Abstract
Bleeding and cramping are among the most fequent complications of pregnancy in the first trimester. Since clinical and laboratory studies are unable to establish the integrity of the pregnancy or the viability of the fetus with absolute confidence, sonography provides the only means of assigning a specific diagnosis to the initially nonspecific symptoms. Moreover, the prognostic value of ultrasound in this situation can be a great comfort to the patient who has learned little from hormone tests and pelvic examinations but is alarmed and distressed by her symptoms. Given the lack of acceptance of early ultrasound screening at many centers, it is rare for an abnormal pregnancy to be recognized in the first trimester before clinical symptoms have appeared.
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Bernaschek, G., Deutinger, J., Kratochwil, A. (1990). Disorders of Early Pregnancy. In: Endosonography in Obstetrics and Gynecology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74111-1_9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74111-1_9
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