Abstract
Endocrine ophthalmopathy is one of a triad of features including hyperthyroidism and pretibial dermopathy which characterize Graves’ (Parry’s, Basedow’s) disease [4–6, 13]. The ophthalmopathy occurs in clinically recognizable form in about half of the patients with the hyperthyroidism of Graves’ disease, is severe in perhaps 3–5%, and may be present in an occult form in many (but not all) of the remainder of the patients with Graves’ disease. Conversely, it may occur in the absence of hyperthyroidism, and in many of these patients there is evidence of either overt or occult autoimmune thyroiditis. In still another small group with the same type of oculopathy, no evidence whatever of any thyroid disturbance is revealed by even the most sophisticated testing [15].
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Volpé, R. (1985). Endocrine Ophthalmopathy. In: Schindler, R. (eds) Ciclosporin in Autoimmune Diseases. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70607-3_42
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70607-3_42
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