Abstract
The existence of finite concentrations of no-threshold carcinogenic substances in the environment forces policy makers to follow a strategy of keeping exposure “as low as reasonably achievable” (ALARA principle). The answer to “What is reasonable?” can, in principle, be found from a balance of risks and benefits.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
DeBortoli M et al. (1985) Measurements of indoor air quality and comparison with ambient air: a study on 15 northern Italy. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxemburg
Fischer M (1984) Die Risikoabschätzung als Entscheidungshilfe. In: Fischer M, Meyer E (eds) Zur Beurteilung der Krebsgefahr durch Asbest. MMV Medizin, Munich, p8ff.
Fischer M (1989) On risks related to risk reduction. In: Proceedings, symposium on management of risk from genotoxic substances in the environment, Stockholm (1989).
Jacobi W et al. (1987) Lung cancer risk from indoor exposures to radon daughters. In: ICRP (ed) Radiation protection. ICRP publication no. 50. Pergamon, New York.
Kerr AR (1988) Indoor radon: the deadliest pollutant. Science 240:606–608.
Krause C et al. (1987) Occurrence of volatile organic compounds in the air of 500 homes in the FRG: proceedings of a symposium series, vol 1. Indoor Air’ 87, Aug 1987, Berlin (West). Institute for Water, Soil, and Air Hygiene, Berlin.
McLaughlin J (1988) Radon in indoor air. In: Commission of the European Communities (ed) European concerted action: indoor air quality and its impact on men. COST project no 613. Report no 1. Commission of the European Communities, Luxemburg.
MVROM — Ministerie van Volkshuisvesting, Ruimtelijke Ordening en Milieubeheer (1984) Criteria document on vinyl chloride. MVROM, Lucht 34, AC’s Gravenhage, The Netherlands.
Myers DK et al. (1981) Carcinogenic potential of various energy sources: proceedings of a symposium series. IAEA-SM-254/02. International symposium on health impacts of different sources of energy, 22–26 June, Nashville.
Preuss PW, Ehrlich AM (1987) Assessment of health risks associated with noncriteria air pollutants. APCA J 37(7):784–791.
Schmier H (1984) Die Strahlenexposition in Wohnungen durch die Folgeprodukte des Radon und Thoron. Paper presented at the information meeting of the Federal Ministry of the Interior on information and results on radiation protection research in the Area of Responsibility of the Interior Ministry, 30 May 1984, Wissenschaftszentrum Bonn. Report of the Ministry of the Interior, pp 37-54.
Stolwijk JAJ (1987) The determination of health effects of indoor air pollution: proceedings of a symposium series, vol 4. Indoor Air’ 87, Aug 1987, Berlin (West). Institute for Water, Soil, and Air Hygiene, Berlin.
WHO Europe (1987) Air quality guidelines for Europe. WHO regional publications. European series no 23. World Health Organization, Copenhagen.
WHO (1988) Guidelines for drinking-water quality. World Health Organization regional bureau of Europe, Copenhagen.
Ziese L, Wilson R, Crouch EAC (1987) Dose-response relationships for carcinogens: a review. Environ Health Perspect 73:259–308.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1989 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Fischer, M. (1989). Risk Assessment as an Instrument of Environmental Policy. In: Mohr, U., Bates, D.V., Dungworth, D.L., Lee, P.N., McClellan, R.O., Roe, F.J.C. (eds) Assessment of Inhalation Hazards. ILSI Monographs. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74606-2_30
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74606-2_30
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-74608-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-74606-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive