Skip to main content

Similarities Between Information-Processing Abnormalities of Actively Symptomatic Schizophrenic Patients and High-Risk Children

  • Chapter

Abstract

Research aimed at identifying abnormalities in the processing of information by schizophrenic patients has been an important direction in the search for the mechanisms that may underlie schizophrenic symptomatology. The early systematic descriptions of schizophrenia by Eugen Bleuler gave prominence to the hypothesis that most schizophrenic symptomatology could be traced to a “disconnecting of associative threads” that form the relationships between ideas (Bleuler, 1911/1950, p. 21). Recent investigators have refined the proposition that primary malfunctions in elementary cognitive processes contribute substantially to formal thought disorder (e.g., Maher, 1972, 1983). Hemsley (1977) and Frith (1979), among others, have also suggested ties between a primary cognitive deficit and the secondary formation of delusions and hallucinations, symptoms which are central for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd edition (DSM-III; 1980) and its revised edition (DSM-III-R; 1987) diagnoses of schizophrenic disorder.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Asarnow, R.F., & Asarnow, J.R. (1982). Attention-information processing dysfunction and vulnerability to schizophrenia: Implications for preventive intervention. In M.J. Goldstein (Ed.), Preventive intervention in schizophrenia: Are we ready? (DHHS Publication No. ADM 82 - 1111 ). Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Asarnow, R.F., & MacCrimmon, D.J. (1978). Residual performance deficit in clinically remitted schizophrenics: A marker of schizophrenia? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 87, 597–608.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Asarnow, R.F., & MacCrimmon, D.J. (1981). Span of apprehension deficits during the post-psychotic stages of schizophrenia: A replication and extension. Archives of General Psychiatry, 38, 1006–1011.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Asaraow, R.F., & MacCrimmon, D.J. (1982). Attention/information processing, neuropsychological functioning, and thought disorder during the acute and partial recovery phases of schizophrenia: A longitudinal study. Psychiatry Research, 7, 309–319.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Asaraow, R.F., Steffy, R.A., MacCrimmon, D.J., & Cleghorn, J.M. (1977). An attentional assessment of foster children at risk for schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 86, 267–275.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Asarnow, R.F., Steffy, R.A., MacCrimmon, D.J., & Cleghorn, J.M. (1978). An attentional assessment of foster children at risk for schizophrenia. In L.C. Wynne, R.L. Cromwell, & S. Matthysse (Eds.), The nature of schizophrenia: New approaches to research and treatment. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Asarnow, R.F., Nuechterlein, K.H., & Marder, S.R. (1983). Span of apprehension performance, neuropsychological functioning, and indices of psychosis proneness. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 171, 662–669.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Asarnow, R.F., Steffy, R., & Waldman, I. (1985). Comment on Harvey, Weintraub, and Neale: Span of apprehesion deficits in children vulnerable to psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 94, 414–417.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson, R.C., & Shiffrin, R.M. (1968). Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes. In K.W. Spence & J.T. Spence (Eds.), Advances in the psychology of learning and motivation: Research and theory (Vol. 2 ). New York: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauman, E. (1971). Schizophrenic short-term memory: The role of organization at input. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 36, 14–19.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bauman, E., & Murray, D.J. (1968). Recognition versus recall in schizophrenia. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 22, 18–25.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beatty, J. (1982a). Phasic not tonic pupillary responses vary with auditory vigilance performance. Psychophysiology, 19, 167–172.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beatty, J. (1982b). Task-evoked pupillary responses, processing load, and the structure of processing resources. Psychological Bulletin, 91, 276–292.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bleuler, E. (1950). Dementia praecox or the group of schizophrenias (J. Zinkin, Trans.). New York: International Universities Press. ( Original work published 1911 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Buchsbaum, M.S., Murphy, D.L., Coursey, R.D., Lake, C.R., & Ziegler, M.G. (1978). Platelet monoamine oxidase, plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, and attention in a “biochemical high risk” sample. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 14, 215–224.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, L.J., Edell, W.S., & Chapman, J.P. (1980). Physical anhedonia, perceptual aberration, and psychosis proneness. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 6, 639–653.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Corablatt, B., & Erlenmeyer-Kimling, L. (1984). Early attentional predictors of adolescent behavioral disturbances in children at risk for schizophrenia. In N.F. Watt, E.J. Anthony, L.C. Wynne, & J.E. Rolf (Eds.), Children at risk for schizophrenia: A longitudinal perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Craik, F.I. (1970). The fate of primary memory items in free recall. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 9, 143–148.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davies, D.R., & Parasuraman, R. (1982). The psychology of vigilance. London: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Depue, R.A., & Fowles, D.C. (1974). Conceptual ability, response interference, and arousal in withdrawn and active schizophrenics. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42, 509–518.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 3rd. ed. (DSM-III). (1980). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 3rd. ed. rev. (DMS-IIIR). (1987) Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erlenmeyer-Kimling, L., & Cornblatt, B. (1978). Attentional measures in a study of children at high risk for schizophrenia. In L.C. Wynne, R. Cromwell, & S. Matthysse (Eds.). The nature of schizophrenia: New approaches to research and treatment. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Estes, W.K., & Taylor, H.A. (1964). A detection method and pobabilistic models for assessing information processing from brief visual displays. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 52, 446–454.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frame, C.L., & Oltmanns, T.F. (1982). Serial recall by schizophrenic and affective patients during and after psychotic episodes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 91, 311–318.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frith, C.D. (1979). Consciousness, information processing and schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 134, 225–235.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garmezy, N. (1974). Children at risk: The search for the antecedents of schizophrenia. Part II. Ongoing research programs, issues, and intervention. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 1, (9), 55–125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gjerde, P.F. (1983). Attentional capacity dysfunction and arbusal in schizophrenia. Psychological Bulletin, 93, 57–72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glanzer, M., & Cunitz, A.R. (1966). Two storage mechanisms in free recall. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 5, 351–360.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gottesman, I.I. (1978). Schizophrenia and genetics: Where are we? Are you sure? In L.C. Wynne, Cromwell, R.L., & Matthysse, S. (Eds.), The nature of schizophrenia: New approaches to research and treatment. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, D.M., & Swets, J.A. (1966). Signal detection theory and psychophysics. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grunebaum, H., Cohler, B.J., Kauffman, C., & Gallant, D. (1978). Children of depressed and schizophrenic mothers. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 8, 219–228.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, P., & Hockey, R. (1974). Active selection of items to be remembered: The role of timing. Cognitive Psychology, 6, 61–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, P., Winters, K., Weintraub, S., & Neale, J.M. (1981). Distractibility in children vulnerable to psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 90, 298–304.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, P.D., Weintraub, S., & Neale, J.M. (1985). Span of apprehension deficits in children vulnerable to psychopathology: A failure to replicate. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 94, 410–413.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hasher, L., & Zacks, R.T. (1979). Automatic and effortful processes in memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 108, 356–388.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hemsley, D.R. (1977). What have cognitive deficits to do with schizophrenic symptoms? British Journal of Psychiatry, 130, 167–173.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holzman, P.S., Levy, D.L., & Proctor, L.R. (1978). The several qualities attention in schizophrenia. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 14, 99–110.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kahneman, D. (1973). Attention and effort. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kendler, K.S., Gruenberg, A.M., & Tsuang, M.T. (1985). Psychiatric illness in first-degree relatives of schizophrenic and surgical control patients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 42, 770–779.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kietzman, M.L., Spring, B., & Zubin, J. (1980). Perception, cognition, and attention. In H.I. Kaplan, A.M. Freedman, & B.J. Sadock (Eds.), Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry ( 3rd ed. ). Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kintsch, W. (1970). Models for free recall and recognition. In D.A. Norman (Ed.), Models of human memory. New York: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knight, R.A. (1984). Converging models of cognitive deficit in schizophrenia. In W.D. Spaulding & J.K. Cole (Eds.), 1983 Nebraska Symposium on motivation: Vol. 31. Theories of schizophrenia and psychosis. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koh, S.D., & Peterson, R.A. (1978). Encoding orientation and the remembering of schizophrenic young adults. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 87, 303–313.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koh, S.D., Kayton, L., & Berry, R. (1973). Mnemonic organization in young nonpsychotic schizophrenics. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 81, 299–310.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koh, S.D., Kayton, L., & Schwartz, C. (1974). The structure of word storage in the permanent memory of non-psychotic schizophrenics. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42, 879–887.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koh, S.D., Kayton, L., & Peterson, R.A. (1976). Affective encoding and subsequent remembering in schizophrenic young adults. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 85, 156–166.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koh, S.D., Marusary, T.Z., & Rosen, A.J. (1980). Remembering of sentences by schizophrenic young adults. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 89, 291–294.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koh, S.D., Grinker, R.R., Marusary, T.Z., & Foreman, P.L. (1981). Affective memory and schizophrenic anhedonia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 7, 292–307.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kornetsky, C. (1972). The use of a simple test of attention as a measure of drug effects in schizophrenic patients. Psychopharmacologia, 24, 99–106.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kornetsky, C., & Orzack, M.H. (1978). Physiologic and behavioral correlates of attention dysfunction in schizophrenic patients. In L.C. Wynne, R.L. Cromwell, & S. Matthysse (Eds.), The nature of schizophrenia: New approaches to research and treatment. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kraepelin, E. (1919). Dementia praecox and paraphrenia. (R.M. Barclay, Trans.). Edinburgh: Livingston. (Original work published 1913 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Larsen, S.F., & Fromholt, P. (1976). Mnemonic organization and free recall in schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 85, 61–65.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larsen, S.F., McGhie, A., & Chapman, J. (1964). Perception of speech in schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 110, 375–380.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liberman, R.P. (1986). Coping and competence as protective factors in the vulnerability-stress model of schizophrenia. In M.J. Goldstein, I. Hand, & K. Hahlweg (Eds.), Treatment of schizophrenia: Family assessment and intervention. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lutz, J., & Marsh, T.K. (1981). The effects of a dual level word list on schizophrenic free recall. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 7, 509–717.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maher, B.A. (1972). The language of schizophrenia: A review and interpretation. British Journal of Psychiatry, 120, 4–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maher, B.A. (1983). A tentative theory of schizophrenic utterance. Progress in Experimental Personality Research, 12, 1–52.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McNicol, D. (1972). A primer of signal detection theory. London: Allen and Unwin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mednick, S.A., & McNeil, T.F. (1968). Current methodology in research on the etiology of schizophrenia: Serious difficulties which suggest the use of the high-risk group method. Psychological Bulletin, 70, 681–693.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nachmani, G., & Cohen, B.D., (1969). Recall and recognition free learning in schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 74, 511–516.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neale, J.M. (1971). Perceptual span in schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 77, 196–204.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neale, J.M., & Harvey, P.D. (1985). Span of apprehension deficits in vulnerable children: Further comments. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 94, 418–419.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neale, J.M., Mclntyre, C.W., Fox, R., & Cromwell, R.L. (1969). Span of apprehension in acute schizophrenics. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 74, 593–596.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nuechterlein, K.H. (1983). Signal detection in vigilance tasks and behavioral attributes among offspring of schizophrenic mothers and among hyperactive children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 92, 4–28.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nuechterlein, K.H. (1985). Converging evidence for vigilance deficit as a vulnerability indicator for schizophrenic disorders. In M. Alpert (Ed.), Controversies in schizophrenia: Changes and constancies. New York: Guildford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nuechterlein, K.H. (1987). Vulnerability models for schizophrenia: State of the art. In H. Hafner, W.F. Gattaz, & W. Janzarik (Eds.), Search for the causes of schizophrenia. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nuechterlein, K.H., & Dawson, M.E. (1984a). A heuristic vulnerability/stress model of schizophrenic episodes. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 10, 300–312.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nuechterlein, K.H., & Dawson, M.E. (1984b). Information processing and attentional functioning in the developmental course of schizophrenic disorders. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 10, 160–203.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nuechterlein, K.H., Parasuraman, R., & Jiang, Q. (1983). Visual sustained attention: Image degradation produces rapid sensitivity decrement over time. Science, 220, 327–329.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nuechterlein, K.H., Edell, W.S., Norris, M., & Dawson, M.E. (1986). Attentional vulnerability indicators, thought disorder, and negative symptoms. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 12, 408–426.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oltmanns, T.F. (1978). Selective attention in schizophrenic and manic psychosis: The effect of distraction on information processing. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 87, 212–225.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Orzack, M.H., & Kornetsky, C. (1966). Attention dysfunction in chronic schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 14, 323–326.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parasuraman, R. (1979). Memory load and event rate control sensitivity decrements in sustained attention. Science, 205, 924–927.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Posner, M.I. (1978). Chronometric explorations of mind. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Posner, M.I., & Snyder, C.R.R. (1975). Attention and cognitive control. In R.L. Solso (Ed.), Information processing and cognition: The Loyola Symposium. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosvold, H.E., Mirsky, A., Sarason, I., Bransome, E.D. Jr., & Beck, L.H. (1956). A continuous performance test of brain damage. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 20, 343–350.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, P.N., & Beekhuis, M.E. (1976). Organization in memory: A comparison of psychotics and normals. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 85, 527–534.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, P.N., Bannatyne, P.A., & Smith, J.F. (1975). Associative strength as a mode of organization in recall and recognition: A comparison of schizophrenics and normals. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 84, 122–128.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rutschmann, J., Cornblatt, B., & Erlenmeyer-Kimling, L. (1977). Sustained attention in children at risk for schizophrenia: Report on a continuous performance test. Archives of General Psychiatry, 34, 571–575.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rutschmann, J., Cornblatt, B., & Erlenmeyer-Kimling, L. (1986). Sustained attention in children at risk for schizophrenia: Findings with two visual continuous performance tests in a new sample. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 14, 365–385.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, W., Dumais, S.T., & Shiffrin, R.M. (1984). Automatic and control processing and attention. In R. Parasuraman & D.R. Davies (Eds), Varieties of attention (pp. 1–27 ). Orlando, FL: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shiffrin, R.M. & Schneider, W. (1977). Controlled and automatic human information processing. II. Perceptual learning, automatic attending, and a general theory. Psychological Review, 84, 127–190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spence, J.T., & Lair, C.V. (1964). Associative interference in the verbal learning performance of schizophrenics and normals. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 68, 204–209.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steronko, R.J., & Woods, D.J. (1978). Impairment in early stages of visual information processing in nonpsychotic schizotypal individuals. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 87, 481–490.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sykes, D.H., Douglas, V.I., & Morgenstern, G. (1973). Sustained attention in hyperactive children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44, 267–273.

    Google Scholar 

  • Traupmann, K.L. (1980). Encoding processes and memory for categorially related words by schizophrenic patients. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 89, 704–716.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wohlberg, G.W., & Kornetsky, C. (1973). Sustained attention in remitted schizophrenics. Archives of General Psychiatry, 28, 533–537.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zubin, J., & Spring, B. (1977). Vulnerability — A new view of schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 86, 103–126.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1990 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Nuechterlein, K.H., Zaucha, K.M. (1990). Similarities Between Information-Processing Abnormalities of Actively Symptomatic Schizophrenic Patients and High-Risk Children. In: Straube, E.R., Hahlweg, K. (eds) Schizophrenia. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74308-5_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74308-5_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-74310-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-74308-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics