Skip to main content

A Comparative Anatomy of the Baltic Sea and Chesapeake Bay Ecosystems

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: Coastal and Estuarine Studies ((COASTAL,volume 32))

Abstract

The theoretical basis for describing and explaining ecological processes has been historically deficient at higher hierarchical levels, such as at the level of whole ecosystems. The manifest tendency for modern technological society to perturb large natural systems has, to a large extent, motivated studies at the ecosystem level, because experience has shown that we cannot explain these changes by studying organisms and populations in isolation (Mann 1982).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Azam, F., T. Fenchel, J. G. Field, J. S. Gray, L. A. Meyer-Reil & F. Thingstad 1983. The ecological role of water-column microbes in the sea, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 10: 257–263.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aneer, G. 1980. Estimates of feeding pressure on pelagic and benthic organisms by Baltic herring (Clupea harengus v: membras L.), Ophelia, Suppl. 1: 265–275.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ankar, S. 1977. The soft bottom ecosystem of the Northern Baltic Proper with special reference to the macrofauna, Contrib. Askö Lab., Univ. Stockholm, 19: 1–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baird, D. and R.E. Ulanowicz. 1986. A network analysis of the Chesapeake Bay ecosystem, Ref. No. UMCEES-CBL 87–77, Center for Environmental and Estuarine Sciences, Solomons, MD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bergman, A. & M. Olsson 1985. Pathology of Baltic Grey Seal and Ringed Seal females with special reference to adrenocorrtial hyperplasmia: Is environmental pollution the cause of a widely distributed disease? Finnish Game Res. 44: 47–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boynton, W.R., W.M. Kemp & J.M. Barnes 1985. Report to: Maryland Office of Environmental Programs. Chesapeake Bay Water Quality Monitoring Program Ecosystems Processes Component (EPC). July 1984–June 1985, University of Maiyland [UMCEES] CBL 85-21: 1–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boynton, W.R., W.M. Kemp, J.H. Garber & J.M. Barnes 1986. Report to: Maryland Office of Environmental Programs. Chesapeake Bay Water Quality Monitoring Program. Ecosystems Processes Component (EPC), July 1985–May 1986, University of Maryland [UMCEES] CBL 86-56: 1 - 52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cederwall, H., & R. Elmgren 1980. Biomass increase of benthic macrofauna d&nstrates eutrophication of the Baltic Sea, Ophelia, Suppl. 1: 287–304.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ducklow, H.W. 1983. Production and fate of bacteria in the oceans, Bioscience 33: 494–501.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ducklow, H.W., D. A Purdie, P. J. L. Williams & J. M. Davies 1986. Bacterioplankton: A sink for carbon in a coastal marine plankton community, Science. 232: 865–867.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elmgren, R. 1978. Structure and dynamics of Baltic benthos communities, with particular reference to the relationship between macro- and meiofauna, Kieler Meeresforsch., Sonderh. 4: 1–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elmgren, R. 1984. Trophic dynamics in the enclosed, brackish Baltic Sea, - Rapp. P.-v. Réun. Cons. int. Explor.Mer 183: 149–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elmgren, R. 1987. Effects of increased nutrient loading on marine ecosystems: the Baltic, Background paper GESAMP WG “Nutrients and Eutrophication in the Marine Environment”, Paris, 22 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flemer, DA & J. Olman. 1971. Daylight incubator estimates of primary production in the mouth of the Patuxent River, Maryland, Chesapeake. Sci. 12: 105–110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Finn, J. 1976. The cycling index, J. Theor. Biol., 56: 363–73.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goodman, D. 1975. The theoiy of diversity-stability relationships in ecology, Quarterly Review of Biology, 50: 237–266.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hällfors, G. & Å. Niemi 1981. Vegetation and primary production, pp. 220–238. In: Voipio, A (ed.) The Baltic Sea, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 418 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heinle, D.R. 1966. Production of a calanoid copepod, Acartia tonsa in the Patuxent River estuary, Chesapeake. Sci. 7: 59–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heinle, D.R. & DA Hemer. 1975. Carbon requirements of a population of the estuarine copepod Euryt&ra affinis, Mar. Biol. 31: 235–247.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Homer, M. & W.R. Boynton 1978. Stomach analysis offish collected in the Calvert Cliffs region, Chesapeake Bay-1977, University of Maryland. UMCEES 78-154-CBL, 1–363.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hurd, L.E., M.V. Mellinger, LJL Wolf & S J. McNaughton 1971. Stability and diversity at three trophic levels in terrestrial ecosystems, Science 173: 1134–1136.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jansson, B.-O., G. Aneer & S. Neilbring 1985. Spatial and temporal distribution of the demersal fish fauna in a Baltic archipelago as determined by SCUBA census, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 23: 31–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jansson,A-M. &N.Kautskyl977. Quantitative survey of hard bottom communities in a Baltic archipelago, pp 359–366. In: Keegan, B. F., P. O. O’Ceidigh, and P. S. J. Boaden (eds) Biology of benthic organisms, Pergamon Press, Oxford. 630 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jernelöv, A & R. Rosenberg, 1976. Stress tolerance of ecosystems, Environ. Cons. 3: 43–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kay, J J., L. Graham & R. E. Ulanowicz 1989. A detailed guide to network analysis, In: Wulff, F., J.G. Field & K. H. Mann (eds) Network Analysis in Marine Ecology. Methods and Applications. Lecture Notes in Coastal and Estuarine Studies, Springer-Verlag, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kautsky, N. 1981. On the trophic role of the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis L.) in a Baltic coastal ecosystem and the fate of the organic matter produced by the mussels, Kieler Meeresforsch., Sonderh. 5: 454–461.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kremer, P. 1979. Predation by the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi in Narrangansett Bay, Rhode Island, Estuaries 2: 97–105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larsson, U., R. Elmgren & F. Wulff 1985. Eutrophication and the Baltic sea: causes and consequences, Ambio, 14: 9–14.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larsson, U. & Å. Hagström 1979. Phytoplankton exudate release as an energy source for the growth of pelagic bacteria, Mar. Biol. 52: 199–206.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leggett, W.C., W.R. Boynton, V. F. Gallucci, L. Johnson, R. Margalef, J. McGlade, D. Mikelecky, R. Rosen, R. O. Ulloa & J. Watson 1985. Hypothesis testing and sampling design in exploited ecosystems, pp 237–240. In: Ulanowicz, R.E. & T. Platt (eds) Ecosystem theory for biological oceanography. Can. Bull. Fish. Aquat Sci. 213

    Google Scholar 

  • Malone, T.C., W.M. Kemp, H.W. Ducklow, W.R. Boynton, J.H. Tuttle & R.B. Jonas 1986. Lateral variation in the production and fate of phytoplankton in a partially stratified estuary, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 32: 149–160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mann, K. H. 1982. Ecology of Coastal Waters. A Systems Approach, Studies in Ecology, Volume 8. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 322 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nehring, D., G. Aertebjerg, P. Alenius, V. Astok, S. Fonselius, M. Hannus, V. Tervo, A Troszinska, P. Tulkki & AK. Yurkovskis, 1987. Nutrients, pp 35–81. In: Lassig, J. (ed). First periodic assessment of the state of the marine environment of the Baltic Sea area, 1980–1985; Background document. Baltic Sea Environm. Proc. 17B.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nixon, S. W., C.A Oviatt, J. Frithsen & B. Sullivan 1986. Nutrients and the productivity of estuarine and coastal marine ecosystems, J. limnol. Soc. sth. Afr. 12: 43–71.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Odum, E.P. 1969. The strategy of ecosystem development, Science 164: 262–270.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Odum, H.T. 1971. Environment, Power and Society, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 331 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ojaveer, E. 1981. Marine pelagic fishes, pp. 276–292, In: A Voipio (ed) The Baltic Sea. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 418 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peters, R. H. 1986. The role of prediction in limnology, limnol. Oceanogr. 31: 1143–1159.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pimm, S. L. 1984. The complexity and stability of ecosystems, Nature, Vol. 307: 321–326.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roman, M.R. 1984a. Utilization of detritus by the copepod, Acartia tonsa, Limnol. Oceanogr. 25: 949–959.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roman, M.R. 1984b. Ingestion of detritus and microheterotrophs by pelagic marine zooplankton, Bulletin of Marine Science 35: 477–494.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg, R. 1976. The relation of treatment and ecological effects in brackish water regions, Pure and Appl.Chem. 45: 199–203.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Segerstråle, S.G. 1957. Baltic Sea, Mem. Geol. Soc. America 67: 751–800.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sellner, K.G., R.V. Lacouture, D. C. Brownlee & C. R. Parrish 1985. Report to: Maryland Office of Environmental Programs (OEP), Chesapeake Bay Water Quality Monitoring Program. Phytoplankton and microzooplankton; data summaiy. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Benedict Estuarine Research Laboratory, Benedict, MD

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherr, E. B., B. F. Sherr & L. J. Albright 1987. Bacteria: Link or sink? Science. 235: 88–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smullen, J.T., J.Taft. & J. Macknis 1982. Nutrient and sediment loads to the tidal Chesapeake Bay system, pp. 147–262, In: E.G. Macalaster, D., D.ABarker. and M. Kasper (eds.), Chesapeake Bay Program Technical Studies: a Synthesis. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stoecker, D. K. & N. K. Sanders. 1985. Differential grazing by Acartia tonsa on a dinoflagellate and a tintinnid, J. Plankton Res. 7: 85–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Szymer, J. & R.E. Ulanowicz 1987. Total flows in ecosystems, Ecol. Mod. 35: 123–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tuttie, J.H., T. Malone, R. Jonas, H. Ducklow & D. Cargo. 1985. Nutrient-dissolved oxygen dynamics: Roles of phytoplankton and microheterotrophs under summer conditions, Report to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. University of Maryland [UMCEES] CBL 85–39: 1–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tuttle, J.H., T. Malone, R. Jonas, H. Ducklow & D. Cargo. 1986. Nutrient-dissolved oxygen dynamics: Roles of phytoplankton and microheterotrophs under summer conditions, Report to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. University of Maryland [UMCEES] CBL 86–125: 1–153.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ulanowicz, R. E. 1983. Identifying the structure of cycling in ecosystems, Mathematical Biosciences 65: 219–237.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ulanowicz, R. E. 1986. Growth and Development: Ecosystems Phenology. Springer-Verlag, New York, 203 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vollenwieder, R. A. (ed) 1982. Eutrophication of Waters. Monitoring, Assessment and Control. OECD, Paris, France, 154 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiebe, W. J. & D. F. Smith 1977. Direct measurement of dissolved organic carbon release by phytoplankton and incorporation by micro-heterotrophs, Mar. Biol. 42: 213–223.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winberg, G. G. 1956. Rate of Metabolism and Food Requirements of Fish, Fisheries Research Board, Canada Translation Series, No. 194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wulff, F., G. Aertebjerg, G. Nicolaus, Å. Niemi, P. Ciszevski, S. Schulz & W. Kaiser, 1986. The changing pelagic ecosystem of the Baltic Sea, Ophelia, Suppl. 4: 299–319.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1989 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Wulff, F., Ulanowicz, R.E. (1989). A Comparative Anatomy of the Baltic Sea and Chesapeake Bay Ecosystems. In: Wulff, F., Field, J.G., Mann, K.H. (eds) Network Analysis in Marine Ecology. Coastal and Estuarine Studies, vol 32. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75017-5_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75017-5_11

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-75019-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-75017-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics