Abstract
The theoretical basis for describing and explaining ecological processes has been historically deficient at higher hierarchical levels, such as at the level of whole ecosystems. The manifest tendency for modern technological society to perturb large natural systems has, to a large extent, motivated studies at the ecosystem level, because experience has shown that we cannot explain these changes by studying organisms and populations in isolation (Mann 1982).
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Wulff, F., Ulanowicz, R.E. (1989). A Comparative Anatomy of the Baltic Sea and Chesapeake Bay Ecosystems. In: Wulff, F., Field, J.G., Mann, K.H. (eds) Network Analysis in Marine Ecology. Coastal and Estuarine Studies, vol 32. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75017-5_11
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