Abstract
The literature concerned with the effects of prenatal stress on developmental outcome is based on both animal and human studies. The studies are complementary, as findings in one area lead on to the other. Although animal studies cannot be compared directly with human, they offer parallels which provide rich material for research into human development. Many of the findings in animal experiments are corroborated in human studies, and individual animal research has frequently directed human researchers toward their subject matter and hypotheses.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Aaron JB, Levine W, Gitman L (1953) Pregnancy wastage. Obstet Gynec 2: 461–469
Abramson JH, Singh AR, Mbrambo V (1961) Antenatal stress and the baby’s development. Arch Dis Child 36: 42–49
Ader R, Conklin PM (1963) Handling of pregnant rats: effects on emotionality of their offspring. Science 142: 411–412
Anderson DH (1941) Incidence of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in the young of rats bred on a diet deficient in vitamin A. Am J Dis Child 62: 888–889
Anderson DH (1949) Effects of diet during pregnancy upon the incidence of congenital hereditary diaphragmatic hernia in the rat. Am J Pathol 25: 163–185
Baird D (1959) The contribution of obstetrical factors to serious physical and mental handicap in children. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Emp 66: 743–747
Baird B, Cook SF (1962) Hypoxia and reproduction in Swiss mice. Am J Physiol 202: 611–615
Barnett SA (1958) Physiological effects of “social stress” in wild rats. The adrenal cortex. J Psychosom Res 3: 1–11
Battle M (1949) Effect of birth on mentality. Am J Obstet Gynec 58: 110–116
Blau A, Slaff B, Easton K, Welkowitz J, Springarn J, Cohen J (1963) The psychogenic etiology of premature births: a preliminary report. Psychosom Med 25: 201–211
Blomberg S (1980a) Influence of maternal distress during pregnancy on fetal development and mortality. Acta Psychiatr Scand 62: 298–314
Blomberg S (1980b) Influence of maternal distress during pregnancy on fetal malformations. Acta Psychiatr Scand 62: 315–330
Blomberg S (1980c) Influence of maternal distress during pregnancy on complications in pregnancy and delivery. Acta Psychiatr Scand 62: 399–404
Blomberg S (1980d) Influence of maternal distress during pregnancy on postnatal development. Acta Psychiatr Scand 62: 405–417
Blurton Jones N, Rossetti Ferreira MC, Farquar Brown M, MacDonald L (1978) The association between perinatal factors and later night waking. Dev Med Child Neur 20: 427–434
Boyle M, Giffen A, Fitzhardinge P (1977) The very low birthweight infant: impact on parents during the pre-school years. Early Hum Dev 1: 191–201
Bradford Hill A, Doll R, Galloway T McL, Hughes JPW (1958) Virus diseases in pregnancy and congenital defects. Br J Prev Soc Med 12: 1–7
Browne ADH (1979) Paper on birth weight and outcome delivered to Irish Academy of Medicine, Obstetrical Section, December 5
Bruce HM (1960) Further observations on pregnancy block in mice caused by the proximity of strange males. J Reprod Fertil 1: 311–312
Buemann B, Kragelund E (1962) Morbidity and mortality among infants born to mothers with heart disease. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 41: 80–85
Butler NR, Alberman ED (1969) Perinatal problems. In: The second report of the 1958 British Perinatal Mortality Survey. Livingstone, Edinburgh, pp 72–84
Butler NR, Bonham DG (1963) Perinatal mortality. Livingstone, Edinburgh Calhoun JB (1952) The social aspects of population dynamics. J Mammal 33: 139–159
Cathro DM, Forsyth CC, Cameron J (1969) Adrenocortical response to stress in newborn infants. Arch Dis Child 44: 88–95
Coffey VP, Jessop WJE (1955) Congenital abnormalities. Ir J Med Sci 349: 30–48
Cohlan, SQ (1953) Excessive intake of vitamin A as a cause of congenital anomalies in the rat. Science 117: 535–536
Conolly JA (1977) Down’s syndrome incidence: practical and theoretical considerations. J Ir Med Assoc
Conolly J A (1978) Prenatal stress and child morbidity. Paper to the Fourth international conference of the international association for the scientific study of mental deficiency, Jerusalem, Israel
Conolly JA, Cullen J (1979) Effects of prenatal stress on early child development. Paper to the First congress of the world association for infant psychiatry, Cascals, Portugal
Coppen A, Cowie V (1960) Maternal health and mongolism. Br Med J i: 1843–1847
Corah NL, Anthony EJ, Painter P (1965) Effects of perinatal anoxia after seven years. Psychol Monogr 79 [Suppl 3]: 1–34
Crist T, Holka JF (1970) Influence of maternal epinephrine on behaviour of offspring. Am J Obstet Gynecol 106: 687–691
Cullen J, Connolly JA (1982) Infants under stress: tomorrow’s adults. In: Anthony EJ, Chiland C (eds) The child in his family: children in turmoil, tomorrow’s parents. Wiley, New York
Davie R, Butler N, Goldstein H (1972) From birth to seven. Longman, London
Denenberg VH, Whimbey AE (1963) Behaviour of adult rats is modified by the experiences their mothers had as infants. Science 142: 1192–1193
Denenberg VH, Rosenberg KM (1967) Nongenetic transmission of information across two generations. Nature 216: 549–550
De Sa DJ (1978) Stress response and its relationship to cystic (pseudofollicular) change in the definitive cortex of the adrenal gland in stillborn infants. Arch Dis Child 53: 766–776
Drillien CM (1964) The growth and development of the prematurely bora infant. Livingstone, Edinburgh
Drillien CM, Richmond F (1956) Prematurity in Edinburgh. Arch Dis Child 31: 390–394
Drillien CM, Wilkinson EM (1964) Emotional stress and mongoloid births. Dev Med Child Neurol 6: 140–143
Edwards JH (1958) Congenital malformations of the central nervous system in Scotland. Brit J Prev Soc Med 12: 115–130
Endl J, Schaller A (1973) Mißbildungshäufigkeit unter Neugeborenen von Gastarbeiterinnen. Wien Klin Wochenschr 85: 718–720
Ermolov VI (1971) Effects of disturbance of the normal course of pregnancy in days on development of natural immunity in the progeny. Bull Exp Biol Med 71: 285–287
Fainstat T (1954) Cortisone-induced congenital cleft palate in rabbits. Endocrinology 55: 502–508
Forssman M, Thuwe I (1966) One hundred and twenty children born after application for therapeutic abortion refused. Acta Psychiat Scand 42: 71–88
Geber M, Dean RFA (1957) The state of development of newborn African children. Lancet i: 1216–1219
Geber WF (1966) Developmental effects of chronic maternal audiovisual stress on the rat fetus. J Embryol Exp Morphol 16: 1–16
Gesenius H. (1951) Mißgeburten im Wechsel der Jahrhunderte. Berl Med Z 2: 359–362
Gordon M, Berendes H, Kantor A (1966). Reproductive wastage in bronchial asthma. Compilation of papers presented at the meeting of the Collaborative Study, part 3. H.E.W., Washington, pp 1281–137
Gorsuch RL, Key MK (1974) Abnormalities of pregnancy as a function of anxiety and life stress. Psychosom Med 36: 352–362
Graffar M, Corbier J (1966) Contribution a l’etude de l’influence des conditions socio-economiques sur la croissance et le developpement de l’enfant. Courrier 16: 1–25
Graham FK, Ernhart CB, Thurston DL, Craft M (1962) Development three years after perinatal anoxia and other potentially damaging experiences. Psychol Monogr: 76
Greene WA, Miller G (1958) Psychological factors and reticuloendothelial disease — IV. Observations on a group of children and adolescents with leukemia: an interpretation of disease development in terms of the mother-child unit. Psychosom Med 20: 124–144
Gregg N (1941) Congenital cataract following German measles in the mother. Trans Ophthalmol Soc Aust 3: 35–46
Gunberg DL (1957) Some effects of exogenous hydrocortisone on pregnancy in the rat. Anat Rec 129: 133–153
Hamburgh M, Mendoza LA, Rader M, Lang A, Silverstein H, Hoffman K (1974) Malformations induced in offspring of crowded and parabiotically stressed mice. Teratology 10: 31–37
Hartel A, Hartel G (1960) Experimental study of teratogenic effect of emotional stress in rats. Science 132: 1483–1484
Hatch AM, Wiberg GS, Balazs T, Grice HC (1963) Long-term isolation stress in rats. Science 142: 507
Herriot A, Billewicz WZ, Hytten FE (1962) Cigarette smoking in pregnancy. Lancet 1: 771–773
Hockman CH (1961) Prenatal maternal stress in the rat: its effects on emotional behaviour in the offspring. J Comp Physiol Psychol 54: 679–684
Hudson DB, Timiras PS (1972) Nicotine injection during gestation: impairment of reproduction, fetal viability, and development. Biol Reprod 7: 247–253
Hudson DB, Meisami E, Timiras PS (1973) Brain development in offspring of rats treated with nicotine during pregnancy. Separatum Experientia 29: 286–288
Hook K (1975) The unwanted child — effects on mothers and children of refused applications for abortion. In: Levi L (ed) Society, stress and disease, vol 2. Oxford University Press, London.
Illsley R (1969) Social aspects of perinatal mortality. In: Seminar on the prevention of perinatal morbidity and mortality. EURO 0410 /14. WHO, Copenhagen
Ingalls, TH (1947) Pathogenesis of mongolism. Am J Dis Child 73: 279–292
Ingalls TH (1956) Causes and prevention of developmental defects. JAMA 161: 1047–1051
Ingalls TH, Ingenito EF, Curley FJ (1963) Acquired chromosomal anomalies induced in mice by injection of a teratogen in pregnancy. Science 141: 810–812
Ingalls, TH, Curley FJ, Prindle, RA (1950) Anoxia as a cause of fetal death and congenital defect in the mouse. Am J Dis Child 80: 34–45
James WH (1969) The effect of maternal psychological stress on the foetus. Br J Psychiat 115: 811–825.
Joffe JM (1969) Prenatal determinants of behavior. Pergamon, Oxford
Kalter H, Warkany J (1959) Experimental production of congenital malformation in mammals by metabolic procedures. Physiol Rev 39: 69–115.
Kandall SR, Albin S, Gartner LM, Lee K, Eidelman A, Lowinson J (1977) The narcotic dependent mother: fetal and neonatal consequences. Early Hum Dev 1: 159–169.
Kass EH, Zinner SH (1973) Bacteriuria and pyelonephritis in pregnancy. In: Charles D, Finland M (eds) Perinatal infectiqns. Lea and Febinger, Philadelphia
Kawi AA, Pasamanick B (1958) Association of factors of pregnancy with reading disorders in childhood. J Am Med Assoc 166: 1420–1423.
Kawi AA, Pasamanick B (1959) Prenatal and paranatal factors in the development of childhood reading disorders. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev, vol 24
Keeley K (1962) Prenatal influence on behavior of offspring of crowded mice. Science 135: 44–45.
Kincaid-Smith P, Bullen M (1965) Bacteriuria in pregnancy. Lancet I: 395–399.
Klebanov D (1948) Hunger und psychische Erregungen als Ovar- und Keimschadigungen. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 7–8: 812
Klemetti A (1977) Definition of congenital malformations and detection of associations with maternal factors. Early/Hum Dev 1, 2: 117–123
Lane EA, Hyde TS (1973) Effect of maternal stress on fertility and sex ratio: a pilot study with rats. J Abnorm Psychol 82: 78–80
Leek I (1963) Incidence of malformations following influenza epidemics. Br J Prev Soc Med 17: 70–80
Levine S (1975) Psychosocial factors in growth and development. In: Levi L (ed) Society, stress and disease. Oxford University Press, New York
Lewis M, Bartels B, Campbell H, Goldberg S (1967) Individual differences in attention: the relation between infants’ condition at birth and attention distribution within the first year. Am J Dis Child 113: 461–465
Lieberman, MW (1963) Early developmental stress and later behaviour. Science 141: 824–825.
Lilienfeld AM, Parkhurst E (1951) A study of the association of factors of pregnancy and parturition with the development of cerebral palsy. Am J Hyg 53: 262–282.
Lilienfeld AM, Pasamanick B (1956) The association of maternal and fetal factors with the development of mental deficiency. II. Relationship to maternal age, birth order, previous reproductive loss and degree of mental deficiency. J Ment Defic 60: 557–569
Little WJ (1861) On the influence of abnormal parturition, difficult labours, premature birth, asphyxia neonatorum on the mental and physical conditions of the child, especially in relation to deformities. Trans Obset Soc London 3: 293–344
Lowe CR (1972) Congenital malformations and the problem of their control. Br Med J 2: 515–520
McDonald AD (1958) Maternal Health and Congenital Defects. N Engl J Med 258: 767–773
Meier GW (1954) Delayed effects of natal anoxemia on behaviour. Paper to U.S. Midwest. Psychol. Ass., May, 1954 (Cited by Thompson and Santog 1956)
Meier GW, Bunch ME, Nolan CY, Scheidler CH (1960) Anoxia behavioural development, and learning ability: a comparative experimental approach. Psychol 74
Montagu A (1962) Prenatal influences. Thomas, Springfield
Mutch LM, Moar VA, Ounsted MK, Redman CWG ( 1977 a) Hypertension during pregnancy with and without specific treatment. I. Perinatal factors and neonatal morbidity. Early Hum Dev 1: 47–57
Mutch LMM, Moar VA, Ounsted MK, Redman CWG (1977b) Hypertension during pregnancy with and without specific hypotensive treatment. II. The growth and development of the infant in the first year of life. Early Hum Dev 1: 59–67
Naeye RL, Harkness WL, Utts J (1977) Abruptio placenta and perinatal death: a prospective study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 128: 740–746
Newton, RW, Webster PAC, Binn PS, Maskrey N, Phillips AB (1979) Psychosocial stress in pregnancy and its relation to the onset of premature labour. Br Med J 2: 411–413
Nelson KB, Broman SH (1977) Perinatal risk factors in children with serious motor and mental handicaps. Ann Neurol 2: 371–377
Niswander KR, Gordon M (1972) Women and their pregnancies: the collaborative perinatal study of the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke. Saunders, Philadelphia
Niswander KR, Friedman AE, Hoover DB, Pietrowski H, Westphal M (1966a) Fetal morbidity following potentially anoxigenic obstetric conditions. Abruptio placentae. Am J Obstet Gynecol 95: 838–845
Niswander KR, Westphal M, Berendes H (1966 b) Organic heart disease in pregnancy. In: Compilation of papers presented at the meeting of Collaborative Study, part I. H.E.W., Washington, pp 115–127
O’Neill D (1959) Stress and the female rat. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Emp 66: 762–765
Panum PL (1869) Bidrag til kundskab om misdannelserves oprindelse Nord Med Arch 1: 1–26
Pasamanick B, Kawi A (1956) A study of the association of prenatal and paranatal factors with the development of tics in children. J Pediat 48: 596–601
Pasamanick KB, Knobloch H (1958) Seasonal variation in complications of pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 12: 110–112
Pasamanick B, Lilienfeld AM (1955) Maternal and fetal factors in the development of epilepsy. Neurology 5: 77–83
Pasamanick B, Constantinou FK, Lilienfeld AM (1956a) Pregnancy experience and the development of childhood speech disorders. Am J Dis Child 91: 113–118
Pasamanick B, Knobloch H, Lilienfeld H (1956b) Socioeconomic status and some precursors of neuropsychiatric disorders. Am J Orthopsychiatry 26: 594–601
Pasamanick B, Rogers ME, Lilienfeld AM (1956c) Pregnancy experience and the development of behavior disorder in children. Am J Psychiatry 112: 613–618
Petropoulous EA, Dalai KB, Timiras PS (1972) Effects of high altitude on myelinogenesis in brain of the developing rat. Am J Physiol 223: 951–957
Petropoulous EA, Timiras PS (1974) Effects of hypoxic environment on prenatal development: recent evidence versus earlier dogma. In: Vernadakis A, Weiner N (eds) Drugs and the developing brain. Plenum, New York
Plum P (1957) Etiology of congenital athetosis. Ann Paediatr Fenn, 3: 589–601
Pokoly, TB (1973) The role of Cortisol in human parturition. Am J Obstet Gynecol 117: 549–553
Pollack M, Woerner MG (1966) Pre- and perinatal complications and ‘childhood schizophrenia’: a comparison of five controlled studies. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 7: 235–242
Porter RH, Wehmer F (1969) Maternal and infantile influences upon exploratory behavior and emotional reactivity in the albino rat. Dev Psychobiol 2: 19–25
Pugh RJ, Newton RW, Piercy DM (1979) Fatal bleeding from gastric ulceration during the first day of life — possible association with social stress. Arch Dis Child 54: 146–148
Rahimtulla KA (1961) Hydramnios in relation to foetal mortality. Arch Dis Child 36: 418–419
Rantakallio P (1978) The effect of maternal smoking on birth weight and subsequent health of the child. Early Hum Dev 2: 371–382
Record, RG (1958) Environmental influences in the aetiology of congenital malformations.
Proc Roy Soc Med 51: 147–152 Redshaw ME, Rosenblatt DB (1980) The ‘difficult’ infant: relationships between newborn irritability, feeding and sleeping disturbance, and behaviour problems. Paper to First World Congress on Infant Psychiatry, April, 1980. Lisbon
Reider RO, Broman SH, Rosenthal D (1977) The offspring of schizophrenics. II. Perinatal factors and I.Q. Arch Gen Psychiatry 34: 789–799
Revill SI, Dodge JA (1978) Psychological determinants of infantile pyloric stenosis. Arch Dis Child 53: 66–68
Roberts CJ, Lowe CR (1975) Where have all the conceptions gone? Lancet i: 498–499
Roman E, Doyle P, Beral V, Alberman E, Pharoah P (1978) Fetal loss, gravidity and pregnancy order. Early Hum Dev 2: 131–138
Rosenfeld GB, Bradley C (1948) Childhood behaviour sequelae of asphyxia in infancy. 2: 74–84
Rundle A, Coppen A, Cowie V (1961) Steroid excretion in mothers of mongols. Lancet 11: 846–848
Sackett, GP, Fahrenbruch CE, Ruppenthal GC (1979a) Development of basic physiological parameters and sleep-wakefulness patterns in normal and at-risk neonatal pigtail macaques. In: Ruppenthal GC, Reese DA (eds) Nursery care of non-human primates. Plenum, New York
Sackett GP, Holm RA, Fahrenbruch CD (1979b) Ponderal growth in colony and nursery reared pigtail macaques. In: Ruppenthal GC, Reese DA (eds) Nursery care of non-human primates. Plenum, New York
Scott EM, Thomson AM (1956) A psychological investigation of primigravidae. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Emp 63: 502–508
Scott EM, Thomson AM (1956) A psychological investigation of primigravidae. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Emp 63: 331–337
Selye H (1936) A syndrome produced by diverse noxious agents. Nature 138: 32 Selye H ( 1975 ) Stress in health and disease. Butterworths, Boston
Shabanah EH, Tricomi V, Suarez JR (1971) Stress and its influence on gestation. Obstet Gynecol 37: 574–579
Sheridan MD (1964) Final report of a prospective study of children whose mothers had rubella in early pregnancy. Br Med J 11: 536–539
Simpson WJ (1957) A preliminary report on cigarette smoking and the incidence of prematurity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 73: 808–815
Singh KB (1972) Effects of sound on the female reproductive system. Am J Obstet Gynecol 112: 981–991
Sobin S (1954) Experimental creation of cardiac defects. Congenital heart disease. 14th M and R report of the Pediatric Research Conference, Ohio
Soiva K, Gronrods M, Rinne UK, Naatanen E (1959) The effect of psychic and painful stimuli on the reproductive organs of the female rat. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 38, suppl 4: 1–22
Spence J, Walton WS, Miller FJW, Court SDM (1954) A thousand families in Newcastle upon Tyne Oxford University Press, London
Stevenson SS (1948) Paranatal factors affecting adjustment in childhood. Pediatrics 2: 154–162
Stewart AM (1955) A note on the obstetric effects of work during pregnancy. Br J Prev Soc Med 9: 159–161
Stott DH (1957) Physical and mental handicaps following a disturbed pregnancy. Lancet: 1006–1012
Stott DH (1961) Mongolism related to emotional shock in early pregnancy. Vita Humana 4: 57–76.
Stott DH (1962a) Cultural and natural checks on population growth. In: Montagu MFA (ed) Culture and the evolution of man. Oxford University Press, New York
Stott, DH (1962b) Evidence for a congenital factor in maladjustment and delinquency. Am J Psychiatry 118: 781–794
Stott DH (1967) Systematic interview guides. University of London Press, London
Stott, DH (1973) Follow-up study from birth of the effects of prenatal stresses. Dev Med Child Neurol 15: 770–787
Stott DH, Latchford SA (1976) Prenatal antecedents of child health, development and behaviour. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 15: 161–191
Strean LP, Peer LS (1956) Stress as an etiologic factor in the development of cleft palate. Plast Reconstr Surg 18: 1–8
Teschner E, Herrmann K (1981) Zur Taylorisierung technischer-geistiger Arbeit: Empirische Befunde und theoretische Überlegungen. Leviathan [Suppl] 4: 118–135
Thompson WR (1957) Influence of prenatal maternal anxiety on emotionality in young rats. Science 125: 698–699
Thompson WR, Goldenberg L (1962) Some physiological effects of maternal adrenalin injection during pregnancy in rat offspring. Psychol Rep 10: 759–774
Thompson WR, Ohan S (1971) Some effects on offspring behaviour of maternal adrenalin injections during preganncy in three inbred mouse strains. Psychol Rep 8: 87–102
Thompson WD, Sontag LW (1956) Behavioural effects in the offspring of rats subjected to audiogenic seizure during the gestational period. J Comp Physiol Psychol 49: 454–456
Torrey EF, Hersh SP, McCabe KD (1975) Early childhood psychosis and bleeding during pregnancy. J Autism Child Schizophr 5: 287–297
Volpert W (1975) Die Lohnarbeitswissenschaft und die Psychologie der Arbeitstatigkeit. In: Groskurth P, Volpert W (eds) Lohnarbeitspsychologie. Berufliche Sozialisation: Emanzipation zur Anpassung. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main, pp 11–96
Turnbull EP, Walker J (1956) Outcome of pregnancy complicated by threatened abortion. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Emp 63: 553–559
Turner EK (1956) The syndrome in the infant resulting from maternal emotional tension during pregnancy. Med J Aust 1: 221–222
Ucko LE (1965) A comparative study of asphyxiated and nonasphyxiated boys from birth to five years. Dev Med Child Neurol 7: 643–657
Vierck CT, Meier GW (1963) Effects of prenatal hypoxia upon locomotor activity of the mouse. Exp Neurol 7: 418–425
Vierck CJ, King FA, Ferm VA (1966) Effects of prenatal hypoxia upon activity and emotionality of the rat. Psychom Sci 4: 87–88
Warkany J, Nelson RC (1942) Skeletal abnormalities induced in rats by maternal nutritional deficiency. Arch Pathol 34: 374–384
Windle WF (1963) Neuropathology of certain forms of mental retardation. Science 140: 1186–1189
Wortis H, Freeman AM (1962) Maternal stress and premature delivery. Bull WHO 26: 285
Yamazaki JN (1966) A review of the literature on the radiation dosage required to cause manifest central nervous system disturbances from in-utero and postnatal exposure. Pediatrics 36: 877–903
Zachau-Christiansen B (1972) The influence of prenatal and perinatal factors on development during the first year of life with special reference to the development of signs of cerebral dysfunction. Paul Andersens, Helsingor
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1987 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Cullen, J.H., Connolly, J.A. (1987). The Effects of Some Physical and Psychosocial Prenatal Stressors on Early Development. In: Lolas, F., Mayer, H. (eds) Perspectives on Stress and Stress-Related Topics. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69057-0_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69057-0_6
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-12371-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-69057-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive