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The Role of Cyclic Nucleotides in the Thyroid Gland

  • Chapter
Cyclic Nucleotides

Part of the book series: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology ((HEP,volume 58 / 2))

  • 57 Accesses

Abstract

In this review we have analyzed the available evidence concerning the action of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and the role cyclic AMP plays in mediating the intracellular effects of this hormone. The binding of TSH to thyroid plasma membranes, the coupling of binding to activation of adenylate cyclase and the role of gangliosides and phospholipids in these processes have been briefly reviewed. The stimulation of adenylate cyclase and cyclic AMP formation by TSH and the different regulatory mechanisms involved have been discussed in some detail. TSH rapidly activates protein kinase and maximal activation of the enzyme is achieved prior to maximal elevations of cyclic AMP. Protein kinase activities can be isolated from thyroid cytosol and membranes and some work has been undertaken to identify some of the substrates that are phosphorylated. TSH stimulates morphological and biochemical changes in the thyroid of which most can be mimicked by cyclic AMP or dibutyryl cyclic AMP. However, some processes, for example 32PO4 incorporation into phospholipids, are independent of cyclic AMP and as yet no second messenger has been implicated in colloid exocytosis. Various control mechanisms have been elucidated in TSH stimulation of cyclic AMP of which some may be of physiological importance. Iodide and thyroid hormones have been postulated to exert a negative feedback on TSH-stimulated cyclic AMP formation and adrenergic agents through the α-adrenergic receptor can also inhibit TSH stimulation. Cholinergic agents may also play some inhibitory role but the exact nature of this action is not clear. Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins can raise thyroidal cyclic AMP levels but there are important differences in their mode of action compared to TSH. Adrenergic agents can also increase cyclic AMP levels by activation of β-receptors, and separate receptors have also been found for cholera toxin and prostaglandins. The way in which the action of TSH is controlled or terminated may be linked with the phenomenon of desensitization. For example, prior exposure of thyroid tissue to TSH results in refractoriness to further stimulation of the hormone via the adenylate cyclase-cyclic AMP system. Various loci have been implicated for this process. Lastly, the TSH stimulation and cyclic AMP levels in various thyroid diseases are examined and possible causes for the alterations are discussed.

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Authors
  1. S. D. Holmes
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  2. J. B. Field
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  1. Biochemical Neuropharmacology Unit, National Institutes of Health, Room 5c 108/Bldg. 10, Bethesda, MD, 20205, USA

    John W. Kebabian

  2. Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, Departments of Neurology and Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA

    James A. Nathanson

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Holmes, S.D., Field, J.B. (1982). The Role of Cyclic Nucleotides in the Thyroid Gland. In: Kebabian, J.W., Nathanson, J.A. (eds) Cyclic Nucleotides. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 58 / 2. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-68393-0_13

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