Abstract
The work presented here is part of an effort to develop a unified approach to the control of a system which may interact dynamically with its environment. The principal perceived problem is that when a controlled system interacts with its environment, its performance may be drastically altered. Even if the controlled system is stable in isolation, when it interacts with dynamic objects in its environment that stability may be jeopardised. This problem is particularly actue for a manipulator. Manipulation has been succintly described as a series of collisions between the manipulator and the objects in its environment [7]. Every time a manipulator grasps or releases an object, the dynamic behaviour of the physical system interfaced to the controller undergoes an abrupt change, and this change may have a profound effect on the manipulator’s behaviour.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
E. Bizzi, A. Polit and P. Morasso:“Mechanisms Underlying Achievment of Final Head Position”. Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 39, pp. 435–444, 1976.
E. Bizzi, N. Accornero, W. Chappie and N. Hogan: “Posture Control and Trajectory Formation During Arm Movement”. Journal of Neuroscience, Vol. 4, pp. 2738–2744, November 1984.
B. Bigland and O.C.J. Lippold: “The relation between force, velocity and integrated electrical activity in human muscles”. Journal of Physiology, Vol. 123, pp. 214–224, 1954.
J.D. Cooke: “Dependence of Human Arm Movements on on Limb Mechanical Properties”. Brain Research, Vol. 165, pp. 366–369, 1979.
P.E. Crago, J.C. Houk and Z. Hasan: “Regulatory Actions of the Human Stretch Reflex”. Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 39, pp. 925–935, 1976.
A.G. Feldman: “Functional Tuning of the Nervous System with Control of Movement or Maintenance of a Steady Posture. III. Mechanographic Analysis of the Execution by Man of the Simplest Motor Tasks”. Biophysics, Vol. 11, pp. 766–775, 1966.
R.C. Goertz: “Manipulators used for Handling Radioactive Materials”. chapter 27 in Human Factors in Technology, edited by E.M. Bennett, McGraw-Hill, 1963.
A.M. Gordon, A.F. Huxley and F.J. Julian: “The Variation in Isometric Tension with Sarcomere Length in Vertebrate Muscle Fibers”. Journal of Physiology, Vol. 184, pp. 170–192, 1966.
A.V. Hill: “Heat of Shortening and the Dynamic Constants of Muscle”. Proceedings of the Royal Society (London), Vol. B-126, pp. 136–195, 1938.
J.A. Hoffer and S. Andreassen: “Regulation of Soleus Muscle Stiffness in Premammillary Cats: Intrinsic and Reflex Components”. Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 45, pp. 267–285, 1981.
N. Hogan: “The Mechanics of Multi-Joint Posture and Movement Control” submitted to Biological Cybernetics, 1985.
N. Hogan: “Impedance Control: An Approach to Manipulation: Part I — Theory”. ASME Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement and Control, Vol. 107, pp. 1–7, March 1985.
N. Hogan: “Impedance Control: An Approach to Manipulation: Part II — Implementation”. ASME Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement and Control, Vol. 107, pp. 8–16, March 1985.
N. Hogan: “Impedance Control: An Approach to Manipulation: Part III — Applications”. ASME Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement and Control, Vol. 107, pp. 17–24, March 1985.
N. Hogan: “An Organising Principle for a Class of Voluntary Movements”. Journal of Neuroscience, Vol. 4, pp. 2745–2754, November 1984.
N. Hogan: “Adaptive Control of Mechanical Impedance by Coactivation of Antagonist Muscles”. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, Vol. AC-29, pp. 681–690, August 1984.
N. Hogan: “Impedance Control of Industrial Robots”. Robotics and Computer Integrated Manufacturing, Vol. 1, pp. 97–113, 1984.
N. Hogan: “Mechanical Impedance Control in Assistive Devices and Manipulators”. paper TA 10-B in Proceedings of the 1980 Joint Automatic Control Conference, edited by B. Friedland and H.A. Spang, American Automatic Control Council, 1980.
G. Joyce, P.M.H. Rack and D.R. Westbury: “The Mechanical Properties of Cat Soleus Muscle During Controlled Lengthening and Shortening Movements”. Journal of Physiology, Vol. 204 pp. 461–474, 1969.
B. Katz: “The Relation between Force and Speed in Muscular Contraction”, Journal of Physiology, Vol. 96, pp. 45–64, 1939.
F.A. Mussa-Ivaldi, N. Hogan and E. Bizzi: “Neural, Mechanical and Geometric Factors Subserving Arm Posture in Humans”. Journal of Neuroscience (in press) 1985.
T.R. Nichols and J.C. Houk: “Improvement in Linearity and Regulation of Stiffness that Results from Actions of Stretch Reflex”. Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 39, pp. 119–142, 1976.
R.P.C. Paul: Robot Manipulators: Mathematics, Programming, and Control..M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, 1981.
H.M. Paynter: Analysis and Design of Engineering Systems. M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, 1961.
A. Polit and E. Bizzi: “Characteristics of the Motor Programs Underlying Arm Movements in Monkeys”. Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 42, pp. 183–194, 1979.
P.M.H. Rack and D.R. Westbury: “The Effects of Length and Stimulus Rate on Tension in the Isometric Cat Soleus Muscle”. Journal of Physiology, Vol. 204, pp. 443–460, 1969.
R.C. Rosenberg and D.C. Karnopp: Introduction to Physical System Dynamics. McGraw Hill, New York, 1983.
R.A. Schmidt and C. McGown: “Terminal Accuracy of Unexpectedly Loaded Rapid Movements: Evidence for a Mass-Spring Mechanism in Programming”. Journal of Motor Behaviour, Vol. 12, pp. 149–161, 1980.
J.A. Scott Kelso: “Phase-Transitions and Critical Behaviour in Human Bimanual Coordination”. American Journal of Physiology, Vol. 246, pp. R1000–R1004, 1984.
J.A. Scott Kelso and B. Tuller: “Converging Evidence in Support of Common Dynamical Principles for Speech and Movement Production”. American Journal of Physiology, Vol 246 pp. R928–R925, 1984.
J.A. Scott Kelso and K.G. Holt: “Exploring a Vibratory System Analysis of Human Movement Production”. Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 43, pp. 1183–1196, 1980.
J.A. Scott Kelso: “Motor Control Mechanisms Underlying Human Movement Reproduction”. Journal of Experimental Psychology, Vol.3, pp. 529–543, 1977.
E.L. Stiefel and G. Scheifele: Linear and Regular Celestial Mechanics. Springer-Verlag, 1971.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1985 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Hogan, N. (1985). Control Strategies for Complex Movements Derived from Physical Systems Theory. In: Haken, H. (eds) Complex Systems — Operational Approaches in Neurobiology, Physics, and Computers. Springer Series in Synergetics, vol 31. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70795-7_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70795-7_11
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-70797-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-70795-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive