio R, Di Rosa M, Flower RJ, Parente L, Persico P (1980): Macrocortin: A polypeptide causing the antiphospholipase effect of glucocorticoids. Nature, Vol 287, 147–149.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Borel JF (1984): Animal experiments with Cyclosporin. Triangle 23, No 3 /4, 153–158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Broyer M, Gagnadoux MF, Guest G, Niaudet P (1987): Triple therapy including cyclosporine A versus conventional regimen. A randomized prospective study in pediatric kidney transplantation. Transplant Proceedings, Vol 19, 3582–3585.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Canafax D, Draxler C (1987): Monoclonal antilymphocyte antibody (OKT3). Treatment of acute renal allograft rejection. Pharmacotherapy, Vol 7 (4), 121–124.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cantarovitch D, Le Mauff B, Hourmant M, Giral M, Denis M, Hirn M, Jacques Y, Soulillou JP (1989): Anti-interleukin 2 receptor monoclonal antibody in the treatment of ongoing acute rejection episodes of human kidney graft. A pilot study. Transplantation, Vol 47, 454–457.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chirico G, Rondini G, Plebani A, Chiara A, Massa M, Ugazio AG (1987): Intravenous gamma-globulin therapy for prophylaxis of infection in high-risk neonates. The Journal of Pediatrics, Vol 110, No 3, 437–442.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen JJ, Duke RC (1984): Glucocorticoid activation of a calcium-dependent endonuclease in thymocyte nuclei leads to cell death. The Journal of Immunology, Vol 132, No 1, 38–42.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Collier D, Calne R, Thiru S, Friend PJ, Lim S, White DJG, Kohno H, Levickis J (1988): FK 506 in experimental renal allografts in dogs and primates. Transplantation Proceedings, Vol 20, No 1, 226–228.

    Google Scholar 

  • Colombani PM, Robb A, Hess AD (1985): Cyclosporin A binding to calmodulin: A possible site of action on T lymphocytes. Science, Vol 228, 337–339.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cosimi AB (1987): Clinical development of orthoclone OKT3. Transplantation Proceedings, Vol 9, Suppl 1, No 2, 7–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cupps TR, Fauci AS (1982): Corticosteroid-mediated immunoregulation in man. Immunological Rev, Vol 65, 134–155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson FF, Dennis EA, Powell M, Glenney JR (1987): Inhibition of Phospholipase A2 by “Lipocortins” and calpactins. An effect of binding to substrate phospholipids. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol 262, No 4, 1698–1705.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dupont E, Wybran J, Toussaint C (1984): Glucocorticosteroids and organ transplantation. Transplantation, Vol 37, No 4, 331–334.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Editorial (1983): Cyclosporin in autoimmune disease. Lancet, April 20, 909–911.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerrard TL, Cupps TR, Jurgensen CH, Fauci AS (1984): Hydrocortisone-mediated inhibition of monocyte antigen presentation: Dissociation of inhibitory effect and expression of DR antigens. Cellular Immunology, Vol 85, 330–339

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ghiara P, Meli R, Parente L, Persico P (1984): Distinct inhibition of membrane-bound and lysosomal phospholipase A2, by glucocorticoid-induced proteins. Biochemical Pharmacology, Vol 33, No 9, 1445–1450.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glass NR (1986): Immunosuppressive strategy for transplantation: Historical perspective and developing concepts. Seminars in Nephrology, Vol 6, No 3, 296–304.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein G (1987): Overview of the development of orthoclone OKT3. Monoclonal antibody for therapeutic use in transplantation. Transplantation Proceedings, Vol 19, No 2, Suppl 1, 1–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Griffin PJA, Ross WB, Ross WB, Williams JD, Salaman JR (1987): Low-dose cyclosporine monotherapy in renal transplantation. Transplantation Proceedings, Vol 19, No 5, 3685–3686.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grundmann R, Wienand P, Hesse U (1987): Sequential conventional and cyclosporine therapy in cadaver renal transplantation. A prospective randomized trial. Transplantation Proceedings, Vol 19, No 5, 4033–4034.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hiesse C, Fries D, Charpentier B, Neyrat N, Rieu P, Cantarovich M, Lantz O, Bellamy J, Benoît G (1987): Optimal results in cadaver-donor renal transplantation using prophylactic ALG, Cyclo-sporine, and Prednisone. Transplantation Proceedings, Vol 19, 3670–3671.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Homo-Delarche R (1984): Glucocorticoid receptors and steroid sensitivity in normal and neoplastic human lymphoid tissues: A review. Cancer Research, Vol 44, 431–437.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang KS, McGray P, Mattaliano RJ, Burne CE, Pingchang Chow E, Sinclair LK, Pepinsky RB (1987): Purification and characterization of proteolytic fragments of lipocortin I that inhibit Phos- pholipase A2. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol 262, No 16, 7639–7645.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Imoto EM, Glanville AR, Baldwin JC, Theodore J (1987): Kidney function in heart-lung transplant recipients: The effect of low-dosage cyclosporine therapy. J Heart Transplant, Vol 6, No 4, 204– 213.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inamura N, Hashimoto M, Nakahara K, Aoki H, Yamaguchi I, Kohsaka M (1988): Immunosup-pressive effect of FK506 on collagen-induced arthritis in rats. Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology, Vol 46, 82–90.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jantzen H, Strähle U, Gloss B, Stewart F, Schmid W, Boshart M, Miksicek R, Schütz G (1987): Cooperativity of glucocorticoid response elements located far upstream of the tyrosine aminotransferase gene. Cell, Vol 49, 29–38.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kahan B (1984): Cyclosporine: A powerful addition to the immunosuppressive armamentarium. Amer J Kidney Diseases, Vol 3, 444–455.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kenmochi T, Asano T, Enomoto K, Goto T, Nakagori T, Sakamoto K, Horie H, Ochiai T, Isono K (1988): The effect of FK 506 on segmental pancreas allografts in mongrel dogs. Transplantation Proceedings, Vol 20, No 1, 223–225.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keown PA, Stiller CR, Wallace AC (1987): Effect of cyclosporine on the kidney. The Journal of Pediatrics, Vol 111, No 6, part 2, 1029–1033.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khan BD (1987): Immunosuppressive therapy with cyclosporine for cardiac transplantation. Circulation, Vol 75, No 75, 40–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kino T, Hatanaka H, Susumu Miyata, Inamura N, Nishiyama M, Yajima T, Goto T, Okuhara M, Kohsaka M, Aoki Hatsuo, Ochiai T (1987): FK 506, a novel immunosuppressant isolated from a streptotimyces. II. Immunosuppressive effect of FK 506 in vitro. The Journal of Antibiotics, Vol 40, No 9, 1256–1265.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klock G, Strähle U, Schütz G (1987): Oestrogen and glucocorticoid responsive elements are closely related but distinct. Nature, Vol 329, 734–736.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krönke M, Leonard WJ, Depper JM, Arya SK, Wong-Staal F, Gallo RC, Waldmann TA, Greene WC (1984): Cyclosporin A inhibits T-cell growth factor gene expression at the level of mRNA transcription. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, Vol 81, 5214–5218.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lafferty KJ, Borel JF, Hodgkin P (1983): Cyclosporine-A: Models for the mechanism of action. In: Cyclosporine: Biological Properties and Clinical Applications. Grune and Stratton, Orlando 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lennard TWJ, Venning M, Donelly PK, Wilson RG, Parrott NR, Elliot RW, Proud G, Farndon JR, Ward MK, Wikinson R, Taylor RMR (1987): Conversion of immunosuppression in renal allograft recipients from Cyclosporine A to Azathioprine and Prednisolone 6 months after trans-plantation. Transplantation Proceedings, Vol 19, No 5, 3594–3596.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lundgren JD, Hirata F, Marom Z, Logun C, Steel L, Kaliner M, Shelhamer J (1988): Dexametha- sone inhibits respiratory glycoconjugate secretion from feline airways in vitro by the induction of lipocortin (Lipomodulin) synthesis. Am Rev Respir Dis, Vol 137, 353–357.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Merion RM, White DJ, Thiru S, Evans DB, Calne RY (1984): Cyclosporine: Five years’ experience in cadaveric renal transplantation. New Engl J Med, Vol 310, No 3, 148–154.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morris PJ (1987): Therapeutic strategies in immunosuppression after renal transplantation. The Journal of Pediatrics, Vol 111 (6, part 2), 1004–1007.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mourad G, Legendre C, Argiles A, Bonardet A, Mion C (1987): Triple drug immunosuppression (cyclosporine, Azathiopine and low-dose prednisolone): A safe and effective regimen in first- cadaver kidney transplantation. Transplantation Proceedings, Vol 19, No 5, 3672–3673.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Myers BD, Ross J, Newton L, Luetscher J, Perlroth M (1984): Cyclosporine-associated chronic nephropathy. New Engl J Med, Vol 311, No 11, 699–705.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Najarian JS, Fryd DS, Strand M, Canafax DM, Ascher NL, Payne WD, Simmons RL, Sutherland DER (1985): A single institution, randomized, prospective trial of cyclosporine versus azathioprine- antilymphocyte globulin for immunosuppression in renal allograft recipients. Ann Surg, Vol 201, No 2, 141–157.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Norman DJ, Shield CF, III, Barry JM, Hennel K, Funnel MB, Lemon J (1987): Therapeutic use of OKT3 monoclonal antibody for acute renal allograft rejection. Nephron, Vol 46, Suppl 1, 41– 47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ochiai T, Nakajima K, Nagata M, Asano T, Uematsu T, Goto T, Hori S, Kenmochi T, Nakagoori T, Isono K (1987): New immunosuppressive drugs. Drugs presumably affecting lymphocytes. Effect of a new immunosuppressive agent, FK 506, on heterotopic cardiac allotransplantation in the rat., Vol 19, No 1, 1284–1286.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ochiai T, Sakamoto K, Nagata M, Nakajima K, Goto T, Hori S, Kenmochi T, Nakagori T, Asano T, Isono K (1988): Studies on FK506 in experimental organ transplantation. Transplantation Proceedings, Vol 20, No 1, 209–214.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oosterhuis B, Ten Berge I, Schellekens P, Van Boxtel C (1987): Concentration-dependent effects of prednisolone on lymphocyte subsets and mixed lymphocyte culture in humans. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Vol 243, No 2, 716–722.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Payvar F, DeFranco D, Firestone GL, Edgar B, Wränge Ö, Okret S, Gustafsson J-A, Yamamoto KR (1983): Sequence-specific binding of glucocorticoid receptor to MTV DNA at sites within and upstream of the transcribed region. Cell, Vol 35, 381–392.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Penn I (1983): Lymphomas complicating organ transplantation. In: Cyclosporine A: Biological Properties and Clinical Applications. ( Kahan B., Borel JF, eds) Grune and Stratton, Orlando.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prince H E, Ettenger RB, Dorey FJ, Fine RN, Fahey JL (1984): Azathioprine suppression of natural killer activity and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in renal transplant recipients. Journal of Clinical Immunology, Vol 4, No 4, 312–318.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quesniaux V, Schreier M, Wenger R, Hiestand P, Hardling M, Van Regenmortel M (1987): Cyclophilin binds to the region of cyclosporine involved in its immunosuppressive activity. Eur J Immunol, Vol 17, 1359–1365.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rapport FT (1984): Cyclosporine: Panacea or mirage? Amer J Kidney Diseases, Vol 3, No 6, 440–443.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reis HJ, Hopt UT, Greger B, Schrareck WD, Bockhorn H (1987): Antirejection treatment in kidneys transplantation. Is there a proved rationale for the general use of monoclonal antibodies? Transplantation Proceedings, Vol 19, No 5, 3565–3569.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosman M, Bertino JR (1973): Azathioprine. Ann Intern Med, Vol 79, 694–700.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rothhut B, Comera C, Prieur B, Errasfa M, Minassian G, Russo-Marie F (1987): Purification and characterization of a 32-kDa phospholipase A2 inhibitory protein (lipocortin) form human peripheral Blood mononuclear cells. FEBS letters, Vol 219, No 1, 169–175.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rothhut B, Russo-Marie F, Wood J, DiRosa M, Flower RJ (1983): Further characterization of the glucocorticoid-induced antiphospholipase protein “renocortin”. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. Vol 117, No 3, 878–884.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sawada S, Suzuki G, Kawase Y, Takaru F (1987): Novel immunosuppressive agent, FK506. In vitro effects on the cloned T cell activation. The Journal of Immunology, Vol 139, 1797–1803.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schlitt HJ, Christians U, Wonigeit K, Sewing KF, Pichlmayr R (1987): Immunosuppressive activity of cyclosporine metabolites in vitro. Transplantation Proceedings, Vol 19, 4248–4251.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schütz G (1988): Control of the gene expression by steroid hormones. Biol Chem. Hoppe-Seyler, Vol. 369, 77–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shield CF, Norman DJ, Marlett P, Fucello AJ, Goldstein G (1986): Comparison of antimouse and antihorse antibody production during the treatment of allograft rejection with OKT3 or antithymocyte globulin, Nephron, Vol 46, Suppl. 1, 48–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sobh MA, Shebab Eidein AB, Moustafa FE, Ghoneim MA (1987): Elective conversion from cyclosporin to Azathioprine in living related donor kidney transplants. Nephrol Dial Transplant, Vol 2, 258–260.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spreafico F, Tagliabue A, Vecchi A (1982): Chemical immunodepressants. In: Immunpharmacol- ogy ( Sirois P, Rola-Pleszczynski M, eds) Elsevier Biomedical Press, Amsterdam, New York. Ox-ford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stiller CR, Dupré J, Gent M, Jenner MR, Keown PA, Laupacis A, Martell R, Rodger NW, Grafenried B V, Wolfe BMJ (1984): Effects of cyclosporine immunosuppression in insulin- dependent diabetes mellitus of recent onset. Science, Vol 223, 1362–1367.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sutherland DR, Strand M, Fryd D, Ferguson RM, Simmons RL, Ascher NL, Najarian JS (1984): Comparison of azathioprine-antilymphocyte globulin versus cyclosporine in renal transplantation. Amer J Kidney Diseases, Vol 3, 456–461.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Szewczyck Z, Hruby Z, Uzar J, Skora K, Szydlowski Z, Witkiewicz W, Patrzalek D (1987): Dramatic reduction in sandimmune (CyA) dosage may be effective in reversal of severe hyperbilirubinemia and post-transplant acute kidney failure linked to CyA toxicity. Transplantation Proceedings, Vol 19, No 5, 4021–4024.

    Google Scholar 

  • Todo S, Demetris AJ, Ueda Y, Imventarza K, Okuda K, Casavilla A, Cemaj S, Ghalab A, Mazzaferro V, Rhoe BS, Tonghua L, Makowka L, Starzl TE (1987): Canine kidney transplantation with FK-506 alone or in combination with cyclosporine and steroids. Transplantation Proceedings, Vol 19, Suppl 6, 57–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Todo S, Ueda Y, Demetris JA, Imventarza O, Nalesnik M, Venkataramanan R, Makowka L, Starzl TE: Immunosuppression of canine, monkey, and baboon allografts by FK 506: with special synergism with other drugs and to tolerance induction. Surgery, Vol 104, No 2, 239–249.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Vliet E, Melis M, van Ewijk W (1986): The influence of Dexamethasone treatment on the lymphoid and stromal composition of the mouse thymus: a flowcytometric and immunohistological analysis. Cellular Immunology, Vol 103, 229–240.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vanrenterghem Y, Waer M, Roels L, Lerut T, Michielsen P (1987): Is cyclosporine-associated nephrotoxicity progressive? Transplantation Proceedings, Vol 19, 4031–4032.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Venkataramanan R, Warty VS, Zemaitis MA, Sanghvi AT, Burckart GJ, Seltman H, Todo S, Makowka L, Starzl TE (1987): Biopharmaeeutical aspects of FK-506. Transplantation Proceedings, Vol 19, Suppl 6, 30–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Versluis DJ, Wenting GJ, Derx FHM, Schalekamp MADH, Jeekel J, Weimfr W (1987): Who should be converted from cyclosporine to conventional immunosuppression in kidney transplantation, and why. Transplantation, Vol 44, No 3, 387–389.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Von der Ahe D, Janich S, Schneidereit C, Renkawitz R, Schütz G, Beato M (1985): Glucocorticoid and progesterone receptors bind to the same sites in two hormonally regulated promoters. Nature, Vol 313, 706–709.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiner LM (1987): Monoclonal antibody therapy. American Association of Occupational Health Nurses Journal, Vol 35, No 4, 175–178.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zannier A, Mutin M, Touraine JL, Traeger J (1987): Differentiation of cyclosporin A: Induced nephrotoxicity from acute rejection in renal transplantation using fine-needle aspiration biopsies. Transplantation Proceedings, Vol 15, No 5, 3630–3632.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeevi A, Duquesnoy R, Eiras G, Rabinovitch H, Todo S, Makowka L, Starzl TE (1988): In vitro immunosuppressive effects of FK506 in combination with other drugs. Transplantation Proceedings, Vol 20, 220–222.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4002, Basle, Switzerland

    Professor Jürgen Drews MD (Chairman of the Research Board and Member of the Executive Committee)

Authors
  1. Professor Jürgen Drews MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1990 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Drews, J. (1990). Immunosuppression. In: Immunopharmacology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75561-3_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75561-3_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-75563-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-75561-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation