Summary
Currently the most widely used rabies vaccines for man are produced in animal brain tissue. Immunization with these vaccines can result in severe neurologic reactions. On the other hand the highly immunogenic and safe human diploid cell vaccine (HDCV) is difficult to produce and comparatively expensive.
For these reasons we investigated the possibility of developing an alternative vaccine based on virus grown in embryonated duck eggs. A crude duck embryo vaccine (DEV) which demonstrated high safety in man has been improved by removal of more than 95% of the non-essential duck embryo proteins. Immunogenicity of this vaccine, containing about 2.5 IU/ml, was compared with that of a commercial HDCV using the reduced immunization scheme proposed by the WHO. Immunization of human volunteers with DEV elicited a lower antibody response than HDCV. In an attempt to find a reason for the lower immunogenicity of DEV, an ELISA was employed to determine the amounts of rabies glycoprotein (GP) and nucleopro-tein (NP) present in DEV, HDCV, other tissue culture vaccines and in brain-derived vaccines from either sheep or suckling mice. The ratio of GP to NP (~1:1) was similar in all tissue culture cell vaccines but markedly different in brain-derived vaccines (GP to NP~ 1:20). Sucrose density gradients demonstrated that in addition to entire virion bands, DEV also contained incomplete virion bands. There are two distinct ways of producing DEV with a potency comparable to that of HDCV:
-
1)
Concentration of DEV to 10 IU/ml or
-
2)
Use of intact virions isolated from density gradients. Preliminary clinical studies indicate that DEV containing 10 IU/ml is as potent an immunogen for man as HDCV.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Atanasiu, P., Tsiang, H., Perrin, P., and Favre, S.: Analyse du pouvoir immunogène et protecteur de la glycoprotéine extraite du virus rabique: comparaison de préparations purifiées par des techniques différentes et résultats. Annales de Microbiologie (Institut Pasteur) 127E, 257–267 (1976)
Atanasiu, P., Perrin, P., Gerfaux, G., and Sureau, P.: Rabies glycoprotein affinity for lipids. II. Analysis of immunogenic and protective properties of spontaneous and induced associations. Microbiologica, 4, 383–394 (1981)
Atanasiu, P., Perrin, P., Delagneau, J.F., Versmisse, P., Chevallier, G., Reculard, P., Le Fur, R., and Sureau, P.: Titrage immunoenzymatique de la glycoprotéine, une technique in vitro pour l’appréciation de l’activité des vaccins antirabiques. Journal of Biological Standardization, 10, (1982)
Arko, R.J., Wiktor, T.J., and Sikes, R.K.: The antibody binding test for vaccine potency. Laboratory Techniques in Rabies. 3rd edn. W.H.O. Monograph Series 23, 265–267 (1973)
Dietzschold, B., Cox, J.H., and Schneider, L.G.: Structure and function of rabies virus glycoprotein. Joint WHO/IABS symposium (Rabies III), Marburg/Lahn 1977 Developments in Biological Standardization, 40, 45–55 (1978)
Dietzschold, B., Wiktor, T.J., Wunner, W.H., and Varrichio, A. Chemical and immunological analysis of the rabies soluble glycoprotein. Virology, 124, 330–337 (1983)
Gerber, H., and Keller, H.: Versuche zur immunogenen Wirkung einer neuen, gereinigten Entenembryovakzine gegen Tollwut. Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Med. Fak. der Uni. Bern (1980)
Haenzel, L, Schindler, M., Inderbitzin, T.M.: Effectiveness and acceptability of the rabies vaccine Lyssavac Berna. Schweiz. med. Wschr. 106, 1637–1641 (1976)
Hoskins, J.M.: Duck-embryo vaccine. Laboratory Techniques in Rabies. 3rd edn. W.H.O. Monograph Series 23, 243–255 (1973)
Jacobs, B.L., and Penhoet, E.E.: Assembly of vesicular stomatitis virus: Distribution of the glycoprotein on the surface of infected cells. Journal of Virology 44, No. 3, 1047–1055 (1982)
Keller, H., Hauser, R., Wandeler, A., and Steck, F.: Versuche zur postexpositionellen aktiven und passiven Immunisierung gegen Tollwut beim Menschen. Schweiz. med. Wschr., 107, 1857–1859 (1977)
Kuwert, E.K., Marcus, L, Werner, J., Iwand, A., and Thraenhart, O.: Some experiences with human diploid cell strain-(HDCS) rabies vaccine in pre- and post-exposure vaccinated humans. Joint WHO/IABS symposium on the standardization of rabies vaccines for human use produced in tissues culture (Rabies III), Marburg/Lahn 1977 Develop. biol. standard., vol. 40, 79–88 (1978)
Koprowski, H.: Pre- and postexposure prophylaxis: Present status and current trends. Proceedings of working conference on rabies sponsored by the Japan-United States Cooperative Medical Science Program, Tokyo, 1970, 111–126 (1971)
Little, S.P., and Huang, A.S.: Shedding of the glycoprotein from vesicular stomatitis virus-infected cell. Journal of Virology, 27, 330–339 (1978)
Makornkaewekeyoon, S., Manikarn, N., Panas-ampol, K., and Withayasi, W.: Comparison of the immunity from anti-rabies vaccination with duck embryo vaccine of SWISS BERNA and ELI LILLY. 21st Annual Medical Congress of the Medical Association of Thailand, Faculty of Medicine, Chiengmai University on 3–5 Dec. (1977)
Nicholson, K.G., Burney, M.I., Ali, S., Perkins, F.T.: Stability of human diploid-cell-strain rabies vaccine at high ambient temperatures. The Lancet, 1, 916–918 (1983)
Perine, P.L., Harris, D., and Kirkpatrick, C.H.: Immunologic reaction to duck embryo rabies vaccine. Journal of the American Medical Association, 205, 559–562 (1968)
Perrin, P., and Atanasiu, P.: Rabies glycoprotein affinity for lipids. I. Structural study of different types of spontaneous and induced associations. Microbiologica, 4, 231–247 (1981)
Rose, J.K., Doolittle, R.F., Anilionis, A., Curtis, P.J., and Wunner, W.H.: Homology between the glycoproteins of vesicular stomatitis virus and rabies virus. Journal of Virology, 43, No. 1,361–364(1982)
Schell, K.R., Fürst, M., Haberstich, H.U., Mischler, R., Hoskins, J.M., and Wegmann, A.: A highly purified and concentrated duck embryo rabies vaccine: a preliminary report. Journal of Biological Standardization, 8, 97–106 (1980)
Seligman, Jr., E.B.: The NIH test for potency. Laboratory Techniques in Rabies. 3rd edn. W.H.O. Monograph Series 23, 279–286 (1973)
Smith, J.S., Yager, P.A., and Baer, G.M.: A rapid tissue culture test for determining rabies neutralizing antibody. Laboratory Techniques in Rabies. 3rd edn. W.H.O. Monograph Series 23, 354–357 (1973)
Sokol, F., Clark, H.F., Györky, E., and Tomassini, N.: Heterogeneity in the phospholipid content of purified rabies virus (ERA strain) particles. J. gen. Virol. 16, 173–183 (1972)
Wiktor, T.J., Gyorgie, E., Schlumberger, H.D., Sokol, F., and Koprowski, H.: Antigenic properties of rabies virus components. Journal of Immunology, 110, 269–276 (1973)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1985 Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Glück, R., Keller, H., Mischler, R., Wegmann, A., Germanier, R. (1985). New Aspects Concerning the Immunogenicity of Rabies Vaccines Produced in Animal Brains (Duck Embryo). In: Kuwert, E., Mérieux, C., Koprowski, H., Bögel, K. (eds) Rabies in the Tropics. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70060-6_25
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70060-6_25
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-13826-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-70060-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive