Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Industrial Bases by Chemical Routes

  • Chapter
Book cover Modern Chemical Technology and Emission Control

  • 485 Accesses

Abstract

The dominant source of calcium carbonate is lime-stone, the most widely used of all rocks, but this occurs in nature with at least traces of clay, silica, and other minerals which may interfere with some applications. However, high calcium limestone consists of about 95% or better calcium carbonate. White marble, a metamorphosed form of pure limestone with a closely packed crystal structure, is chemically suitable. But marble is usually of higher value for other applications than as a chemical feedstock. Dolomitic limestones consist of calcium and magnesium carbonates present in a near one to one molar basis, though this ratio can vary widely in ordinary dolomites. For some applications at least, the presence of the magnesium carbonate is not a handicap to the use of this calcium base component of the dolomite. The remaining principal natural sources of calcium carbonate more closely reflect their biogenetic origin in the forms of chalk, which comprises the shells of microscopic marine organisms, bivalve shells, which for example are accessible in sufficient quantities on shores of the Gulf of Mexico to be employed as an industrial feedstock, and coral, which consists of the massive, sub-marine fused skeletons of multiple stationary organisms.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Relevant Bibliography

  1. S.R. Dennison, Fine Natural Calcium Carbonate in Paper Coatings, Tappi 62, 65, Jan. 1979

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. M. Hartman, J. Pata, and R.W. Coughlin, Influence of Porosity of Calcium Carbonates on their Reactivity with Sulfur Dioxide, Indust. and Eng. Chem., Proc. Design and Development 17, 411, Oct. 1978

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. C. Wen and C. Chang, Absorption of Sulfur Dioxide in Lime and Limestone Slurry: Pressure Drop Effect on Turbulent Contact Absorber Performance, Env. Sci. and Tech. 12, 703, June 1978

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. T.R. Lawall, Flash Calcining Applied to Limestone, Rock Prod. 81, 82, Aug. 1978

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Ceramic Paper Lining in Rotary Kilns Saves Fuel and Bricks, Fiberfrax 970-J paper, Eng. and Mining J. 178, 171, Sept. 1977

    Google Scholar 

  6. New Source Performance Standards Set for Refineries, Pulp Mills and Lime Plants, J. Air Polln Control Assoc. 28, 610, June 1978

    Google Scholar 

  7. B.B. Broms and P. Boman, Lime Softening Helps Cooling Tower Operators, Chem. Eng. 86, 60, Feb. 12, 1979

    Google Scholar 

  8. L.M. Bingham and P. A. Angevine, Modern Recausticizing and Lime Calcining System, Tappi 60, 111, Nov. 1977

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Lime, Chem. Eng. News 55(20), 12, May 16, 1977

    Google Scholar 

  10. Product Profile Soda Ash, Can. Chem. Proc. 60(5), 66, May 1976; and 56 (5), 65, May 1972

    Google Scholar 

  11. Industrial Mineral Production; Soda Ash, Min. Eng. 30, 541, May 1978

    Google Scholar 

  12. W. Worthy, Natural Product Leads in Soda Ash, Chem. Eng. News 53 (47), 10, Nov. 24, 1975

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. G. Parkinson, Kerr-McGee Expands Soda Ash Output Nine-fold from Searles Lake Brines, Eng. and Mining J. 178, 71, Oct. 1977

    Google Scholar 

  14. C.C. Templeton, Pressure-temperature Relationship for Decomposition of Sodium Bicarbonate from 200 to 600 °F, J. Chem. Eng. Data 23, 7, Jan. 1978

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. D.R. Larrymore, Enhancing the Ice Melting Action of Rock Salt, Public Works 109, 54, Aug. 1978

    Google Scholar 

  16. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 2nd edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1964, volume 4, pages 2, 7

    Google Scholar 

  17. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 51st edition, Chemical Rubber Publishing Company, Cleveland, Ohio, 1970, page F-64

    Google Scholar 

  18. C.J.S. Warrington and R. V. V. Nichols, A History of Chemistry in Canada, Sir Isaac Pitman and Sons, Toronto, 1949, page 96

    Google Scholar 

  19. R.N. Shreve and J.A. Brink, Jr., Chemical Process Industries, 4th edition, McGraw-Hill, Toronto, 1977, page 166

    Google Scholar 

  20. R.W. Thomas and P. Farago, Industrial Chemistry, Heinemann, Toronto, 1973, page 63

    Google Scholar 

  21. C.D. Hodgman and N.A. Lange, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 15th edition, Chemical Rubber Publishing Company, Cleveland, Ohio, 1930, page 866

    Google Scholar 

  22. W.L. Faith, D.B. Keyes, and R.L. Clark, Industrial Chemicals, 3rd edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1965, page 483

    Google Scholar 

  23. R.H. Perry, C.H. Chilton, and S.D. Kirkpatrick, Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, McGraw-Hill, Toronto, 1963, page 9 - 6

    Google Scholar 

  24. R.N. O’Brien and W.F. Hyslop, Oxygen Enhancement of the Air, British Patent Application 8,003,884, Jan. 28, 1980

    Google Scholar 

  25. Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, reference 8, page 3–116

    Google Scholar 

  26. Corson (of Lime Hydration Process) Honoured, Chem. Trade J. 156, 414, April 1, 1965

    Google Scholar 

  27. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, reference 2, page B-78

    Google Scholar 

  28. F.S. Taylor, A History of Industrial Chemistry, Reprint Edition, Arao Press, New York, 1972, page 182

    Google Scholar 

  29. Riegel’s Industrial Chemistry, J.A. Kent, Reinhold Book Corp., New York, 1962, page 129

    Google Scholar 

  30. F.A. Lowenheim and M.K. Moran, Faith, Keyes and Clark’s Industrial Chemicals, 4th edition, John Wiley and Sons, Toronto, 1975, page 706

    Google Scholar 

  31. R.N. Shreve and J.A. Brink, Jr., reference 4, page 211

    Google Scholar 

  32. G.A. Lane, J.S. Best, E.C. Clarke, D.N. Glew, G.C. Karris, S.W. Quigley, and H.E. Rossow, Solar Energy Subsystems Employing Isothermal Heat Sink Materials, The Dow Chemical Company, ERDA Contract No. NSF-C906, Midland, Michigan, March 1976

    Google Scholar 

  33. F.A. Lowenheim and M.K. Moran, reference 15, page 714

    Google Scholar 

  34. Minerals Yearbook 1978–79, Vol. I, Metals and Minerals, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, 1980. Page 836

    Google Scholar 

  35. Minerals Yearbook 1977, Vol. I, Metals, Minerals and Fuels, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, 1979, pages 857, 862, and equivalent pages earlier years

    Google Scholar 

  36. Statistical Yearbook 1978, Department of International Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations, New York, 1979, page 301, and equivalent pages earlier years

    Google Scholar 

  37. R.N. Shreve, The Chemical Process Industries, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1945, page 274

    Google Scholar 

  38. International Critical Tables, E.W. Washburn, Editor, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1930, volume VH, page 305

    Google Scholar 

  39. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 56th edition, R.C. Weast, editor, Chemical Rubber Publishing Co., Cleveland, Ohio, 1975, page F-86

    Google Scholar 

  40. Solubilities of Inorganic and Organic Compounds, H. Stephen and T. Stephen, editors, Pergamon Press, New York, 1963, volume I, page 115

    Google Scholar 

  41. Riegel’s Industrial Chemistry, J.A. Kent, editor, Reinhold Book Corp., New York, 1962, page 158

    Google Scholar 

  42. J.C. Olsen and O.G. Direnga, Indust. Eng. Chem. 33, 204 (1941)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. W.L. Faith, D.B. Keyes and R.L. Clark, Industrial Chemicals, 3rd edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1965, page 694

    Google Scholar 

  44. L.F. Goodwin, J. Soc. Chem. Ind. 45, 360–361T (1926)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. R.M. Stephenson, Introduction to the Chemical Process Industries, Reinhold, New York, 1966, page 56

    Google Scholar 

  46. F.A. Lowenheim and M.K. Moran, Faith, Keyes and Clark’s Industrial Chemicals, Wiley-Interscience, Toronto, 1975, page 741

    Google Scholar 

  47. H.F. Lund, editor, Industrial Pollution Control Handbook, McGraw-Hill, Toronto, 1971, page 18

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, V8W 2Y2, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada

    M. B. Hocking

Authors
  1. M. B. Hocking
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1985 Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hocking, M.B. (1985). Industrial Bases by Chemical Routes. In: Modern Chemical Technology and Emission Control. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69773-9_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69773-9_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-69775-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-69773-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation