Skip to main content

Intervention in Risk Factors of Ischemic Heart Disease

  • Conference paper
Therapie der koronaren Herzerkrankung

Abstract

Intervention in risk factors with the goal of preventing coronary heart disease (CHD) cannot be effective, complete and successful without first eliminating hypercholesterolemia. Hypercholesterolemia is the most pivotal and direct cause of atherogenesis in the coronary arteries. The definition of hypercholesterolemia is gradually undergoing changes towards lower levels than previously anticipated. Some 360000 men in the US MRFIT screening program (nonintervention) were followed for 7 years. The results indicate that the incidence of CHD is 30% lower at cholesterol levels of 150 mg/dl than it is at 200 mg/dl, and it doubles at 250 and doubles again at 300 mg/dl. In the absence of mass hypercholesterolemia as in Japan, CHD is a rare cause of disease or death, in spite of continuing high rates of other risk factors such as hypertension, cigarette smoking and diabetes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 69.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abbott RD, Wilson PWF, Kannel WB, Castelli WP (1988) High density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol screening and myocardial infarction. The Framingham Study. Arteriosclerosis 8: 207–211

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amery A, Birkenhager W, Bulpitt C et al. (1982) Influence of antihypertensive therapy on serum cholesterol in elderly hypertensive patients. Acta Cardiol 37: 235–244

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Assmann G, Schulte H (1988) Ergebnisse und Folgerungen aus der Prospektiven Cardio-vaskulären Münster (PROCAM) Studie. In: Assman G (Hrsg) Fettstoffwechselstörungen und koronare Herzkrankheit. MMV Medizin Verlag, München, S 97–131

    Google Scholar 

  • Beaglehole R, Trost DC, Tamir I, Kwiterovich P, Glueck CJ, Insull W, Christensen B (1980) Plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in children and young adults. The Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence Study. Circulation [Suppl IV] 62: 83–92

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benowitz NL (1988) Pharmacological aspects of cigarette smoking and nicotine addiction. N Engl J Med 319: 1318–1330

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blankenhorn DH, Nessim SA, Johnson RL, Sanmarco ME, Azon SP, Cashin-Hemphill L (1987) Beneficial effects of combined colestipol-niacin therapy on coronary atherosclerosis and coronary venous bypass grafts. JAMA 257: 3233–3240

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blankenhorn DH, Johnson RL, El Zein HA, Vailas LI (1988) Dietary fat influences human coronary lesion formation. Circulation [Suppl II] 78: 11 (Abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Brunner D, Weisbort J, Meshulam N, Schwartz S, Gross J, Saltz-Rennert H, Altman S, Loebl K (1987) Relation of serum total cholesterol and high density lipoprotein cholesterol percentage to the incidence of definite coronary events: twenty-year follow-up of the Donolo-Tel Aviv prospective coronary artery disease study. Am J Cardiol 59: 1271–1276

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Castelli WP, Gordon T, Hjortland MC et al. (1977) Alcohol and blood lipids. The Cooperative Lipoprotein Phenotyping Study. Lancet 11: 152–155

    Google Scholar 

  • Castelli WP, Garrison RJ, Wilson PWF, Abbott RD, Kalousdian S, Kannel WB (1986) Incidence of coronary heart disease and lipoprotein cholesterol levels. The Framingham Study. JAMA 256: 2835–2838

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper J, Warrender TS (1986) Randomized trial of treatment of hypertension in elderly patients in primary care. Br Med J 293: 1145–1151

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Costa ME, D’Agostino RB, Belanger AJ, Kannel WB, Chobanian AV (1988) Mild hypertension and hypercholesterolemia in young people: The Framingham Study. Circulation [Suppl II] 78: 567 (Abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Criqui MH, Wallace RB, Heiss G, Mishkel M, Schonfeld G, Jones GTL (1980) Cigarette smoking and plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence Study. Circulation [Suppl IV] 62: 70–76

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellefson RD, Elveback LR, Hodgson PA, Weidman WH (1978) Cholesterol and triglycerides in serum lipoproteins of young persons in Rochester, Minnesota. Mayo Clin Proc 53: 307

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ernst N, Fisher M, Smith W, Gordon T, Rifkind BM, Little JA, Mishkel MA, Williams OD (1980) The association of plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol with dietary intake and alcohol consumption. Circulation [Suppl IV] 62: 41–52

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frank GC, Berenson GS, Webber LS (1978) Dietary studies and the relationship of diet to cardiovascular disease risk factor variables in 10-year-old children. The Bogalusa Heart Study. Am J Clin Nutr 31: 328–332

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freedman DS, Srinivasan SR, Voors AW, Webber LS, Berenson GS (1985) High density lipoprotein and coronary artery disease risk factors in children with different lipoprotein profiles: Bogalusa Heart Study. J Chronic Dis 38: 327–338

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ginsburg GS, Safran C, Pasternak RC (1988) National Cholesterol Education Program guidelines: the impact of missing HDL. Circulation [Suppl II] 78: 382 (Abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordon T, Garcia-Palmieri R, Kagan A, Kannel B, Schiffman J (1974) Differences in coronary artery disease in Framingham, Honolulu and Puerto Rico. J Chronic Dis 27: 329–344

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon DJ, Knoke J, Probstfield JL, Superko R, Tyroler HA (1986) High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and coronary heart disease in hypercholesterolemic men. The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial. Circulation 74: 1217–1225

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haskell WL, Taylor HL, Wood PD, Schrott H, Heiss G (1980) Strenuous physical activity, treadmill exercise test performance and plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence Study. Circulation [Suppl IV] 62: 53–61

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heiss G, Haskell W, Mowery R, Criqui MH, Brockway M, Tyroler HA (1980) Plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and socioeconomic status. Circulation [Suppl IV] 62: 108–115

    Google Scholar 

  • Helgeland A (1980) Treatment of mild hypertension: A five year controlled drug trial. The Oslo Study. Am J Med 69: 725–732

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hermanson B, Omenn GS, Kronmal RA, Gersh BJ et al. (1988) Beneficial six-year-outcome of smoking cessation in older men and women with coronary artery disease: results from the CASS-registry. N Engl J Med 319: 1365–1369

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program Cooperative Group (1988) Persistance of reduction in blood pressure and mortality of participants in the Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program. JAMA 259: 2113–2122

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • IPPPSH Collaborative Group (1985) Cardiovascular risk and risk factors in a randomized trial of treatment based on the beta-blocker oxprenolol: The International Prospective Primary Prevention Study in Hypertension. J Hypertens 3: 379–392

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuller LH (1988) The disappearance of coronary heart disease deaths, aged 35–44; 1970–1986 (Abstract). Circulation 78: 89

    Google Scholar 

  • Levy D, Kannel WB (1988) Cardiovascular risks: New insights from Framingham. Am Heart J 116: 266–272

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Management Committee of the Australian National Blood Pressure Study (1984) Prognostic factors in the treatment of mild hypertension. Circulation 69: 668–676

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Manninen V, Elo MO, Frick MH et al. (1988) Lipid alterations and decline in the incidence of coronary heart disease in the Helsinki Heart Study. JAMA 260: 641–651

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Medical Research Council Working Party (1985) MRC trial on treatment of mild hypertension: principal results. Br Med J 291: 97–104

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller M, Mead L, Kwiterovich PO Jr, Pearson TA (1988) Lipid abnormalities in coronary disease patients with “desirable” cholesterol levels: should we screen all CAD patients for low HDL levels? Circulation [Suppl II] 78: 383 (Abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Mjos OD, Thelle DS, Forde OH, Vik-Mo H (1977) Family study of high density lipoprotein cholesterol and the relation to age and sex. The Tromso Heart Study. Acta Med Scand 201: 323–329

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morrison JA, Laskarzewski RM, Rauh JL et al. (1979) Lipids, lipoproteins, and sexual maturation during adolescence. The Princeton Maturation Study. Metabolism 28: 641–645

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group (1982) The Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Risk factor changes and mortality results. JAMA 248: 1465–1472

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ockene JK, Kuller LH, Svendsen KH, Meilahn E (1988) The differential effect of smoking cessation on CHD and lung cancer mortality in the multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT): 10.5 years of follow-up. Circulation [Suppl II] 78: 10 (Abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Pekannen J, Linn S, Suchindran CM, Heiss G, Tyroler HA (1988) Total and lipoprotein cholesterol and cardiovascular mortality in men with and without prevalent heart disease. Circulation [Suppl II] 78: 281 (Abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Samuelsson O, Wilhelmsen L, Andersson OK, Pennert K, Berglund G (1987) Cardiovascular morbidity in relation to change in blood pressure and serum cholesterol levels in treated hypertension. JAMA 258: 1768–1776

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider KA, Heyden S, Ford C (1987) Failure to reduce cholesterol as explanation for the limited efficacy of antihypertensive treatment in the reduction of coronary heart disease. Evidence from the Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program. Nephron [Suppl 1] 47: 104–107

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tyroler HA (ed) (1980) Epidemiology of plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Lipid Research Clinics Program. AHA Monogr 73

    Google Scholar 

  • Tyroler HA, Glueck CJ, Christensen B, Kwiterovich PO (1980) Plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol comparisons in black and white populations. The Lipid Research Program Prevalence Study. Circulation [Suppl IV] 62: 99–107

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wallace RB, Hunninghake DB, Reiland S, Barrett-Connor E, Mackenthun A, Hoover J, Wahl P (1980) Alterations of plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels associated with consumption of selected medications. The Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence Study. Circulation [Suppl IV] 62: 77–82

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wikstrand J (1988) Primary prevention in patients with hypertension: Comments on the clinical implications of the MAPHY Study. Am Heart J 116: 338–347

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilhelmsen L, Berglund G, Elmfeldt D et al. (1987) Beta-blockers vs. diuretics in hypertensive men. Main results from the HAPPHY trial. J Hypertens 5: 561–572

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1990 Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg New York

About this paper

Cite this paper

Heyden, S., Schneider, K.A., Singer, P. (1990). Intervention in Risk Factors of Ischemic Heart Disease. In: Rudolph, W. (eds) Therapie der koronaren Herzerkrankung. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75318-3_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75318-3_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-52032-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-75318-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics