Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Industrial and Environmental Xenobiotics pp 17–36Cite as

Biliary Excretion of Metals

  • Conference paper

Part of the Proceedings in Life Sciences book series (LIFE SCIENCES)

Abstract

The main biochemical and physiological function traditionally attributed to bile is its role in fat digestion. Its excretory role has been of course recognized, but no greater importance has been ascribed to it than the elimination of few compounds of physiological interest. The excretory function of bile is, however, much wider. Many compounds arising from intermediary metabolism and variety of xenobiotics are excreted via bile (Smith 1973). A major reason why our knowledge of the biliary system had progressed so slowly was probably its relative inaccessibility. During the last decade, however, considerable information has been obtained on the biliary excretion of xenobiotics, and within the last few years some information on the biliary excretion of metals as well. A comprehensive summary of experimental data concerning the biliary excretion of xenobiotics has been reported by Smith (1973) and an excellent review on the biliary excretion of metals by Klaassen (1976). The main purpose of the present review is to summarize up-to-date information concerning biliary excretion of metals and to sketch at least broad outlines of the possible mechanisms involved in these processes.

Keywords

  • Biliary Excretion
  • Enterohepatic Circulation
  • Thioctic Acid
  • Acta Pharmacol Toxicol
  • Methyl Mercuric Chloride

These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Alexander J, Norseth T (1979) The effect of selenium on the biliary excretion and organ distribution of mercury in the rat after exposure to methyl mercuric chloride. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 44: 168–176

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brauer RW (1959) Mechanisms of bile secretion. J Am Med Assoc 169: 1462–1466

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cherian MG (1980) Biliary excretion of cadmium in rat. IV. Mobilization of cadmium from metallothionein by 2,3-dimercaptopropanol. J Toxicol Environ Health 6: 393–401

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cherian MG, Vostal JJ (1977) Biliary excretion of cadmium in rat. I. Dose-dependent biliary excretion and the form of cadmium in the bile. J Toxicol Environ Health 2: 945–954

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cikrt M (1972) Biliary excretion of 2 0 3 Hg,6 4 Cu, 5 2 Mn and 2 1 0 Pb in the rat. Br J Ind Med 29: 74–80

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cikrt M (1973) Enterohepatic circulation of 6 4 Cu, 5 2 Mn and 2 0 3 Hg in rats. Arch Toxikol 31: 51–59

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cikrt M (1978) The influence of Unithiol and Spironolactone on the biliary excretion of 2 0 3 Hg in rat. Arch Toxicol 39: 219–223

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cikrt M unpublished results

    Google Scholar 

  • Cikrt M, Bencko V (1974) Fate of arsenic after parenteral administration to rats, with particular reference to excretion via bile. J Hyg Epidemiol 18: 129–136

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cikrt M, Bencko V (1975) Biliary excretion of 7 Be and its distribution after intravenous administration of 7 BeCl2 in rats. Arch Toxicol 34: 53–60

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cikrt M, Bencko V (1979) Biliary excretion and distribution of 5 1 Cr(III) and 5 1 Cr(VI) in rats. J Hyg Epidemiol 23: 241–246

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cikrt M, Havrdová J (1979) Effects of dosage and cadmium pretreatment on the binding of cadmium in rat bile. Experientia 35: 1640–1641

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cikrt M, Lenger V (1980) Distribution and excretion of 2 0 3 Hg2+ in rats after Unitiol, Spironolactone and poly thiol resin treatment. Toxicol Lett 5: 51–54

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cikrt M, Tichý M (1972) Polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis of rat bile after intravenous administration of 5 2 MnCl2,6 4 CuCl2, 2 0 3 HgCl2, and 2 1 0Pb(NO3)2. Experientia 28: 383–384

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cikrt M, Tichý M (1974a) Biliary excretion of phenyl- and methyl mercury chlorides and their enterohepatic circulation in rats. Environ Res 8: 71–81

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cikrt M, Tichý M (1974b) Excretion of cadmium through bile and intestinal wall in rats. Br J Ind Med 31: 134–139

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cikrt M, Tichý M (1980) The effect of different chelating agents on the biliary excretion of mercury in rats. I. The kinetic of excretion and distribution in the body. J Hyg Epidemiol 24: 346–355

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cikrt M, Tichý M (1981) Biliary excretion of 5 8 Co in rats, (prepared for publication)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cikrt M, Havrdova J, Tichy M (1974) Changes in the binding of copper and zinc in the rat bile during 24 hours after application. Arch Toxicol 32: 321–329

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cikrt M, Tichý M, Beneš M, Štarnberg J, Peška J (1975a) The influence of sorbents with thiol groups upon resorption and excretion of mercury and its organic compounds in rats. Pracov Lek 27: 197–201 (in Czech)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cikrt M, Tichý M, Holuša R (1975b) Biliary excretion of 6 4 Cu,6 5 Zn and 2 0 3 Hg in the rat with liver injury induced by CCl4. Arch Toxicol 34: 227–236

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cikrt M, Tichý M, Ivanova AS, Fedorova VI (1978) The influence of Unitiol on the biliary excretion of mercury in rats. Gig Tr Prof Zabol 11: 42–45 (in Russian)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cikrt M, Poňka P, Nečas E, Neuwirt J (1980a) Biliary iron excretion in rats following pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone. Br J Haematol 45: 275–283

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cikrt M, Bencko V, Tichý M, Beneš B (1980b) Biliary excretion and distribution of 7 4 As after intravenous administration of 7 4 As(III) and 7 4 AS(V) in golden hamsters. J Hyg Epidemiol 24: 384–386

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farrer PA, Mistiiis SP (1968) Copper metabolism in the rat. Studies of the biliary excretion and intestinal absorption of Cu6 4-labelled copper. In: Wilson’s disease. Birth defects: Original article series, vol IV, no 2. National Foundation, March of Dimes, New York, p 14

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaballah SS, Abood LG, Caleel GT, Kapsalis A (1965) Uptake and biliary excretion of Cu6 4 in rabbits in relation to blood ceruloplasmin. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 120: 733–735

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haddow JE, Lester R (1976) Biliary copper excretion in the rat is enhanced by Spironolactone. Drug Metab Dispos 4: 499–503

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haddow JE, Fish CA, Marshall PC, Lester R (1972) Biliary excretion of mercury enhanced by Spironolactone. Gastroenterology 63: 1053–1058

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Havrdová J, Cikrt M, Tichý M (1974) Binding of cadmium and mercury in the rat bile: studies using gel filtration. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 34: 246–253

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Hiles RA (1974) Absorption, distribution and excretion of inorganic tin in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 27: 366–379

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kitani K, Morita Y, Kanai S (1977a) The effects of Spironolactone on the biliary excretion of mercury, cadmium, zinc and cerium in rats. Biochem Pharmacol 26: 279–282

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kitani K, Miura R, Kanai S, Morita Y (1977b) The effect of Spironolactone pretreatment on the biliary excretion and renal accumulation of inorganic mercury in the rat. Biochem Pharmacol 26: 1823–1824

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klaassen CD (1973) Effect of alteration in body temperature on the biliary excretion of copper. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 144: 8–12

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klaassen CD (1974a) Biliary excretion of manganese in rats, rabbits and dogs. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 29: 458–468

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klaassen CD (1974b) Biliary excretion of arsenic in rats, rabbits and dogs. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 29: 447–457

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klaassen CD (1975a) Biliary excretion of mercury compounds. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 33: 356–365

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klaassen CD (1975b) Effect of Spironolactone on the distribution of mercury. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 33: 366–375

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klaassen CD (1976) Biliary excretion of metals. Drug Metab Rev 5: 165–196

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klaassen CD (1979a) Effect of Spironolactone on the biliary excretion and distribution of metals. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 50: 41–48

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klaassen CD (1979b) Biliary excretion of silver in the rat, rabbit and dog. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 50: 49–55

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klaassen CD, Kotsonis FN (1977) Biliary excretion of cadmium in the rat, rabbit and dog. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 41: 101–112

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klaassen CD, Shoeman DW (1974) Biliary excretion of lead in rats, rabbits and dogs. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 29: 434–446

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kojima S, Kiyozumi M, Saito K (1976) Studies on poisonous metals. II. Effect of chelating agents on excretion of cadmium through bile and gastrointestinal mucosa in rats. Chem Pharm Bull 24: 16–21

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee ChCh, Wolterink LF (1955) Urinary excretion, tubular reabsorption and biliary excretion of cobalt-60 in dogs. Am J Physiol 183: 167–172

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lener J, Bibr B (1979) Biliary excretion and tissue distribution of penta- and hexavalent molybdenum in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 51: 259–263

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levander OA, Agrett LC (1969) Effects of arsenic, mercury, thalium and lead on selenium metabolism in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 14: 308–314

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levander OA, Baumann CA (1966) Selenium metabolism. VI. Effect of arsenic on the excretion of selenium in the bile. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 9: 106–115

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Magos L, MacGregor JT, Clarkson TW (1974) The effect of phenobarbital and sodium dehydrocholate on the biliary excretion of methylmercury in the rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 30: 1–6

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marcilese NA, Ammerman CB, Valsecchi RM, Dunavant BG, Davis GK (1969) Effect of dietary molybdenum and sulfate upon copper metabolism in sheep. J Nutr 99: 177–183

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mistilis SP, Farrer PA (1968) The absorption of biliary and non biliary radiocopper in the rat. Scand J Gastroenterol 3: 586–592

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nordberg GF, Robert K-H, Pannone M (1977) Pancreatic and biliary excretion of cadmium in the rat. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 41: 84–88

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Norseth T (1973a) Biliary excretion and intestinal reabsorption of mercury in the rat after injection of methyl mercuric chloride. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 33: 280–288

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Norseth T (1973b) The effect of chelating agents on biliary excretion of methyl mercuric salts in the rat. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 32: 1–10

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Norseth T (1974) The effect of diethyldithiocarbamate on biliary transport, excretion, and organ distribution of mercury in the rat after exposure to methyl mercuric chloride. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 34: 76–87

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Norseth T, Clarkson TW (1971) Intestinal transport of Hg2 0 3-labeled methyl mercury chloride. Role of biotransformation in rats. Arch Environ Health 22: 568–577

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Owen CA Jr (1964) Absorption and excretion of Cu6 4 -labeled copper by the rat. Am J Physiol 207: 1203–1206

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Owen CA Jr, Randall RV, Goldstein NP (1975) Effect of dietary D-penicillamine on metabolism of copper in the rat. Am J Physiol 228: 88–91

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schanker LS (1968) Secretion of organic compounds in bile. In: Code CF (ed) Handbook of physiology, section 6: Alimentary canal, vol 5. Am Physiol Soc, Washington, pp 2433–2449

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith RL (1973) The excretion function of bile. Halsted Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Søli NE, Rambaek JP (1978) Excretion of intravenously injected copper-64 in sheep. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 43: 205–210

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Stowe HD (1976) Biliary excretion of cadmium by rats: effect of zinc, cadmium and selenium pre-treatments. J Toxicol Environ Health 2: 45–53

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Terao T, Owen CA Jr (1973) Nature of copper compounds in liver supernate and bile of rats: studies with 6 7Cu. Am J Physiol 224: 682–686

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tichý M, Cikrt M, Havrdová J (1973) Manganese binding in rat bile. Arch Toxikol 30: 227–236

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tichý M, Havrdová J, Cikrt M (1975) Comments on the mechanism of excretion of mercury compounds via bile in rats. Arch Toxikol 33: 267–271

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Tichý M, Havrdová J, Cikrt M (1981) Binding of 5 8Co in rat bile, (prepared for publication)

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamaguchi M, Yamamoto T (1978) Effect of tin on cadmium content in the bile of rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 45: 611–616

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 100 42, Prague 10, Srobarova 48, Czechoslovakia

    M. Cikrt

Authors
  1. M. Cikrt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Šrobárova 48, 10042, Prague 10, Czechoslovakia

    Ivan Gut M.D., Ph.D. & Miroslav Cikrt M.D., Ph.D. & 

  2. Faculté des études supérieures, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succ. A, H3C3J7, Montréal, Québec, Canada

    Professor Gabriel L. Plaa Ph.D.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

Copyright information

© 1981 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

Cikrt, M. (1981). Biliary Excretion of Metals. In: Gut, I., Cikrt, M., Plaa, G.L. (eds) Industrial and Environmental Xenobiotics. Proceedings in Life Sciences. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-68195-0_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-68195-0_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-68197-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-68195-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

search

Navigation