Measurements of the Lower Extremity

Abstract

In orthopedics, knowledge of angles and distances is essential for the assessment of normality, the distinction of pathologic from normal conditions, the quantification of pathologic states, and preoperative planning. Although the various angles and distances measured in the lower extremity do not replace clinical examinations, they help the surgeon to reach a diagnosis. In the hip joint, the center-collum-diaphysis (CCD) angle, the anteversion (AT) angle, and the center-edge (CE) angle are often measured. In the knee joint, the distance on the axial plane between the groove of the facies patellaris femoris and the tuberositas tibiae (FPG-TT distance) can be measured and may help to explain patellar pain syndromes. Torsion of the tibia can also be assessed. Finally, length measurements and axis measurements can also be performed with CT.