Abstract
Congestive heart failure is a complex clinical syndrome, in the pathophysiology of which several vicious circles and detrimental adaptive mechanisms (e.g., afterload mismatch, functional mitral regurgitation, activation of the renin-angiotensin, and sympathetic nervous systems) are involved. In recent years therapeutic successes have been achieved mainly with interventions interferring with the indirect consequences of heart failure such as vasoconstriction and renin activation. Besides symptomatic benefit, improved survival has been reported with the association of isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine [1] and with the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril in New York Heart Association class IV heart failure patients [2].
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Pouleur, H. (1990). Possible Role of Positive Inotropic Drugs in Congestive Heart Failure and in Left Ventricular Dysfunction. In: Brachmann, J., Dietz, R., Kübler, W. (eds) Heart Failure and Arrhythmias. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75326-8_10
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75326-8_10
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
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