Abstract
Back pain is one of the most common and costly problems which confront clinicians and insurers. Although estimates of the incidence and prevalence vary greatly [Benn & Wood 1975; Dillane et al 1966; Gilchrist 1976; Magora 1973; Nagi et al 1973] it is possible that as many as 80% of all people experience back pain at some time during their active life. The cost of hospitalizing patients with this disorder has been estimated to be 1.4 percent of all dollars expended for health care in the United States [Pheasant 1977]. Despite the magnitude of the problem, there is no universally accepted approach to the diagnosis and treatment of patients with back pain.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Armitage P (1971) Statistical Methods in Medical Research. Blackwell, Oxford
Austin MA, Berreyesa S, Elliot JL, Wallace RB, Barrett-Connor E, Criqui MH (1979) Methods for determining long-term survival in a population based study. Am J Epidemiol 110: 742–752
Beals RK, Hickman NW (1972) Industrial injuries of the back and extremities. J Bone Joint Surg 54-A: 8, 1593–1611
Benn RT, Wood PHN (1975) Pain in the back: An attempt to estimate the size of the problem. Rheum Rehab 14: 121–128
Bennett AE, Ritchie K (1975) Questionnaires in Medicine: A Guide to Their Design and Use. Oxford University Press, London
Bergquist-Ullman M, Larsson U (1977) Acute low back pain in industry: A controlled prospective study with special reference to therapy and confounding factors. Acta Orthop Scand Supp 170: 1–117
Bosshard R (1961) The treatment of acute lumbago and sciatica. Ann Swiss Chiro Assoc pp 50–61
Breen AC (1977) Chiropractors and the treatment of back pain. Rheum Rehab 16: 46–53
Buerger AA (1979) Klinische Untersuchungen zur Wirksamkeit der Manuellen Therapie: Theoretische Fortschritte und praktische Erfahrung der Manuellen Medizin. Proceedings of the Meeting of the Federation International de Medecine Manuelle, Baden-Baden, West Germany. (Neumann HD, 7580 Bühl/Baden, Postfach 1240, West Germany)
Buerger AA (1980) A controlled trial of rotational manipulation. Manuelle Medizin 2: 18–26
Bourdillon J (1970) Spinal Manipulation. William Heinemann Medical Books, London, p 66
Chrisman OD, Mittnach T, Snook GA (1964) A study of the results following rotatory manipulation in the lumbar intervertebral-disc syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg 46A: 517–524
Colton T (1974) Statistics in Medicine. Little Brown & Co, Boston, p 257
Crown S (1978) Psychological aspects of low back pain. Rheum Rehab 17: 114–124
Cyriax J (1971) Textbook of Orthopedic Medicine. Vol II: Treatment of Manipulation, Massage and Injection. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, p 268
Dehlin O, Berg S (1977) Back symptoms and psychological perception of work. Scand J Rehab Med 9: 61–65
Dillane JB, Fry J, Kalton G (1966) Acute back syndrome: A study from a general practice. Brit Med J 2: 82–84
Dixon WJ, Massey FJ (1969) Introduction to Statistical Analysis. McGraw-Hill, New York
Doran DML, Newell DJ (1975) Manipulation in the treatment of low back pain: A multi-centre study. Brit Med J 2: 161–164
Easton JD, Sherman DG (1977) Cervical manipulation and stroke. Stroke 8: 594–597
Ebbetts J (1975) Manipulation in treatment of low back pain. Brit Med J 2: 393
Edwards BC (1969) Low back pain and pain resulting from lumbar spine conditions: A comparison of treatment results. Aust J Physiother 15 (3): 104–110
Evans DP, Burke MS, Lloyd KN, Roberts EE, Roberts CM (1978) Lumbar spinal manipulation on trial, Part I - Clinical Assessment. Rheum Rehab 17: 46–53
Fisk JW (1971) Manipulation in general practice. New Zealand Med J 74: 172
Fisk JW (1975) The straight leg raising test: Its relevance to possible disc pathology. New Zealand Med J 81: 557–560
Fisk JW (1978) The significance of disordered muscles activity in the perpetuation and treatment of low back pain, with particular reference to manipulation. MD Thesis. University of Edinburgh
Freeman C, Calsyn D, Louis J (1976) The use of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory with low back pain patients. J Clin Psychol 32 (2): 294–298
Gilchrist I (1976) Psychiatric and social factors related to low back pain in general practice. Rheum Rehab 15: 101–107
Gitelman R, A chiropractic approach to bio-mechanical disorders of the lumbar spine and pelvis. In: Haldeman S (ed) Modern Developments in the Principles and Practice of Chiropractic. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York
Glover JR, Morris JG, Khosla T (1974) Back pain: A randomized clinical trial of rotational manipulation of the trunk. Brit J Indus Med 31: 39–64
Goldberg DP (1972) The Detection of Psychiatric Illness by Questionnaire. Oxford University Press, London
Goldberg DP, Blackwell B (1970) Psychiatric illness in general practice: A detailed study using a new method of case identification. Brit Med J 2: 439–443
Goldberg DP, Rickeis K, Downing R, Hesbacher P (1976) A comparison of two psychiatric screening tests. Brit J Psych 129: 61–67
Grecco MA (1953) Chiropractic Technique Illustrated. Jarl Publishing Co, New York, 118–119
Haldeman S (1978) Basic principles in establishing a chiropractic clinical trial. ACA J of Chiro 12: 33–37
Hanvic LJ (1951) MMPI profiles in patients with low back pain. J Consult Psychol 15: 350–353
Hoffman NG, Butcher JN (1975) Clinical limitations of three Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory short forms. J Consult Clin Psychol 43: 32–39
Hooper J (1973) Low back pain and manipulation: Paraparesis after treatment of low back pain by physical methods. Med J Australia 1: 549–551
Horal J (1969) The clinical appearance of low back disorders in the city of Gothenburg, Sweden. Acta Orthop Scand Supp 118
Hult L (1954) The Munkfors Investigation. Acta Orthop Scand Supp 16
Hult L (1954) Cervical, dorsal and lumbar spinal syndromes. Acta Orthop Scand Supp 17
Janse J (1975) History of the development of chiropractic concepts; chiropractic terminology. In: Goldstein M (ed) The Research Status of Spinal Manipulative Therapy. NINCDS Monograph No. 5, Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Publication No. (NIH) 76-998 pp 25–42
Jostes FA (1930) Backache: A manipulative treatment without anesthesia. J Bone Joint Surg 20A: 990–1010
Kane R, Olsen D, Leymaster C, Wooley F, Fisher F (1974) Manipulating the patient. A comparison of the effectiveness of physician and chiropractor care. Lancet 1333
Kirkaldy-Willis WH, Hill RJ (1979) A more precise diagnosis for low back pain. Spine 4: 102–109
Lewit K (1977) Manuelle Medizin im Rahmen der medizinischen Rehabilitation. Johann Ambrosius Barth, p 256
Licht S (1960) Massage, Manipulation and Traction. E Licht, New Haven, Connecticut
Louks JL, Freeman CW, Calsyn DA (1978) Personality organization as an aspect of back pain in a medical setting. J Personality Assess 42 (2): 152–155
McCreary C, Jamison K: The chronic pain patient. In: Pasnau RO (ed) Consultation - Liaison Psychiatry. Grune and Stratton, New York, pp 205–218
McCreary C, Turner J, Dawson E (1977) Differences between functional versus organic low back pain patients. Pain 4 (1): 73–8
Mennell J (1960) Back Pain: Diagnosis and Treatment Using Manipulative Techniques. Little Brown & Co, Boston
Magora A (1973) Investigation of the relation between low back pain and occupation: (iv: Physical requirements: Bending, rotation, reaching and sudden maximal effort, & v: Psychological aspects). Scand J Rehab Med 5: 186–196
Maigne R (1972) Orthopaedic Medicine: A New Approach to Vertebral Manipulations. Charles C Thomas, Springfield, Illinois, pp 63–110
Maitland GD (1968) Vertebral Manipulation, 3rd edn. Butterworths, London, p 125
Moll JMH, Wright V (1971) Normal range of spinal mobility: An objective clinical study. Ann Rheum Dis 30: 381–386
Nachemson AL (1971) Low back pain, its etiology and treatment. Clin Med 78: 18–24
Nachemson AL (1976) The lumbar spine, an orthopaedic challenge. Spine 1 (1): 59–71
Nagi SZ, Burk RD, Potter HR (1965) Back disorders and rehabilitation achievement. J Chron Dis 18: 181–197
Nagi S, Riley L, Newby L (1973) A social epidemiology of back pain in a general population. J Chron Dis 26: 769–779
Neumann HD (1978) Scriptum zum Informationskurs der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Manuelle Medizin. 2nd edn. (Neumann HD, 7580 Bühl/Baden, Postfach 1240, Germany) pp 62–68
Newell DJ (1977) Manipulation in the treatment of low back pain: A multicentre study. In: Buerger AA, Tovis JS (eds) Approaches to the Study of the Validation of Manipulation Therapy. Charles C Thomas, Springfield, Illinois, pp 284–302
Northrup G (1975) History of the development of osteopathic concepts; osteopathic terminology. In: Goldstein M (ed) The Research Status of Spinal Manipulative Therapy. NINCDS Monograph No. 5, Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Publication No. (NIH) 76-998 pp 43–47
Parker GB, Tupling H, Pryor DS (1978) A controlled trial of cervical manipulation for migraine. Aust NZ J Med 8: 589–593
Pheasant HC (1977) Backache: its nature, incidence and cost. West J Med 126: 330–332
Rasmussen TG (1978) Manipulation in treatment of low back pain (A randomized clinical trial). Manuelle Med 1: 8–10
Reynolds PMG (1975) Measurement of Spinal Mobility — a comparison of three methods. Rheum Rehab 14: 180–185
Riches EW (1930) The back. Lancet 1: 957–960
Rolf IP (1977) Rolfing: The Integration of Human Structures. Barnes & Nobel, New York
Schwartz D, Lellouch J (1967) Explanatory and pragmatic attitudes in therapeutical trials. J Chron Dis 20: 637–648
Siegel S (1956) Nonparametric Statistics. McGraw-Hill, New York
Shestack R, Handbook of Physical Therapy. 3rd edn. Springer, New York, pp 61–63, 93–139
Sims-Williams H, Mayson MIV, Young SMS, Baddeley H, Collins E (1978) Controlled trial of mobilization and manipulation for patients with low back pain in general practice. Brit Med J 2: 1338–1340
States AZ (1968) Atlas of Chiropractic Techniques: Spinal and Pelvic Technics. National College of Chiropractic, Lombard, Illinois, p 84
Sternbach RA, Timmermans G (1975) Personality changes associated with reduction of pain. Pain 1: 177–181
Sternbach RA, Wolf SR, Murphy RW, Akeson WH (1973) Traits of pain patients and the low back lowers, Psychosomatics 14: 226–229
Stoddard A (1959) Manual of Osteopathic Technique. Hutchinson, London, pp 35–86, 205, 236
Tennant C (1977) The general health questionnaire: A valid index of psychological impairment in Australian populations. Med J Aust 2: 393–394
Vear HJ (1972) A study into the complaints of patients seeking chiropractic care. J Canad Chiro Assoc 16 (3): 9–13
Wardwell WI (1975) Discussion: The impact of spinal manipulative therapy on the health care system. In: Goldstein M (ed) The Research Status of Spinal Manipulative Therapy. NINCDS Monograph No. 15, Department of Health Education and Welfare, Publication No. (NIH) 76-998 pp 53–58
Wilfling FJ, Klonoff H, Kokan P (1973) Psychological, demographic and orthopaedic factors associated with prediction of outcome of spinal fusion. Clin Orthop 90: 153–160
Wiltse LL, Rocchio PD (1975) Preoperative psychological tests as predictors of success of chemonucleolysis in the treatment of the low-back syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg 57-A: 4, 478–483
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1984 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Branson, M.H., Buerger, A.A. (1984). Randomized Clinical Trials in the Validation of Cervical and Lumbar Manipulation. In: Greenman, P.E. (eds) Concepts and Mechanisms of Neuromuscular Functions. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69779-1_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69779-1_13
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-13470-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-69779-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive