Abstract
Migration is a key component of insect life histories and recent interest in their evolution has focussed attention on the interaction of genetic and environmental factors in the regulation of migratory capacity (Dingle, this volume). Furthermore, many migratory species are serious agricultural pests and successful forecasting, monitoring and management of their attacks on crops depends on understanding their migratory strategies (Stinner et al. 1983, this volume; Raulston et al., this volume).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Aidley DJ (1974) Migratory capability of the African armyworm moth, Spodoptera exempta (Walker). E Afr Agric For J 40:202–203.
Beck SD (1980) Insect photoperiodism, 2nd edn. Academic Press, New York.
Berryman AA (1976) Theoretical explanation of mountain pine beetle dynamics in lodgepole pine forests. Environ Entomol 5:1225–1233.
Blair BW (1972) An outbreak of the African armyworm Spodoptera exempta (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Rhodesia during December 1971 and January 1972. Rhod J Agric Res 10:159–168.
Blair BW, Rose DJW, Law AB (1980) Synoptic weather associated with outbreaks of African armyworm Spodoptera exempta (Walker) (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae), in Zimbabwe during 1973 and 1976-77. Zimbabwe J Agric Res 18:95–110.
Brown ES, Swaine G (1965) Virus disease of the African armyworm Spodoptera exempta (Walker). Bull Entomol Res 56:95–116.
Brown ES, Swaine G (1966) New evidence on the migration of moths of the African armyworm Spodoptera exempta (Walker) (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae). Bull Entomol Res 56:671–684.
Brown ES, Betts E, Rainey RC (1969) Seasonal changes in the distribution of the African armyworm, Spodoptera exempta (Walker) (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae), with special reference to Eastern Africa. Bull Entomol Res 58:661–728.
Caldwell RL, Hegmann JP (1969) Heritability of flight duration in the milkweed bug Lygaeus kalmii. Nature 223:91–92.
Delisle J, McNeil JN (1984) Calling behaviour of the armyworm Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haw.) (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) under different photoperiodic regimes. 17th Int Congr Entomol. J Zool (Lond) 185:539–553.
20-26 August 1984, Hamburg. Abstract, p 453 (abstract only).
Den Boer MH (1978) Isoenzymes and migration in the African armyworm Spodoptera exempta (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae). J Zool 185:539–553.
Dingle H (1968) The influence of environment and heredity on flight activity in the milkweed bug Oncopeltus. J Exp Biol 48:175–184.
Dingle H (1980) Ecology and evolution of migration. In: Gauthreaux SA (ed) Animal migration, orientation and navigation. Academic Press, New York, pp 1–101.
Dingle H (1982) Function of migration in the seasonal synchronisation of insects. Entomol Exp Appl 31:36–48.
Dingle H, Arora G (1973) Experimental studies of migration in bugs of the genus Dysdercus. Oecologia (Berl) 12:119–140.
Dingle H, Brown CK, Hegmann JP (1977) The nature of genetic variance influencing photoperiodic diapause in a migrant insect, Oncopeltus fasciatus. Am Nat 111:1047–1059.
Faure JC (1943) Phase variation in the armyworm Laphygma exempta (Walker). Sci Bull Dep Agric For Un S Afr no 234.
Fisher RA, Greenbank DO (1979) A case study of research into insect movement: spruce budworm in New Brunswick. In: Rabb RL, Kennedy GG (eds) Movement of highly mobile insects: concepts and methodology in research. North Carolina State University, Raleigh, pp 220-229.
Fuseini BA, Kumar R (1975) Ecology of cotton stainers (Heteroptera:Pyrhocoridae) in southern Ghana. Biol J Linn Soc 7:113–146.
Gatehouse AG, Hackett DS (1980) A technique for studying flight behaviour of tethered Spodoptera exempta moths. Physiol Entomol 5:215–222.
Gruys P (1970) Growth in Bupaluspinniarius (Lepidoptera:Geometridae) in relation to larval density. Verh Rijksinst Naturbeheer 1:1–127.
Gunn A, Gatehouse AG (1985) Effects of larval and adult food and water uptake on reproduction in the African armyworm, Spodoptera exempta (Walker) (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae). Physiol Entomol 10:53–63.
Gunn DL, Hunter-Jones P (1952) Laboratory experiments on phase differences in locusts. Anti-Locust Bull 12:1–29.
Haggis MJ (1984) Distribution, frequency of attack and seasonal incidence of the African armyworm Spodoptera exempta (Walker) (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) with particular reference to Africa and southwestern Arabia. Report of the Tropical Development and Research Institute, London, L69.
Hamilton WD, May RM (1977) Dispersal in stable habitats. Nature 269:578–581.
Harrison RG (1980) Dispersal polymorphisms in insects. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 11:95–118.
Iwao S (1962) Studies on the phase variation and related phenomena in some Lepidopterous insects. Mem Coll Agric Kyoto University no 84, pp 1-80.
Jackson DJ (1928) The inheritance of long and short wings in the weevil Sitona hispidula, with a discussion of wing reduction among beetles. Trans R Soc Edinb 55:665–735.
Johnson CG (1969) Migration and dispersal of insects by flight. Methuen, London.
Johnson CG (1976) Lability of the flight system: a context for functional adaptation. In: Rainey RC (ed) Insect flight. RES symp 7. Blackwell, Oxford, pp 217–234.
Johnson SJ, Hammond AM, Foil LD (1984) The correlation of phase variation in the cotton leafworm Alabama argillacea with its premigratory condition. 17th Int Congr Entomol, 20-26 August 1984, Hamburg. Abstracts, p 304 (abstract only).
Kennedy JS (1961) A turning point in the study of insect migration. Nature 198:785–791.
Kennedy JS, Way MJ (1979) Summing up the conference. In: Rabb RL, Kennedy GG (eds) Movement of highly mobile insects: concepts and methodology in research. North Carolina State University, Raleigh, pp 446–456.
Khasimuddin S (1977) On the occurrence of an aestivation/diapause phenomenon in the African armyworm Spodoptera exempta (Walker) (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae). E Afr Agric For J 42:350.
Khasimuddin S (1981) Phase variation and off-season survival of the African armyworm, Spodoptera exempta (Walker) (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae). Insect Sci Appl 1:357–360.
Li K-p, Wong H-h, Woo W-s (1964) Route of the seasonal migration of the Oriental armyworm moth in the eastern part of China as indicated by a three-year result of releasing and recapturing marked moths. Acta Phytophylacica Sin 3:101–110.
Matthee J J (1945) Biochemical differences between the solitary and gregarious phases of locusts and noctuids. Bull Entomol Res 36:343–371.
Matthee JJ (1946) A study of the phases of the armyworm Laphygma exempta (Walker). J Entomol Soc South Afr 9:60–77.
McCaffery AR, Page WW (1978) Factors influencing the production of long-winged Zonocerus variegatus. J Insect Physiol 24:465–472.
Norris MJ (1965) Influence of constant and changing photoperiods on imaginal diapause in the red locust (Nomadacris septemfasciata Serv.). J Insect Physiol 11:1105–1119.
Oku T (1983) Aestivation and migration in noctuid moths. In: Brown VK, Hodek I (eds) Diapause and life cycle strategies in insects. Junk, The Hague.
Oku T, Kobayashi T (1978) Migratory behaviours and life cycle of noctuid moths (Insecta:Lepidoptera) with notes on recent status of migrant species in northern Japan. Bull Tohoku Natl Agric Exp Stn (Morioka) 58:97–209 (in Japanese: English summary).
Padgham DE (1983) The influence of host-plant on the development of the adult brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (Stal) (Hemiptera:Delphacidae) and its significance in migration. Bull Entomol Res 73:117–128.
Parker WE (1983) An experimental study on the migration of the African armyworm moth, Spodoptera exempta (Walker) (Lepidoptera:Noetuidae). Thesis, University of Wales, Bangor.
Parker WE, Gatehouse AG (1985a) The effect of larval rearing conditions on flight performance in females of the African armyworm Spodoptera exempta (Walker) (Lepidoptera.Noctuidae). Bull Entomol Res 75:35–47.
Parker WE, Gatehouse AG (1985b) Genetic factors in the regulation of migration in the African armyworm moth, Spodoptera exempta (Walker) (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae). Bull Entomol Res 75:49–63.
Pedgley DE, Reynolds DR, Riley JR, Tucker MR (1982) Flying insects reveal small-scale wind systems. Weather 37:295–306.
Persson B (1981) Population fluctuations of the African armyworm, Spodoptera exempta (Walker) (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae), in outdoor cages in Kenya. Bull Entomol Res 71:289–297.
Rainey RC, Betts E (1979) Continuity in major populations of migrant pests: the desert locust and the African armyworm. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 287:359–374.
Riley JR, Reynolds DR, Farmery MJ (1983) Observations of the flight behaviour of the armyworm moth, Spodoptera exempta, at an emergence site using radar and infra-red optical techniques. Ecol Entomol 8:395–418.
Roff DA (1975) Population stability and the evolution of dispersal in a heterogenous environment. Oecologia (Berl) 19:217–237.
Roff DA (1984) The evolution of wing polymorphism in insects. 17th Int Congr Entomol, 20-26 August 1984, Hamburg. Abstracts, p 357 (abstract only).
Rose DJW (1972) Dispersal and quality in populations of Cicadulina species (Cicadellidae). J Anim Ecol 41:589–609.
Rose DJW (1979) The significance of low-density populations of the African armyworm, Spodoptera exempta (Walker). Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 287:393–402.
Rose DJW, Dewhurst CF (1979) The African armyworm, Spodoptera exempta — congregations of moths in trees before flight. Entomol Exp Appl 26:346–348.
Smith NG (1983) Host-plant toxicity and migration in the dayflying moth Urania. Fla Entomol 66:76–85.
Southwood TRE (1962) Migration of terrestrial arthropods in relation to habitat. Biol Rev 37: 171–214.
Southwood TRE (1977) Habitat, the template for ecological strategies? J Anim Ecol 46:337–365.
Southwood TRE (1978) Escape in space and time — concluding remarks. In: Dingle H (ed) Evolution of insect migration and diapause. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 277–279.
Stinner RE, Barfield CS, Stimac JL, Dohse L (1983) Dispersal and movement of insect pests. Annu Rev Entomol 28:319–335.
Tucker MR (1983) Light-trap catches of African armyworm moths Spodoptera exempta (Walker) (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) in relation to rain and wind. Bull Entomol Res 73:315–319.
Tucker MR, Pedgley DE (1983) Rainfall and outbreaks of the African armyworm Spodoptera exempta (Walker) (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae). Bull Entomol Res 73:195–199.
Tucker M, Mwandoto S, Pedgley DE (1982) Further evidence for the windborne movement of armyworm moths, Spodoptera exempta, in East Africa. Ecol Entomol 7:463–473.
Turgeon JJ, McNeil JN (1983) Modifications in the calling behaviour of Pseudaletia unipuncta (Lepidoptera.-Noctuidae) induced by temperature conditions during pupal and adult development. Can Entomol 115:1015–1022.
Turgeon JJ, McNeil JN, Roelofs WL (1983) Responsiveness of Pseudaletia unipuncta males to female sex pheromone. Physiol Entomol 8:339–344.
Uvarov BP (1921) A revision of the genus Locusta L. (Pachytylus Fieb) with a new theory as to the periodicity and migrations of locusts. Bull Entomol Res 12:135–163.
Walker TJ (1980) Migrating Lepidoptera: are butterflies better than moths? Fla Entomol 63:79–98.
Whellan JA (1954) The African armyworm and its control. Rhodesia Agric J 51:414–427.
Wood DL (1980) Approach to research and forest management for western pine beetle control. In: Huffaker CB (ed) New technology of pest control. Wiley, New York, pp 417–448.
Young AM (1983) On the evolution of egg placement and gregariousness of caterpillars in the Lepidoptera. Acta Biotheor 32:43–60.
Zera AJ, Innes DJ, Saks ME (1983) Genetic and environmental determinants of wing polymorphism in the waterstrider Limnoporus canaliculatus. Evolution 37:513–522.
Ziegler JR (1976) Evolution of the migration response: emigration by Tribolium and the influence of age. Evolution 30:579–592.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1986 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Gatehouse, A.G. (1986). Migration in the African Armyworm Spodoptera exempta: Genetic Determination of Migratory Capacity and a New Synthesis. In: Danthanarayana, W. (eds) Insect Flight. Proceedings in Life Sciences. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71155-8_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71155-8_9
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-71157-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-71155-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive