Abstract
The lower esophageal sphincter (LES) is a narrow zone of smooth muscle between the esophagus and stomach. The LES remains in a continuous state of closure except during a swallow and is demonstrated manometrically by a high-pressure zone. The resting tone in the LES is primarily myogenic in nature (Goyal and Rattan 1976) and the major intramural nerves are inhibitory. The rise of fall in the sphincter pressure in response to different neural or hormonal stimuli can be easily demonstrated. This model has served well in defining the locus and receptor differentiation of neurohormonal substances on the inhibitory neurons and sphincter muscle (Goyal and Rattan 1978; Rattan and Goyal 1983).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Barlow RB, Berry KJ, Glenton PAM, Nickolao NM, Soh KS (1976) A comparison of affinity constants for muscarine-sensitive receptors in guinea-pig arterial pacemaker cells at 29°C and in the ileum at 29 °C and 37°C. Br J Pharmacol 58: 613–620.
Behar J, Kerstein M, Biancani P (1982) Neural control of the lower esophageal sphincter in the cat: studies on the excitatory pathways to the lower esophageal sphincter. Gastroenterology 82: 680–688.
Denis P, Galmiche JP, Gibon JF, Colin R, Pasquis P, Lefrancois R (1982) Effect du pirenzepine sur la motricite oesophegienne chez l’adulte sain. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 6: 27.
Dent J (1984) Muscarinic receptors and esophageal motor function. Trends Pharmacol Sci [Suppl]: 82-86.
Dodds WJ, Dent J, Hogan WJ, Arndorfer RC (1981) Effect of atropine on esophageal motor function in humans. Am J Physiol 240: G 290–G 296.
Erkenbrecht E, Bergers W, Sonnenberg J, Erkenbrecht J, Wienbeck M (1982) The effect of pirenzepine on esophageal motility. Scan J Gastroenterol [Suppl 72] 17: 185–190.
Farrell RL, Roling GT, Castell DO (1973) Stimulation of the incompetent lower esophageal sphincter: a possible advance in the therapy of heartburn. Dig Dis 18: 646–650.
Fournet J, Snape WJ, Cohen S (1979) Sympathetic control of lower esophageal sphincter function in the cat. Action of direct cervical and sympathetic stimulation. J Clin Invest 63: 562–570.
Gilbert R, Rattan S, Goyal RK (1984) Pharmacologic identification, activation and antagonism of two muscarine receptor subtypes in the lower esophageal sphincter. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 230: 289–291.
Gilbert RJ, Dodds WJ, Hogan WJ (1985) Subtypes of muscarinic receptors in the vagal inhibitory pathway to the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). Gastroenterology (abstract) (to be published).
Goyal RK, Rattan S (1973) Mechanism of lower esophageal sphincter relaxation: action of prostaglandin E1 and theophyline. J Clin Invest 52: 337–341.
Goyal RK, Rattan S (1975) Nature of vagal inhibitory innervation to the lower esophageal sphincter. J Clin Invest 55: 1119–1126.
Goyal RK, Rattan S (1976) Genesis of basal sphincter pressure: effect of tetrodotoxin on lower esophageal sphincter pressure in opossum in vivo. Gastroenterology 71: 62–67.
Goyal RK, Rattan S (1978) Neurohumoral, hormonal and drug receptors for the lower esophageal sphincter. Gastroenterology 74: 598–619.
Hammer R, Berrie CP, Birdsall NJM, Burgen ASV, Hulme EC (1980) Pirenzepine distinguishes between subclasses of muscarinic receptors. Nature (Lond) 283: 90–92.
Kao CY (1972) Pharmacology of tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin. Fed Proc 31: 1117–1123.
Kilbinger H (1984) Facilitation and inhibition by muscarine agonists of acetylcholine release from guinea-pig myenteric neurons: mediation through different types of muscarine receptors. Trends Pharmacol Sci [Suppl]: 49-52.
Ogilvie AL, Atkinson M (1984) Influence of the vagus nerve upon the reflex control of the lower esophageal sphincter. Gut 25: 253–258.
Rattan S, Goyal RK (1974) Neural control of the lower esophageal sphincter: influence of vagus nerves. J Clin Invest 54: 899–906.
Rattan S, Goyal RK (1977) Effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine on the lower esophageal sphincter in vivo. J Clin Invest 59: 125–133.
Rattan S, Goyal RK (1978) Evidence of 5-HT participation in vagal inhibitory pathway to opossum LES. Am J Physiol 3: E 273–E 276.
Rattan S, Goyal RK (1979) Effect of bovine pancreatic polypeptide on the opossum lower esophageal sphincter. Gastroenterology 77: 672–676.
Rattan S, Goyal RK (1983) Indentification and localization of opioid receptors in the opossum lower esophageal sphincter. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 224: 391–397.
Richardson BJ, Welch RW (1981) Differential effect of atropine on rightward and leftward lower esophageal sphincter pressure. Gastroenterology 82: 1369–1373.
Roszkowski AP (1961) An unusual type of sympathetic ganglionic stimulant. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 132: 156–170.
Saco LS, Orlando RG, Levinson SL, Bozymski EM, Jones JD, Frankes JT (1982) Double-blind controlled trial of bethanechol and antacid versus placebo and antacid in the treatment of erosive esophagitis. Gastroenterology 82: 1369–1373.
Texter EC, Patel GK, Malhotra A, Morrison E, Rayford PL, Boyd CM (1982) In: Advances in Gastroenterology with the selective antimuscarinic Comfound pirenzepine (Dotevall G ed) pp 50–57, Excepta Medica, Amsterdam.
Tien XY, Wahawisan R, Wallace LJ, Gaginella TS (1985) Intestinal epithelial cells and musculature contain different muscarinic binding sites. Life Sci 36: 1949–1955.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1985 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Rattan, S. (1985). M1 and M2 Muscarinic Receptor Subtypes in the Lower Esophageal Sphincter. In: Lux, G., Daniel, E.E. (eds) Muscarinic Receptor Subtypes in the GI Tract. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70668-4_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70668-4_7
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-70670-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-70668-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive