Abstract
Testosterone is the primary endogenous androgenic hormone. Endogenous androgens, including testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT), are responsible for the normal growth and development of the male sex organs and for the maintenance of secondary sex characteristics. The goals of treating male hypogonadism are the development or restoration of secondary sex characteristics, sexual function, and normal metabolic processes, and prevention of chronic bone loss (Bhasin 1992; Bhasin and Bremner 1997; Ghusn and Cunningham 1991). This chapter will summarize the clinical experience with Testoderm, a transdermal delivery system for testosterone, and the evidence of meeting treatment goals while providing a therapy for chronic use that is generally safe and does not produce untoward side effects with chronic treatment.
Keywords
- Bone Mineral Density
- Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
- Prostate Volume
- Testosterone Concentration
- Testosterone Replacement
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.
Buying options
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Ahmed SR, Boucher AE, Manni A, Santen RJ, Bartholomew M, Demers LM (1988) Transdermal testosterone therapy in the treatment of male hypogonadism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 66: 546–551
Bals-Pratsch M, Knuth UA, Yoon Y-D, Nieschlag E (1986) Transdermal testosterone substitution therapy for male hypogonadism. Lancet 2: 943–946
Bals-Pratsch M, Langer K, Place VA, Nieschlag E (1988) Substitution therapy of hypogonad-al men with transdermal testosterone over one year. Acta Endocrinol 118: 7–13
Behre HM, Bohmeyer J, Nieschlag E (1994) Prostate volume in testosterone-treated and untreated hypogonadal men in comparison to age-matched normal controls. Clin Endocrinol 40: 341–349
Behre HM, Kliesch S, Leifke E, Link TM, Nieschlag E (1997) Long-term effect of testosterone therapy on bone mineral density in hypogonadal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82: 2386–2390
Bhasin S (1992) Clinical review 34: Androgen treatment of hypogonadal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 74: 1221–1225
Bhasin S, Bremner WJ (1997) Emerging issues in androgen replacement therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol, 82: 3–7
Bhasin S, Storer TW, Berman N, Yarasheski KE, Clevenger B, Phillips J, Lee WP, Bunnell TJ, Casaburi R (1997) Testosterone replacement increases fat-free mass and muscle size in hypogonadal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 82: 407–413
Bridges NA, Hindmarsh PC, Pringle PJ, Matthews DR, Brook CGD (1993) The relationship between endogenous testosterone and gonadotrophin secretion. Clin Endocrinol 38:373– 378
Buena F, Swerdloff RS, Steiner BS, Lutchmansingh P, Peterson MA, Pandian MR, Galmarini M, Bhasin S (1993) Sexual function does not change when serum testosterone levels are pharmacologically varied within the normal male range. Fertil Steril 59: 1118–1123
Carey PO, Howards SS, Vance ML (1988) Transdermal testosterone treatment of hypogonadal men. J Urol 140: 76–79
Cofrancesco Jr J, Dobs AS (1996) Transdermal testosterone delivery systems. Endocrinologist 6: 207–213
Cofrancesco Jr J, Walen III J J, Dobs AS (1997) Testosterone replacement treatment options for HIV-infected men. J Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome and Human Retrovirology 16: 254–265
Cunningham GR, Cordero E, Thomby JI (1989) Testosterone replacement with transdermal therapeutic systems; physiological serum testosterone and elevated dihydrotestosterone levels. JAMA 261: 2525–2530
de Lignieres B (1995) Effect of high dihydrotestosterone plasma levels on prostate of aged men. Abstract 2nd International Androgen Workshop. February 17–20 1995. Long Beach CA
Dobs A et al. (1998) submitted for publication
Findlay JC, Place VA, Snyder PJ (1987) Transdermal delivery of testosterone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 64: 266–268
Findlay JC, Place V, Snyder PJ (1989) Treatment of primary hypogonadism in men by the transdermal administration of testosterone. J Clinical Endocrinol Metab 68: 369–373
Ghusn HF, Cunningham GR (1991) Evaluation and treatment of androgen deficiency in males. Endocrinologist 399–408
Gooren LJG (1986) Long-term safety of the oral androgen testosterone undecanoate. Inter J Androl 9: 21–26
Grinspoon S, Corcoran C, Lee K, et al. (1996) Loss of lean body and muscle mass correlates with androgen levels in hypogonadal men with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and wasting. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81: 4051–4058
Ito, T, Horton R (1971) The source of plasma dihydrotestosterone in man. J Clin Invest 50: 1621–1627
Jackson J, Waxman J, Spiekerman A (1989) Prostatic complications of testosterone replace-ment therapy. Arch Intern Med 149: 2365–2366
Jordan WP Jr (1997) Allergy and topical irritation associated with transdermal testosterone administration; a comparison of scrotal and nonscrotal transdermal systems. Amer J Contact Dermatitis 8: 108–113
Krauss DJ, Taub HA, Lantinga LJ, Dunsky MH, Kelly CM (1991) Risks of blood volume changes in hypogonadal men treated with testosterone enanthate for erectile impotence. J Urol 146: 1566–1570
Kuttenn F, Mowszowicz I, Mauvais-Jarvis P (1980) Androgen metabolism in human skin. In: Mauvais-Jarvis P, Vickers CFH, Wepierre J (eds) Percutaneous absorption of steroids. Academic Press, London
Lesser MA (1946) Testosterone propionate therapy in one hundred cases of angina pectoris. J Clin Endo 6: 549–557
Meikle AW, Arver S, Dobs AS, Adolfsson J, Sanders SW, Middleton RG, Stephenson RA, Hoover DR, Rajaram L, Mazer NA (1997) Prostate size in hypogonadal men treated with a nonscrotal permeation-enhanced testosterone transdermal system. Urology 49: 191–196
Nieschlag E, Cuppers HJ, Wieglmann W, Wickings FJ (1976) Bioavailability and LH suppres-sing effects of different testosterone preparations in normal and hypogonadal men. Horm Res 7: 138–145
Orwoll ES, Klein RF (1995) Osteoporosis in men. Endocr Rev 16: 87–116
Place VA, Atkinson LE, Prather DA, Trunnell N, Yates FE (1990) Transdermal testosterone replacement through genital skin. In: Nieschlag E and Behre H (eds). Testosterone: action, deficiency, substitution. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg Berlin, pp 165–181
Snyder PJ, Lawrence DA (1980) Treatment of male hypogonadism with testosterone enanthate. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 51: 1335–1339
Tenover JS (1992) Effects of testosterone supplementation in the aging male. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 75: 1092–1098
Vierhapper H, Nowotny P, Waldhausl W (1997) Determination of testosterone production rates in men and women using stable isotope/dilution and mass spectrometry. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82: 1492–1496
von Eckardstein A, Kliesch S, Nieschlag E, Chirazi A, Assmann G, Behre HM (1997) Suppression of endogenous testosterone in young men increases serum levels of high density lipoprotein subclass lipoprotein A-l and lipoprotein (a). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82: 3367–3372
Wilson JD (1996) Androgens In: Hardman JG, Limbird LE, Molinoff PB, Ruddon RW, Gilman AG (eds) Goodman and Gilman’s The Pharmaceutical Basis of Therapeutics, Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 1441–1457
Yu Z, Gupta SK, Hwang SS, Cook DM, Duckett MJ, Atkinson LE (1997 a) Transdermal testosterone administration in hypogonadal men: comparison of pharmacokinetics at different sites of application and at the first and fifth days of application.J Clin Pharmacol 37: 1129–1138
Yu Z, Gupta SK, Hwang SS, Kipnes MS, Mooradian AD, Snyder PJ, Atkinson LE (1997 b) Testosterone pharmacokinetics after application of an investigational transdermal system in hypogonadal men. J Clin Pharmacol 37: 1139–1145
Zgliczynski S, Ossowski M, Slowinska-Szrednicka J, Brzezinska A, Zgliczynski W, Soszynski P, Chotkowska E, Srzednicki M, Sadowski Z (1996) Effect of testosterone replacement therapy on lipids and lipoproteins in hypogonadal and elderly men. Atherosclerosis 121: 35–43
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1998 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Atkinson, L.E., Chang, YL., Snyder, P.J. (1998). Long-term experience with testosterone replacement through scrotal skin. In: Nieschlag, E., Behre, H.M. (eds) Testosterone. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-72185-4_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-72185-4_13
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-72187-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-72185-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive