Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Peripheral Circulation

  • Chapter
Clinical Pharmacology of Antianginal Drugs

Part of the book series: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology ((HEP,volume 76))

  • 103 Accesses

Abstract

In this chapter, consideration of the test methods that can be used to study the peripheral circulation will be confined mainly to those which can be applied to human limbs. The peripheral circulation could be defined in a much wider sense than this, to include the circulation through all the peripheral organ systems, but the chapter will be restricted to tests that can be used to assess skin and muscle blood flow. The human limbs are extremely well adapted for experimental vascular studies and have played an important part in the acquisition of clinical pharmacological knowledge.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abshagen U, Sporl-Radun S (1981) First data on effects and pharmacokinetics of isosorbide-5-mononitrate in normal man. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 19: 423–29

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ardill BL, Bannister RE, Fentem PH, Greenfield ADM (1967) Circulatory responses of the supine subjects to the exposure of parts of the body below the xiphisternum to subatmospheric pressure. J Physiol 193: 57–72

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ardill BL, Bhatnagar VM, Fentem PH (1968) Observation of changes in volume of a congested limb as a means of studying the behaviour of capacity vessels. J Physiol 194: 627–644

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barcroft H, Swan HJC (1953) Sympathetic control of human blood vessels. Arnold, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Barcroft H, Bonnar W McK, Edholm OG, Effron AS (1943) On sympathetic vasoconstrictor tone in human skeletal muscle. J Physiol 102: 21–31

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barron JN, Veall N (1952) Application of radioactive sodium to problems in plastic surgery. Br Med Bull 8: 197–202

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bevegard BS, Shepherd JT (1965) Effect of local exercise of forearm muscles on forearm capacitance vessels. J Appl Physiol 20: 968–974

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blair DA, Greenfield ADM, Glover WE, Roddie IC (1959) Excitation of cholinergic vasodilator nerves to human skeletal muscles during emotional stress. J Physiol 148: 633–647

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blair DA, Glover ME, Roddie IC (1961) Vasomotor responses in the human arm during leg exercise. Circ Res 9: 264–274

    Google Scholar 

  • Braithwaite FF, Farmer T, Herbert FI (1951) Observations on the vascular channels of tubed pedicles using radioactive sodium. Br J Plast Surg 4: 38–47

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Breckenridge A (1982) Vasodilators in heart failure. Br Med J 284: 765–766

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brick I, Hutchinson KJ, Roddie IC (1967) Inactivation of circulating catecholamines in the human forearm. J Physiol 190: 25–26 P

    Google Scholar 

  • Brick I, Hutchinson KJ, McDevitt DG, Roddie IC, Shanks RG (1968) Comparison of the effects of ICI50172 and propranolol on the cardiovascular responses to adrenaline, isoprenaline and exercise. Br J Pharmacol 34: 127–140

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brodie TG, Russel AE (1905) On the determination of the rate of blood flow through an organ. J Physiol 32: 47–49 P

    Google Scholar 

  • Burch GE (1954) The venous occlusion technique for measurement of finger blood flow. In: Wolstenholme GEW, Freeman JS (eds) Peripheral circulation in man. Little, Brown, Boston

    Google Scholar 

  • Burch GE, Murtadha M (1956) A study of venomotor tone in a short intact venous segment of the forearm in man. Am Heart J 51: 807–828

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burton AC (1939) Range and variability of blood flow in human fingers and the vasomotor regulation of human temperature. Am J Physiol 127: 437–453

    Google Scholar 

  • Burton AC (1948) Temperature of the skin: measurement and use as index of peripheral blood flow. In: Methods in medical research, vol 1. The Year Book, Publishers, Chicago, pp 146–166

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke RSJ, Hellon RF (1957) Venous collection in forearm and hand measured by the stain gauge and volume plethysmograph. Clin Sci 16: 103–117

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke RSJ, Ginsburg J, Hellon RF (1958) Use of the stain gauge plethysmograph in assessing the effect of certain drugs on the blood flow through the skin and muscle of the human forearm. J Physiol 140: 318–326

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohn JN (1980) Progress in vasodilator therapy for heart failure. N Engl J Med 302: 1414–1416

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Collier JG, Lorge RE, Robinson BF (1978) Comparison of effects of tolmesoxide (RX 71107), diazoxide, hydralazine, prezosin, glyceryl trinitrate and sodium nitroprusside on forearm arteries and dorsal hand veins of man. Br J Clin Pharmacol 5: 35–44

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper KE, Cross KW, Greenfield ADM, Hamilton D McK, Scarborough HA (1949)

    Google Scholar 

  • Comparison of methods of gauging the blood flow through the hand. Clin Sci 8:217–234

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper KE, Edholm OG, Mottam RF (1955) The blood flow in skin and muscle of the human forearm. J Physiol 128: 258–268

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crockford GW, Hellon RF, Heyman A (1962) Local vasomotor responses to rubifacients and ultra violet radiation. J Physiol 161: 21–29

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Detry JMR, Brengelman GL, Rowell LR, Wyss C (1972) Skin and muscle components of forearm blood flow in directly heated resting man. J Appl Physiol 12: 506–511

    Google Scholar 

  • Diji A (1959) Local vasodilator action of carbon dioxide on blood vessels of the hand. J Appl Physiol 14: 414–416

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duggen JJ, Love VL, Lyons RH (1953) A study of reflex vasomotor reactions in man. Circulation 7: 869–873

    Google Scholar 

  • Edholm OG, Fox RH, Macpherson RK (1956) Effect of body heating on the circulation in skin and muscle. J Physiol 134: 612–619

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eik–nes SH, Brubakk AO, Ulstein MK (1980) Measurement of human fetal blood flow. Br Med J 280: 283–284

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Felder D, Russ E, Montgomery H, Horiwitzo (1954) Relationship in the toe of skin surface temperature and mean blood flow measured with a plethysmograph. Clin Sci 13: 251–257

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Formel PF, Doyle JT (1957) Rationale of Venous Occlusion Plethysmography. Circ Res 5: 354–356

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fronek A, Ganz V (1960) Measurement of flow in single blood vessels including cardiac output by local thermodilution. Circ Res 8: 175–182

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibbon JH, Landis EM (1932) Vasodilation in the lower extremities in response to immersing the forearms in warm water. J Clin Invest 11: 1019–1036

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gibbs FA (1933) Thermoelectric blood flow recorder in the form of a needle. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 31: 141–146

    Google Scholar 

  • Glover WE, Greenfield ADM, Kidd BSL, Whelan RF (1958) The reactions of capacity blood vessels of the human hand and forearm to vasoactive substances infused intraarterially. J Physiol 140: 113–121

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glover WE, Roddie IC, Shanks RG (1962) The effect of intra–arterial potassium chloride infusions on vascular reactivity in the human forearm. J Physiol 163: 22–23 P

    Google Scholar 

  • Goetz RH (1946) The rate and control of the blood flow through the skin of the lower extremities. AmHeart J 31: 146–182

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gosling RG (1976) Extraction of physiological information from spectrum–analysed Doppler–shifted continuous wave ultrasound signals obtained non–invasively from the arterial system. In: Hill DW, Watson BW (eds) IEE Medical electronics monographs. Peregrimes, Stevenage, pp 18–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Grant RT, Bland EF (1931) Observations on arteriovenous anastomosis in human skin and in the birds foot with special reference to the reaction to cold. Heart 15: 385–407

    Google Scholar 

  • Grant RT, Pearson RSB (1938) The blood circulation in the human limb; observations on the differences between the proximal and distal parts and remarks on the regulation of body temperature. Clin Sci 3: 119–139

    Google Scholar 

  • Grayson J (1952) Internal calorimetry in determination of thermal conductivity and blood flow. J Physiol 118: 54–72

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greenfield ADM (1954) A simple water filled plethysmograph for the hand or forearm with temperature control. J Physiol 123: 62–64 P

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenfield ADM (1954) A simple water filled plethysmograph for the hand or forearm with temperature control. J Physiol 123: 62–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenfield ADM ( 1960 b) Peripheral blood flow by calorimetry. In: Methods in medical research, vol 8. The Year Book Publishers, Chicago, pp 302–307

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenfield ADM, Fentem PH (1969) Measurements in blood flow. In: Atkins H (ed) Measurement and precision in surgery. Blackwell, Edinburgh, pp 189–208

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenfield ADM, Shepherd JT (1950) A controlled temperature plethysmograph for the index finger. J Physiol 111: 40–41 P

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenfield ADM, Whitney RJ, Mowbray JF (1963) Methods for the investigation of peripheral blood flow. Br Med Bull 19: 101–109

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greenfield ADM, Whitney RJ, Mowbray JF (1963) Methods for the investigation of peripheral blood flow. Br Med Bull 19: 101–109

    Google Scholar 

  • Hensel H, Bender F (1956) Fortlaufende Bestimmung der Hautdurchblutung am Menschen= mit einem elektrischen Warmeleitmesser. Pfluegers Arch 263: 603–614

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hensel H, Ruef J (1954) Fortlaufende Registrierung der Muskeldurchblutung am Menschen mit einer Calorimetersonde. Pfluegers Arch 259: 267–280

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hensel H, Ruef J, Golenhofen K (1955) Human muscle and skin blood flow. The effect of vasoactive substances. Angiology 6: 190–207

    Google Scholar 

  • Hewlett AW, Van Zwaluwenburg JG (1909) The rate of blood flow in the arm. Heart 1: 87–97

    Google Scholar 

  • Holling HE, Verel D (1957) Circulation in the elevated forearm. Clin Sci 16: 197–213

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hyman C, Windsor J (1961) History of plethysmography. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 2: 3–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Imhof PR, Frankhauser P, Chu LC, Hodler J (1980) Difference in nitroglycerin dose–response in the venous and arterial beds. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 18: 455–460

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kenner T, Ronniger R (1960) Untersuchung liber die Entstehung der normalen Pulsformen. Arch Kreislaufforseh 32: 141–173

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kerslake K McD (1949) The effect of application of an arterial occlusion cuff to the wrist on the blood flow in the extremities of man. J Physiol 108: 451–457

    Google Scholar 

  • Kety SS (1948) Quantitative measurement of regional circulation by the clearance of radioactive sodium. Am J Med Sci 215: 325–353

    Google Scholar 

  • Krogh A, Landis EM, Turner AH (1932) The movement of fluid through the human capillary wall in relation to venous pressure and to the colloid osmotic pressure of the blood. J Clin Invest 11: 63–95

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lansdowne M, Katz LN (1942) A critique of the plethysmographic method of measuring blood flow in the extremities of man. Am Heart J 23: 644–675

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis T, Pickering EW (1931) Vasodilatation in the limbs in response to warming the body: with evidence for sympathetic vasodilator nerves in man. Heart 16: 33–51

    Google Scholar 

  • Livingstone RA (1961) Blood flow in the calf of the leg after running. Am Heart J 61: 219–224

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lowe RD, Robinson BF (1964) The influence of route of administration upon the response of the forearm blood flow to adrenaline infusions. Clin Sci 26: 89–96

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mann S, Miller Craig MW, Balasuramanian V, Cashmen PMM, Raftery EB (1980) Ambulant blood pressure: reproducibility and the assessment of interventions. Clin Sci 59: 497–500

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McGirr EM (1952) The rate of removal of radioactive sodium following its injection into muscle and skin. Clin Sci 11: 91–99

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mellander S, Johansson B (1968) Control of resistance exchange and capacitance functions in the peripheral circulation. Pharmacol Rev 20: 117–196

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller RR, Vismara LA, Williams DO, Amsterdam EA, Mason DT (1976) Pharmacological mechanisms for left ventricular unloading in clinical congestive heart failure, differential effects of nitroprusside, phantolamine and nitroglycerin on cardiac function and peripheral circulation. Circ Res 39: 127–133

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Montgomery H, Holling HE, Friedland CK (1938) The effect of iontophoresis with acetyl beta–methylcholine on the rate of peripheral blood flow. Am J Med Sci 195: 794–802

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nachev C, Collier J, Robinson B (1971) Simplified method for measuring compliance of superficial veins. Cardiovasc Res 5: 147–156

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palmer B (1972) Factors influencing the elimination rate of 133 Xenon injected intracutaneously. Scand J Plast Reconstruc Surg 6: 1–5

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson GC, Whelan RF (1955) Reactive hyperaemia in the human forearm. Clin Sci 14: 197–211

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quarry–Pigott V, Cherife R, Spodick DH (1973) Ejection time by ear densitogram and its derivative. Clinical and physiological applications. Circulation 48: 239–246

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson BF, Collier JG, Nachev C (1972) Changes in peripheral venous compliance after myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc Res 6: 67–74

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson BF, Dobbs RJ, Kelsey CR (1980) Effects of nifedipine on resistance vessels, arteries and veins in man. Br J Clin Pharmacol 10: 433–438

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson BF, Dobbs RJ, Baylay S (1982) Response of forearm resistance vessels to verapamil and sodium nitroprusside in normotensive and hypertensive men: evidence for a functional abnormality of vascular smooth muscle in primary hypertension. Clin Sci 63: 33–42

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roddie IC (1950) The decrease in hand blood flow following inflation of an arterial occlusion cuff on the opposite arm. J Physiol 112: 204–210

    Google Scholar 

  • Roddie IC, Shepherd JT (1956) A comparison of the blood flow through the hand during local heating, release of sympathetic vasomotor tone by indirect heating and a combination

    Google Scholar 

  • of both. J Physiol 131:657–664

    Google Scholar 

  • Roddie IC, Wallace WFM (1979) Methods for the assessment of the effect of drugs on the arterial system in man. Br J Clin Pharmacol 7: 317–3230

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roddie IC, Shepherd JT, Whelan RF (1956) Evidence from venous oxygen saturation measurements that the increase in forearm blood flow during body heating is confined to the skin. J Physiol 134: 444–450

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roddie IC, Shepherd JT, Whelan RF (1957) The contribution of vasoconstrictor and vasodilator nerves to the skin vasodilatation during body heating. J Physiol 136: 489–497

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Samueloff SL, Bevegard BS, Shepherd JT (1966) Temporary arrest of the circulation to a limb for the study of vasomotor reactions in man. J Appl Physiol 21: 341 — 346

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Satomura S (1959) Study of the flow patterns in peripheral arteries by ultrasonics. J Acoust Soc Jpn 15: 151

    Google Scholar 

  • Schartl M, Rutsch W, Schmutzler H (1982) Influence of ISDN, molsidomine, nifedipine and DHE, on the venous tone in man. Lichtlen PR, Schrey A, Engel HJ, Swan HJC (eds) Nitrates III–cardiovascular effects. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 573–576

    Google Scholar 

  • Schnelle K, Fenzl E, Johnson KI, Gladigau V, Schinz A (1981) Finger pulse plethysmographic effects of two oral sustained release formulations of isosorbide dinitrate in normal man. Arzneimittelforsch 31 (1): 840 — 843

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sharpey–Schafer EP (1961) Venous tone. Br Med J 2: 1589–1595

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sheard C (1944) Temperature of the skin and thermal regulation of the body. In: Glasser O0 (ed) Medical physics. Year Book Publishers, Chicago, pp 15–23

    Google Scholar 

  • Shepherd JT (1950) The blood flow through the calf after exercise in subjects with arterosclerosis and claudication. Clin Sci 9: 49–58

    Google Scholar 

  • Sjerson P (1968) Atraumatic local labelling of skin by inert gas: epicutaneous application of Xenon 133. J Appl Physiol 24: 570–572

    Google Scholar 

  • Sjerson P (1969) Blood flow in cutaneous tissue in man studied by washout of radioactive Xenon. Circ Res 25: 215–229

    Google Scholar 

  • Smolen VF, Williams EJ (1976) Recommended guidelines and methodology for the evaluation of the pharmacological effectiveness and comparative bioavailability of organic nitrate antianginal drug products. School of Pharmacy and Pharmacal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana

    Google Scholar 

  • Sporl–Radun S, Betzien G, Kaufmann B, Liede V, Abshagen U (1980) Effects and pharmacokinetics of isosorbide dinitrate in normal man. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 18: 237–244

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart GN (1911) Studies on the circulation in man: measurement of the blood flow in the hands. Heart 3: 33–75

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallace WFM (1958) Does the hydrostatic pressure of the water in a venous occlusion plethysmograph affect the apparent rate of blood flow to the forearm? J Physiol 143: 380–385

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wallace WFM, Jamison JP (1976) Measurement by venous occlusion plethysmography of blood flow through surgically created arteriovenous fistulae in the human forearm. Clin Sci Mol Med 50: 43–49

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wallace WMF, Jamison JP (1978) Effect of a surgically created side–to–side arteriovenous fistula on heat elimination from the human hand and forearm: evidence for a critical role of venous resistance in determining fistular flow. Clin Sci Mol Med 55: 349–353

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wetsler K (1941) Vegetative Steuerung und Umstimmung. Pfluegers Arch 244: 622–636

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whitney RJ (1953) The measurement of volume changes in human limbs. J Physiol 121: 1–27

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkins RW, Bradley SE (1946) Changes in arterial and venous blood pressure and flow distal to a cuff inflated on the human arm. Am J Physiol 147: 260–269

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Windsor T, Hyman C, Payne JH (1959) Exercise and limb circulation in health and disease. AMA Arch Surg 78:184–192

    Google Scholar 

  • Young CMA, Hopewell JW (1980) The evaluation of an isotope clearance technique in the dermis of pig skin: a correlation of functional and morphological parameters. Microvasc Res 20: 182–194

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. I. C. Roddie
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. W. F. M. Wallace
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Boehringer Mannheim GmbH, Sandhofer Straße 116, D-6800, Mannheim 31, Germany

    Ulrich Abshagen (Leiter Produktentwicklung Therapeutica) (Leiter Produktentwicklung Therapeutica)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1985 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Roddie, I.C., Wallace, W.F.M. (1985). Peripheral Circulation. In: Abshagen, U. (eds) Clinical Pharmacology of Antianginal Drugs. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 76. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69524-7_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69524-7_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-69526-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-69524-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation