Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Behavioral Aspects of Cardiovascular Reactivity in Essential Hypertension

  • Conference paper
Biological and Psychological Factors in Cardiovascular Disease

Abstract

Ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction and angina pectoris, are major causes of chronic disease and premature death in most western societies (Alderman 1980). A high arterial blood pressure (BP) increases the risk for development of such cardiovascular-related diseases. Hypertension (HT) affects 10%–20% of the general population (Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program Cooperative Group). Only 5% of all cases are secondary to organic or endocrine diseases, whereas the remaining 95%, called primary or essential HT, are of unknown origin (Berglund et al. 1976). Page (cf. 1977) put forward a mosaic theory of HT, stating that the disease is multifactorially determined. Some etiological factors that have been studied to a great extent are genetic predisposition (Ayman 1934), excessive salt intake (Dahl 1977), disturbances of the autonomic nervous system (Louis et al. 1973) or the reninangiotensin-aldosterone system (Laragh et al. 1976), increased reactivity of the arterial vascular smooth muscle (Page 1977), involvement of the kidney (Guyton et al. 1974), the role of personality traits (Harrell 1980) and “stress” (Shapiro et al. 1979). Most students of HT (cf. Pickering 1961; Page 1977; Folkow 1982) agree that the disease is multifactorially determined and that the central nervous system, the autonomic nervous system, the cardiovascular system, and the hormonal system interact in initiating and maintaining essential hypertension. Also, it is generally agreed upon that genetic factors operate, and claims have been made that genetic influences account for anywhere between 30% and 70% of the BP variance (Pickering 1961). Consequently, between 70% and 30% of the variance may be caused by environmental and behavioral factors.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Alam M, Smirk FH (1938) Blood pressure raising reflexes in health, essential hypertension, and renal hypertension. Clin Sci 3: 259–266

    Google Scholar 

  • Alderman M H (1980) The epidemiology of hypertension: etiology, natural history and the impact of therapy. Cardiovasc Rev Reports 1: 509–519

    Google Scholar 

  • Ambrosini E, Costa FV, Montebugnoli C, Borghi C, Magnani B (1981) Intralymphocytic sodium concentration as an index of response to stress and excercise in young subjects with borderline hypertension. Clin Sci 61: 25s–27s

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson CD, Stoyva JM, Vaughn LJ (1982) A test of delayed recovery following stressful stimulation in four psychosomatic disorders. J Psychosom Res 26: 571–577

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ayman D (1934) Heredity in arteriolar (essential) hypertension: a clinical study of the blood pressure response of 1524 members of 277 families. Arch Int Med 53: 792–802

    Google Scholar 

  • Ayman D, Goldshine AD (1938) Cold as a standard stimulus of blood pressure: a study of normal and hypertensive subjects. N Engl J Med 219: 650–655

    Google Scholar 

  • Bahlman J, Brod J, Hubrich W, Pretscher P (1980) Beeinflussung der hämodynamischen Stressreaktion bei Hypertonikern durch eine kombinierte alfa- und beta-Blockade mit Labetalol. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 105: 1414–1418

    Google Scholar 

  • Bahlman J, Brod J, Cachovan M (1982) Stress–induced changes of the venous circulation. Contrib Nephrol 30: 43–48

    Google Scholar 

  • Baumann R, Ziprian H, Gödicke W, Hartrodt W, Naumann E, Läuter J (1973) The influence of acute psychic stress situations on biochemical and vegetative parameters of essential hyperten–sives at the early stage of the disease. Psychother Psychosom 22: 133–140

    Google Scholar 

  • Berglund G, Andersson O, Wilhelmson L (1976) Prevalence of primary and secondary hypertension. Studies in a random population sample. Br Med J 2: 554–556

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyer JT, Fraser JRE, Doyle AE (1960) The haemodynamic effects of cold immersion. Clin Sci 19: 539–550

    Google Scholar 

  • Briggs JF, Oerting H (1933) Vasomotor response of normal and hypertensive individuals to thermal stimulus (cold). Minn Med 16: 481–486

    Google Scholar 

  • Brod J, Fencl V, Hejl Z, Jirka J (1959) Circulatory changes underlying blood pressure elevation during acute emotional stress (mental arithmetic) in normotensive and hypertensive subjects. Clin Sci 18: 269–279

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brod J, Cachovan M, Bahlmann J, Bauer GE, Celsen B, Sippel R, Hundeshagen H, Feldmann U, Rienhoff O (1979) Haemodynamic changes during acute emotional stress in man with special reference to the capacitance vessels. Klin Wochenschr 57: 555–565

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bühler FR, Kiowski W, van Brummein P, Amann FW, Bertel O, Landmann R, Ltold BE, Bolli P (1980) Plasma catecholamines and cardiac, renal and peripheral vascular adrenoceptor-mediat- ed responses in different age groups of normal and hypertensive subjects. Clin Exp Hypertens 2: 409–426

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bühler FR, Bolli P, Hulthén UL, Amann FW, Kiowski W (1983) Alpha–adrenoceptors, adrenaline, and exaggerated vasoconstrictor response to stress in essential hypertension. Chest [Suppl] 83: 304–306

    Google Scholar 

  • Cobb S, Rose RM (1973) Hypertension, peptic ulcer, and diabetes in air traffic controllers. JAMA 224: 489–492

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Collins FH, Baer PE, Bourianoff GG (1981) Orienting behavior of children with hypertensive fathers. Psychophysiology 18: 181 (abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cowely AW Jr (1980) The concept of autoregulation of total blood flow and its role in hypertension. Am J Med 68: 906–916

    Google Scholar 

  • Cuddy RP, Smulyan H, Keighley JF, Markuson CR, Eich RH (1966) Hemodynamic and catecholamine changes during a standard cold pressor test. Am Heart J 71: 446–454

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dahl CK (1977) Salt intake and hypertension. In: Genest J, Koiw E, Kuchel O (eds) Hypertension: physiopathology and treatment. McGraw Hill, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Devereux RB, Pickering TG, Harshfield G A, Kleinert HD, Denby L, Clark L, Pregibon D, Jason M, Kleiner B, Borer JS, Laragh JH (1983) Left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with hypertension: importance of blood pressure response to regularly recurring stress. Circulation 68: 470–476

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drummond PD (1983) Cardiovascular reactivity in mild hypertension. J Psychosom Res 4: 291–297

    Google Scholar 

  • Dworkin BR, Filewich RJ, Miller NE, Craigwyle N, Pickering T (1979) Baroreceptor activation reduces reactivity to noxious stimulation: implications for hypertension. Science 205: 1299–1301

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eich RH, Jacobsen EC (1967) Vascular reactivity in medical students followed for ten years. J Chronic Dis 20: 583–592

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eliasson K, Hjemdahl P, Kahan T (1983) Circulatory and sympatho–adrenal responses to stress in borderline and established hypertension. J Hypertens 1: 131–139

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eliot RS, Buell JC, Dembroski TM (1982) Bio–behavioral perspectives on coronary heart disease, hypertension and sudden cardiac death. Acta Med Scand [Suppl] 606: 203–219

    Google Scholar 

  • Engel BT (1983) Assessment and alteration of physiological reactivity. In: Dembroski TM, Schmidt TH, Blumchen G (eds) Biobehavioral bases of coronary heart disease. Karger, Basel

    Google Scholar 

  • Engel BT, Bickford AF (1961) Response-specificity: stimulus-response and individual-response specificity in essential hypertensives. Arch Gen Psychiatry 5: 82–93

    Google Scholar 

  • Esler MO, Nestel PJ (1973) Renin and sympathetic nervous system responsiveness to adrenergic stimuli in essential hypertension. Am J Cardiol 32: 643–649

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Falkner B, Onesti G, Angelakos ET, Fernandes M, Langman C (1979) Cardiovascular response to mental stress in normal adolescents with hypertensive parents: hemodynamics and mental stress in adolescents. Hypertension 1: 23–30

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Falkner B, Kushner H, Onesti G, Angelakos ET (1981) Cardiovascular characteristics in adolescents who develop essential hypertension. Hypertension 3: 521–527

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feldt RH, Weinstrand DEW, Milwaukee WS (1942) The cold–pressor test in subjects with normal blood pressure: report of observations on 350 subjects with special reference to the family history. Am Heart J 23: 766–771

    Google Scholar 

  • Foerster F, Schneider HJ, Walschburger P (1983) The differentiation of individual–specific, stimulus–specific and motivation–specific response patterns in activation processes: an inquiry investigating their stability and possible importance in psychophysiology. Biol Psychol 17: 1–26

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Folkow BS (1982) Physiological aspects of primary hypertension. Physiol Rev 62: 347–504

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fredrikson M, Engel BT (1985) Cardiovascular and electrodermal adjustments during a vigilance task in patients with borderline and established hypertension. J Psychosom 29: 235–246

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fredrikson M, Dimberg U, Frisk-Holmberg M (1980) Arterial blood pressure and electrodermal activity in hypertensive and normotensive subjects during inner and outer-directed attention. Acta Med Scand [Suppl] 645: 73–76

    Google Scholar 

  • Fredrikson M, Dimberg U, Frisk-Holmberg M, Ström G (1982) Haemodynamic and electrodermal correlates of psychogenic stimuli in hypertensive and normotensive subjects. Biol Psychol 15: 63–73

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fredrikson M, Dimberg U, Frisk-Holmberg M, Ström G (1985 a) Arterial blood pressure and general sympathetic activation in essential hypertension during stimulation. Acta Med Scand 217: 309–317

    Google Scholar 

  • Fredrikson M, Danielsson T, Engel BT, Frisk-Holmberg M, Ström G, Sundin Ö (1985 b) Autonomic nervous system function and essential hypertension: individual response specificity with and without beta adrenergic blockade. Psychophysiology 22: 167–174

    Google Scholar 

  • Frisk–Holmberg M, Essen B, Fredrikson M, Ström G, Wibell L (1983) Muscle fibre composition in relation to blood pressure response to isometric exercise in normotensive and hypertensive subjects. Acta Med Scand 213: 21–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein DS (1983) Plasma catecholamines and essential hypertension: an analytical review. Hypertension 5: 86–99

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greene NA, Boltax AJ, Lustig GA, Rogow E (1965) Circulatory dynamics during the cold pressor test. Am J Cardiol 16: 54–60

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Groen JJ, Hansen B, Herrmann JM, Schäfer H, Schmidt T, Selbmann KH, Uexüll Th, Weckman P (1982) Effects of experimental emotional stress and physical exercise on the circulation in hypertensive patients and control subjects. J Psychosom Res 26: 141–154

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guttman MC, Benson H (1971) Interaction of environmental factors and systematic arterial blood pressure. Medicine (Baltimore) 50: 543–553

    Google Scholar 

  • Guyton A, Coleman TG, Cowley AW Jr, Manning RD Jr, Norman RA Jr, Ferguson JD (1974) A systems analysis approach to understanding longe-range arterial blood pressure control in hypertension. Circ Res 35: 159–176

    Google Scholar 

  • Harlan WR Jr, Osborne RK, Graybiel A (1964) Prognostic value of the cold pressor test and the basal blood pressure: based on an eighteen year follow-up study. Am J Cardiol 13: 683–687

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harrel JP (1980) Psychological factors and hypertension. A status report. Psychol Bull 87: 482–501

    Google Scholar 

  • Hastrup J, Light KC, Obrist PA (1982) Parental hypertension and cardiovascular response to stress in healthy young adults. Psychophysiology 19: 615–623

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henry JP, Stephans PM (1977) Stress, health and the social environment. A sociobiological approach to medicine. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Hines EA, Brown GE (1932) A standard stimulus for measuring vasomotor reactions: Its application in the study of hypertension. Proc Staff Meetings Mayo Clinic 7: 332–335

    Google Scholar 

  • Hines EA, Brown GE (1933) A standard test for measuring the variability of blood pressure: its significance as an index of prehypertensive state. Ann Intern Med 7: 209–217

    Google Scholar 

  • Hines EA, Brown GE (1936) The cold pressor test for measuring the reactibility of the blood pressure: data concerning 571 normal and hypertensive subjects. Am Heart J 11: 1–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Hjemdahl P, Eliasson K (1979) Sympatho-adrenal and cardiovascular response to mental stress and orthostatic provocation in latent hypertension. Clin Sci 57: 189s–191s

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hodapp V, Weyer G, Becker J (1975) Situational stereotypy in essential hypertension patients. J Psychosom Res 19: 113–121

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hollenberg NK, Williams GH, Adams DF (1981) Essential hypertension: abnormal renal vascular and endocrine responses to a mild psychological stimulus. Hypertension 3: 11–17

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program Cooperative Group (1979) Five year findings of the hypertension detection and follow–up program. JAMA 2562–2577

    Google Scholar 

  • Jern S (1982) Psychological and hemodynamic factors in borderline hypertension. Acta Med Scand [Suppl] 662: 1–54

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jern S, Hansson L, Sivertsson R (1985) Psychological differences between borderline hypertensives from a population sample and an outpatient hypertension clinic, (to be published)

    Google Scholar 

  • Jorgensen RS, Houston BK (1981) Family history of hypertension, gender, and cardiovascular reactivity and stereotypy during stress. J Behav Med 4: 175–189

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jost H, Ruilman CJ, Hill TS, Gulo M J (1952) Studies in hypertension II: central and autonomic nervous system reactions of hypertensive individuals to simple physical and psychologic stress situations. J Nerv Mental Dis 115: 152–162

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Julius S, Schork MA (1971) Borderline hypertension — a critical review. J Chronic Dis 23: 723–759

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Julius S, Schneider R, Egan B (1985) Suppressed anger in hypertension: facts and problems. In: Chesney M, Goldston S, Rosenman R (eds) Anger, hostility and behavioral medicine. Hemisphere, New York (to be published)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalis BL, Harris RE, Sokolow M, Carpenter LG (1957) Response to psychological stress in patients with essential hypertension. Am Heart J 53: 572–578

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keane TM, Martin JE, Berler ES, Wooten LS, Fleece EL, Williams G (1982) Are hypertensives less assertive? A controlled evaluation. J Consul Clin Psychol 50: 499–508

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krantz DS, Manuc SB (1985) Measures of acute physiologic reactivity to behavioral stimuli: assessment and critique. Psychol Bull (to be published)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lacey J, Lacey BC (1974) Studies on heart rate and other bodily processes in sensorimotor behavior. In: Obrist PA, Black AH, Brener J, Di Cara LV (eds) Cardiovascular psychophysiology. Aldine, Chicago, pp 538–564

    Google Scholar 

  • Laragh JH, Bear L, Brunner HR, Biihler FR, Sealy JE, Vaughn E (1976) The renin-angiotension-aldosteron system in pathogenesis and management of hypertensive vascular disease. In: Laragh JH (ed) Hypertension manual. New York Medical Books, New York, pp 313–320

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawler KA, Allen MT (1981) Risk factors for hypertension in children: their relationship to psychophysiological measures. J Psychosom Res 23: 199–204

    Google Scholar 

  • Lidberg L, Wallin BG (1981) Sympathetic skin nerve discharges in relation to amplitude of skin resistance responses. Psychophysiology 18: 268–271

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Light KC (1981) Cardiovascular responses to effortful active coping: implications for the role of stress in hypertension development. Psychophysiology 19: 216–226

    Google Scholar 

  • Light KC and Obrist PA (1980) Cardiovascular reactivity to behavioral stress in young males with and without marginally elevated causal systolic pressures. Hypertension 2: 802–808

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Light K, Koepke JP, Obrist PA, Willis PW (1983) Psychological stress induces sodium and fluid retention in men at high risk for hypertension. Science 220: 429–431

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Linden W, Feurstein M (1983) Essential hypertension and social coping behavior: experimental findings. J Human Stress 9: 22–31

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lorimer AR, Macfarlane PW, Provan G, Duffy T, Lawrie TDV(1971) Blood pressure and catechol amine responses to “stress” in normotensive and hypertensive subjects. Cardiovasc Res 5: 169–173

    Google Scholar 

  • Louis WJ, Doyles AE, Anavcher S (1973) Plasma norepinephrine levels in essential hypertension. N Engl J Med 288: 599–605

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lund-Johansen P (1967) Hemodynamics in early essential hypertension. Acta Med Scand [Suppl] 482: 18

    Google Scholar 

  • Lund-Johansen P (1977) Central hemodynamics in essential hypertension. Acta Med Scand [Suppl] 606: 35–42

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lynch JJ, Long JM, Thomas SA, Malinow KL, Katcher AH (1981) The effects of talking on the blood pressure of hypertensive and normotensive individuals. Psychosom Med 43: 25–33

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manuck SB, Proietti JM (1982) Parental hypertension and cardiovascular response to cognitive and isometric challenge. Psychophysiology 19: 481–489

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manuck SB, Morrison RL, Bellack AS (1985) Behavioral factors in hypertension: cardiovascular responsivity, anger, and social competence. In: Chesney M, Goldston S, Rosenman R (eds) Anger, hostility and behavioral medicine. Hemisphere, New York (to be published)

    Google Scholar 

  • McKegney FP, Williams RB (1967) Psychological aspects of hypertension: II. The differential influence of interview variables on blood pressure. Am J Psychiatry 123: 1539–1545

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller JH and Brugger M (1939) The cold pressor reaction in normal subjects and in patients with primary (essential) and secondary (renal) hypertension. Am Heart J 18: 329–333

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller RE, Shapiro AP, King HE, Ginchereau EG, Hosutt JA (1984) Effect of antihypertensive treatment on the behavioral consequences of elevated blood pressure. Hypertension 6: 202–208

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murakami E, Hiwada K, Kokubu T (1980) Pathophysiological characteristics of labile hypertensive patients determined by the cold pressor test. Jpn Circ J 44: 438–442

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nestel PJ (1969) Blood-pressure and catecholamine excretion after mental stress in labile hypertension. Lancet I: 692–695

    Google Scholar 

  • Newlin DB, Levenson RW (1982) Cardiovascular response of individuals with Type A behavior pattern and parental coronary heart disease. J Psychosom Res 26: 393–402

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nyberg G (1976) Blood pressure and heart rate response to isometric exercise and mental arithmetic in normotensive and hypertensive subjects. Clin Sci Mol Med 51: 681 s–685s

    Google Scholar 

  • Nyberg G, Graham RM, Stokes GS (1977) The effect of mental arithmetic in normotensive and hypertensive subjects and its modification by beta–adrenergic receptor blockade. Br J Clin Pharmacol 4: 469–474

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Obrist PA (1981) Cardiovascular psychophysiology. Plenum, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Obrist PA, Gaebelein CJ, Teller ES, Langer AW, Grignolo A, Light K, McCubbin JA (1978) The relationship among heart rate, carotid dP/dt and blood pressure in humans as a function of the type of stress. Psychophysiology 15: 102–115

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Page IH (1977) Some regulatory mechanisms of renovascular and essential arterial hypertension. In: Genest J, Koiw E, Kuchel O (eds) Hypertension: physiopathology and treatment. McGraw Hill, New York, pp 576–587

    Google Scholar 

  • Pickering GW (1961) The nature of essential hypertension. Churchill, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Pickering GW, Kissin M (1935) The effects of adrenaline and of cold on the blood pressure in human hypertension. Clin Sci 2: 201–207

    Google Scholar 

  • Prikryl P, Rysanek K, Kuetnansky R, Kunovska V, Rechtorikova O, Dohnalova I (1982) Sympathetic activity in labile essential hypertension in young men. Part I: plasma catecholamines after orthostatic and emotional stress test. Act Nerv Super 24: 29–30

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rahe RH, Arajärvi H, Arajärvi S, Punsar S, Karvonen MJ (1976) Recent life change and coronary heart disease in east versus west Finland. J Psychosom 20: 431–437

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Remington RD, Lambarth B, Moser M, Hoobler SN (1960) Circulatory reactions of normotensive and hypertensive subjects and of children of normal hypertensive parents. Am Heart J 59: 58–70

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richter-Heinrich E, Knust U, Miller W, Schmidt KH, Sprung H (1975) Psychophysiological inves–tigations in essential hypertensives. J Psychosom Res 19: 251–258

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sapira JD, Scheib ET, Moriarty R, Shapiro AP (1971) Differences in perception between hypertensive and normotensive populations. Psychosom Med 33: 239–250

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schachter J (1957) Pain, fear, and anger in hypertensives and normotensives. Psychosom Med 19: 17–29

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmeider R, Neus H, Schulte W (1982) Zur Beziehung zwischen Blutdruckvariabilität und Blut–druckrealitivität bei essentieller Hypertonie. Med Welt 33: 70/939–71/940

    Google Scholar 

  • Schulte W, Neus H (1979) Bedeutung von Stressreaktionen in der Hypertoniediagnostik. Herz Kreislauf 11: 541–546

    Google Scholar 

  • Schulte W, Neus H (1983) Hemodynamics during emotional stress in borderline and mild hyper–tension. Eur Heart J 4: 803–809

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schulte W, Neus H, Eiff AW (1981) Blutdruckreaktivität unter emotionalem Stress bei unkomplizierten Formen des Hochdrucks. Klin Wochenschr 59: 1243–1249

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schulte W, Neus H, Thönes M, v Eiff AW (1984) Basal blood pressure variability and reactivity of blood pressure to emotional stress in essential hypertension. Basic Res Cardiol 79: 9– 16

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro AP (1961) An experimental study of comparative responses of blood pressure to different noxious stimuli. J Chronic Dis 13: 293–311

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro AP, Moutsos SE, Krifcher E (1963) Patterns of pressor response to noxious stimuli in normal, hypertensive and diabetic subjects. J Clin Invest 42: 1890–1898

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro AP, Benson H, Chobanian AV, Herd AJ, Julius S, Kaplan N, Lazarus RS, Ostfeld AM, Syme SL (1979) The role of stress in hypertension. J Human Stress 5: 7–26

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro AP, Miller RE, King HE, Ginchereau EH, Fitzgibbon K (1982) Behavioral consequences of mild hypertension. Hypertension 4: 355–360

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sokolow M, Werdegar D, Kain HK, Hinman AT (1966) Relationship between level of blood pressure measured casually and by portable recorders and severity of complications in essential hypertension. Circulation 34: 279

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steptoe A (1981) Psychological factors in cardiovascular disorders. Academic, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Steptoe A (1984) Psychophysiological processes in disease. In: Steptoe A, Mathews A (eds) Health care and human behaviour. Academic, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Steptoe A, Melville DR, Ross A (1983) Behavioral response demands, cardiovascular reactivity and essential hypertension. Psychosom Med 45: 33–48

    Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan P, Schoeutgen S, DeQuattro V, Procci W, Levine D, Van der Meulen J, Bornheimer J (1981) Anxiety, anger, and neurogenic tone at rest and in stress in patients with primary hypertension. Hypertension [Suppl II] 3: 119–123

    Google Scholar 

  • Surwit RS, Williams RB, Shapiro D (1982) Behavioral approaches to cardiovascular disease. Academic, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Svensson JCh, Theorell T (1982) Cardiovascular effects of anxiety induced by interviewing young hypertensive male subjects. J Psychosom Res 26: 359–370

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takeshita A, Imaizumi T, Ashihara T, Yamamoto K, Hoka S, Nakamura M (1982) Limited maximal vasodilator capacity of forearm resistance vessels in normotensive young men with a familial predisposition to hypertension. Circ Res 50: 671–677

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Theorell T, Lind E (1973) Systolic blood pressure, serum cholesterol, and smoking in relation to sociological factors and myocardial infarction. J Psychosom Res 17: 327–332

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • van der Valk JM (1957) Blood pressure changes under emotional influences in patients with hypertension and control subjects. J Psychosom Res 2: 134–146

    Google Scholar 

  • von Eiff AW (1984) Pathophysiologie und Ätiologie der essentiellen Hypertonie. Münchener Medizinische Wochenschrift, 1984, 126, 165–170

    Google Scholar 

  • von Scheuck K, Pietruschka WD, Schreiniche G, Gruber G, Huber B (1979) Differenzierung jugendlicher essentieller arterieller Hypertoniker durch psychophysiologische Untersuchungen und ihr Vergleich zum Verhalten physiologischer Parameter bei physischer Belastung. Deutsche Gesundheitswesen 34: 547–552

    Google Scholar 

  • Voudoukis IJ (1978) Cold pressor test and hypertension. Angiology 29: 429–439

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wallin BG, Delius W, Hagbarth K-E (1973) Comparison of sympathetic nerve activity in normotensive and hypertensive subjects. Circ Res 333: 9–21

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiner H (1977) Psychobiology and human disease. Elesevier, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiner H, Singer MT, Reiser MF (1962) Cardiovascular responses and their psychological correlates I: a study in healthy young adults and patients with peptic ulcer and hypertension. Psychosom Med 24: 477–497

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whitehead WE, Blackwell B, DeSilva H, Robinson A (1977) Anxiety and anger in hypertension. J Psychosom Res 21: 383–389

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolf S, Pfeiffer JB, Ripley HS, Winter OS, Wolff HG (1948) Hypertension as a reaction pattern to stress; summary of experimental data on variations in blood pressure and renal blood flow. Ann Intern Med 29: 1056–1076

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolf S, Cardon PV, Shepard EM, Wollf HG (1955) Life stress and essential hypertension. Williams and Wilkins Baltimore

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood DL, Sheps SG, Elveback LR, Schringer A (1984) Cold pressor test as a predictor of hypertension. Hypertension 6: 301 - 306

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Medical Psychology I, Punkthuset, Karolinska Hospital, P.O. Box 60500, S-10401, Stockholm, Sweden

    M. Fredrikson

Authors
  1. M. Fredrikson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Abteilung Epidemiologie und Sozialmedizin, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Konstanty-Gutschow-Straße, 3000, Hannover 61, Germany

    Thomas H. Schmidt

  2. Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County Cantonsville, MD, 21228, USA

    Theodore M. Dembroski

  3. Klinik Roderbirken, 5653, Leichlingen/Rhld. 1, Germany

    Gerhard Blümchen

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1986 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

Fredrikson, M. (1986). Behavioral Aspects of Cardiovascular Reactivity in Essential Hypertension. In: Schmidt, T.H., Dembroski, T.M., Blümchen, G. (eds) Biological and Psychological Factors in Cardiovascular Disease. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71234-0_26

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71234-0_26

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-71236-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-71234-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation