Skip to main content

The Effect of Soil Nutrient Availability on Community Structure in African Ecosystems

  • Conference paper
Ecology of Tropical Savannas

Part of the book series: Ecological Studies ((ECOLSTUD,volume 42))

Abstract

To me, one of the most striking features of African ecology is the contrast in community structure between the savannas of East Africa, with their open, fine-leaved woodland, short- to medium-length grasslands, and high densities of generally small herbivores, and those of central Africa, with their closed canopy broad-leaved woodlands, medium to tall grasslands, and low densities of herbivores dominated by elephant and buffalo. This contrast is epitomized by the abrupt transition in north central Tanzania from the grasslands of the Serengeti region to the Brachystegia woodlands of western Tanzania. This paper has grown out of an attempt to account for this contrast.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abel N O J 1973. The distribution of the larger mammals in the Luangwa alluvial zone. In: Luangwa conservation and development project, Zambia. Game management and habitat manipulation, Part III. FAQ/UNDP, Rome. Atlas jeune Afrique 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell R H V 1969. The use of the herb layer by grazing ungulates in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. PhD Thesis. University of Manchester.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell R H V 1971. A grazing ecosystem in the Serengeti. Scientific American 224, 86–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bell R H Y 1973. An African grazing system and its exploitation. Occasional paper of the Animal Production Society of Kenya. 31 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Billing D W and M S McCullagh 1977. Computer printed soil fertility maps - an aid to land evaluation and soil management in Malawi. Unpublished report to the Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Malawi. Cyclostyled report. 16 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourne D 1976. Ecological implications of the eradication of tsetse fly in Ethiopia. Report to the Ministry of Overseas Development, London. 14 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bredon RM, KW Harker and B Marshall 1963. The nutritive value of grasses grown in Uganda, when fed to Zebu cattle. In: The relation between crude fibre and nitrogen free extract and other nutrients. Journal of Agricultural Science 61, 105–108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bredon R H and C R Horrell 1963. Management studies with Pani cum maximum in Uganda. The effect of cutting interval and nitrogen fertilizer on chemical composition and nutritive value. Empire Journal of Experimental Agriculture 31, 343–350.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carte geologi que du Zaire 1974. Notice explicative. Departement des Mines, Kinshasa, Zaire. 67 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caughley G 1973. Game management. In: Luangwa conservation and development project, Zambia. Game management and habitat manipulation, Part II. FAQ/UNDP, Rome.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caughley G 1975. The elephant problem, an alternative hypothesis. East African Wildlife Journal 14, 265–283.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caughley G 1976. Plant-herbivore systems. In: May R (ed) Theoretical ecology. Blackwell, Oxford, pp 94–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caughley G, R Sinclair and D Scott-Kinnis 1976. Experiments in aerial survey. Journal of the South African Wildlife Management Association 40, 290–300.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark J D 1967. Atlas of African prehistory. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coe M J, DM Cumming and J Phillipson 1976. Biomass and production of large African herbivores in relation to rainfall and primary production. Oecologia 22, 341–354.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cox K 1975. Minerals and rocks. In: Gass I G, Smith P J and R C L Wilson (eds) Understanding the Earth. Published for the Open University Press by Artemis Press, Sussex, pp 13–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Douglas-Hamilton J 1977. WWF/IUCN elephant survey and conservation programme. WWF/IUCN Newsletter No 2.

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO 1975. Production yearbook (for 1974 ). FAO, Rome.

    Google Scholar 

  • Field C R 1970. A study of the feeding habits of the hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius Linn) in the Queen Elizabeth Park, Uganda with some management implications. Zoologica Africana 5, 71–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ford J 1971. The role of trypanosomiases in African ecology. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freeland and D H Janzen 1974. Strategies in herbivory by mammals: the role of plant secondary compounds. American Naturalist 108, 269–289.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • French M H 1957. Nutritional value of tropical grasses and fodders. Herbage Abstracts 27, 1–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gaillard GEE 1962. The relationship between the cell wall constituents of roughages and the digestibility of the organic matter. Journal of Agricultural Science 59, 369–374.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gilluly J, A C Waters and A G Woodford 1968. Principles of geology, 3rd edn. W H Freeman and Co, San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham A D 1977. Preliminary report on the ecology of the Okavango Delta, Botswana. FAO/UNDP, Rome.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grimsdell J J R and R H V Bell 1974. The ecology of the black lechwe in the Bangweulu Basin of Zambia. Animal Productivity Research Report No 1. National Council for Scientific Research, Lusaka, Zambia, pp 1–175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall-Martin 1972. Aspects of the plant ecology of the Lengwe National Park, Malawi. MSc Thesis. University of Pretoria.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holmes A 1965. Principles of physical geology, 2nd edn. The Ronald Press Co, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • International tectonic map of Africa. 1968. Published by the Association of African Geological Surveys and UNESCO. Bureau de Cartographie Geologique Internationale, Universite de Paris-Sud, France.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janzen D H 1974. Tropical blackwater rivers, animals and mast fruiting by the Dipterocarpaceae. Biotropica 6, 69–103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jewiss O R 1966. Morphological and physiological aspects of growth of grasses during the vegetative phase. In: Milthorpe F L and J D Ivins (eds) The growth of cereals and grasses. Butterworth, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kruuk, H 1972. The spotted hyena. Chicago University Press, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laws R M 1968. Interactions between elephant and hippopotamus populations and their environments. East African Agricultural Journal 33 (Special Issue), 140–147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laws R M, I S C Parker and R C B Johnstone 1975. Elephants and their habitats: the ecology of elephants in north Bunyoro, Uganda. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawton R M 1978. A study of the dynamic ecology of Zambian vegetation. Journal of Ecology 66, 175–198.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Longhurst W N, H K Oh, M B Jones and R E Kepner 1968. A basis for the palatability of deer forage plants. Transactions of the 33rd North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference, 1–192.

    Google Scholar 

  • McConnell R B 1972. The geological development of the Rift System of eastern Africa. Geological Society of America Bulletin 83, 2549–2572.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McConnell R B 1974. The evolution of taphrogenic lineaments in continental platforms. Geologische Rundschau 63, 389–430.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McKey D, P G Waterman, C N Mbi, J T Gartlan and T T Struhsaker 1978. Phenolic content of vegetation in two African rainforests: ecological implications. Science 202 (4363), 61–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • McNaughton S J 1979. Grazing as an optimisation process: grass-ungulate relationships in the Serengeti. American Naturalist 113, 691–703.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milthorpe F L and J L Davidson 1966. Physiological aspects of regrowth in grasses. In: Milthorpe F L and J D Ivins (eds) The growth of cereals and grasses. Butterworth, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • National atlas of Kenya. 1970. Government Printer, Nairobi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Owen-Smith R N in press. The white rhinoceros: The ecology and behaviour of a megaherbivore. Garland Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillipson J 1976. Wildlife: a clue to balancing the environmental budget of Kenya. Unpublished manuscript. 14 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Russell E W 1962. Soil conditions and plant growth, 9th edn. Longmans and Green, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodgers W A 1974. The lion (Panthera leo Linn). Population of the eastern Selous Game Reserve. East African Wildlife Journal 12, 313–317.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaller G B 1972. The Serengeti lion. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinclair ARE 1976. The African buffalo. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smuts G L 1978. Interrelations between predators, prey and their environments. Bioscience 28, 316–320.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trapnell C G 1959. Ecological results of woodland burning experiments in Northern Rhodesia. Journal of Ecology 47, 129–168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vesey-Fitzgerald D F 1960. Grazing succession among East African game animals. Journal of Mammalogy 41, 161–172.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson R M 1972. Results of aerial livestock surveys of Kaputei Division, Samburu District and North-Eastern Province. Statistics Division of the Ministry of Finance and Planning, Republic of Kenya. Ill pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson R M and C I Tippett 1977. The Sudan National Livestock Inventory Project. Report to the Ministry of Agriculture, Republic of Sudan.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1982 Springer-Verlag Berlin · Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

Bell, R.H.V. (1982). The Effect of Soil Nutrient Availability on Community Structure in African Ecosystems. In: Huntley, B.J., Walker, B.H. (eds) Ecology of Tropical Savannas. Ecological Studies, vol 42. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-68786-0_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-68786-0_10

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-68788-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-68786-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics