Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology ((CT MICROBIOLOGY,volume 94/95))

Abstract

The electron microscopy of nucleic acid molecules has become a routine tool in the analysis of genome structure and function. This is primarily due to the availability of simple reliable methods for the visualization of single- and double-stranded DNA and RNA molecules, of RNA-DNA hybrids, and of nucleic acid-protein complexes. Most of these methods were developed by using viral genomes because these nucleic acid molecules were of considerable physical homogeneity and could be produced in abundant quantities

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Acheson NH (1978) Polyoma virus giant RNAs contain tandem repeats of the nucleotide sequence of the entire viral genome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 75:4754–4758

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Agol VI, Romanova LI, Čumakov IM, Dunaevskaya LD, Bogdanov AA (1972) Circularity and cross-linking in preparations of replicative form of encephalomyocarditis virus RNA. J Mol BioI 72:77–89

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aloni Y, Bratosin S, Dhar R, Laub O, Horowitz M, Khoury G (1977) Splicing of SV40 mRNAs: a novel mechanism for the regulation of gene expression in animal cells. Cold Spring Harbor Symp Quant Biol 42:559–570

    Google Scholar 

  • Amlacher E (1974) Autoradiographie in Histologie and Cytologie. Fischer, Stuttgart New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Ammann J, Delius H, Hofschneider PH (1964) Isolation and properties of an intact phage-specific replicative form of RNA phage M12. JMol Biol 10:557–561

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arcidiacono A, Stasiak A, Koller T (1980) Protein-free specimen preparation of nucleic acids and nucleic acid-protein complexes. In: Brederoo P, de Priester W (eds) Electron microscopy, vol 2. Leiden, Seventh European Congress on Electron Microscopy Foundation, pp 516–523

    Google Scholar 

  • Baserga R, Malamud D (1969)Autoradiography - techniques and applications. Harper &Row, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Porat T, Blankenship ML, DeMarchi IM, Kaplan AS (1977)Replication of herpes virus DNA. III. Rate of DNA elongation. J Virol 22:734–741

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bender W, Davidson N (1976) Mapping of poly(A) sequences in the electron microscope reveals unusual structure of type C oncornavirus RNA molecules. Cell 7:595–607

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bender W, Chien YH, Chattopadhyay S, Vogt PK, Gardner MB, Davidson N (1978a) Highmolecular- weightRNAs of AKR, NZB, and wild mouse viruses and avian reticuloendotheliosis virus all have similar dimer structures. J Virol 25:888–896

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bender W, Davidson N, Kindle KL, Taylor WC, Silverman M, Firtel RA (1978b)The structure of M6, a recombinant plasmid containing Dictyostelium DNA homologous to actin messenger RNA. Cell 15:779–788

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berget SM, Moore C, Sharp PA (1977)Spliced segments at the 5’ terminus of adenovirus 2 late mRNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 74:3171–3175

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berns AJM Lai MHT, Bosselman RA, McKennett MA, Bacheler LT, Fan H, Maandag ECR, van der Putten H, Verma IM (1980) Molecular cloning of unintegrated and a portion of integrated Moloney murine leukemia viral DNA in bacteriophage lambda. J Virol 36:254–263

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bits RF, Hall CE (1962) Electron microscopy of wound-tumor virus. Virology 17:123–130

    Google Scholar 

  • Black LW, Silverman DJ (1978) Model for DNA packaging into bacteriophageT4 heads. J Virol 28:643–655

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boone RF, Parr RP, Moss B (1979)Intermolecular duplexes formed from polyadenylated vaccinia virus RNA. J Virol 30:365–374

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bosselman RA, Verma IM (1980)Genome organization of retroviruses. V. In vitro-synthesized Moloney murine leukemia viral DNA has long terminal redundancy. J Virol 33:487–493

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bosselman RA, van Griensven LJLD, Vogt M, Verma IM (1979) Genome organization of retroviruses. VI. Heteroduplex analysis of ecotropic and xenotropic sequences of Moloney mink cell focus-inducing viral RNA obtained from either a cloned isolate or a thymoma cell line. J Virol 32:968–978

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Botchan P (1976) An electron microscopic comparison of transcription on linear and superhelical DNA. J Mol Biol 105:161–176

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brack C (1979) Electron microscopic analysis of transcription: mapping of initiation sites and direction of transcription. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 76:3164–3168

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brack C (1981) DNA electron microscopy. CRC Crit Rev Biochem 10:113–169

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bratosin S, Horowitz M, Laub O, Aloni Y (1978) Electron microscopic evidence for splicing ofSV40 late mRNAs. Cell 13:783–790

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bresler SE, Dadivanjan LP, Mosevitsky MI (1970) Electron microscopic autoradiography of recombinant DNA molecules of bacteriophage Tl. Biochim Biophys Acta 224:249–252

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Broker TR, Angerer LM, Yen PH, Hershey ND, Davidson N (1978) Electron microscopic visualization of tRNA genes with ferritin-avidin: biotin labels. Nucleic Acids Res 5:363–384

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caro LG (1962) High resolution autoradiography. II. The problem of resolution. J Cell Biol 15: 189–199

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caro LG, Schnos M (1965) Tritium and phosphorous-32 in high-resolution autoradiography. Science 149:60–62

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caro LG, van Tubergen RP (1962) High resolution autoradiography. I. Methods. J Cell Biol 15: 173–188

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Casey J, Davidson N (1977) Rates of formation and thermal stabilities ofRNA:DNA and DNA: DNA duplexes at high concentrations of formamide. Nucleic Acids Res 4:1539–1552

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chang HW, Garon CF, Chang EH, Lowy DR, Hager GL, Scolnick EM, Repaske R, Martin MA (1980) Molecular cloning of the Harvey sarcoma virus circularDNA intermediates. II. Further structural analyses. J Virol 33:845–855

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chattoraj DK, Inman RB (1974) Location of DNA ends in P2, 186,P4 and lambda bacteriophage heads. J Mol Biol 87:11–22.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chi YY, Bassel AR (1974)Electron microscopy of viral RNA: molecular weight determination of bacterial and animal virus RNAs. J Virol 13:1194–1199

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chi YY, Bassel AR (1975)Electron microscopy of viral RNA: avian tumor virus RNA. Virology 64:217–227

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chien YH, Verma IM, Shih TY, Scolnick EM, Davidson N (1978)Heteroduplex analysis of the sequence relations between the RNAs of mink cell focus-inducing and murine leukemia viruses. J Virol 28:352–360

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chien YH, Lai M, Shih TY, Verma IM, Scolnick EM, Roy-Burman P, Davidson N (1979a) Heteroduplex analysis of the sequence relationships between the genomes of Kirsten and Harvey sarcoma viruses, their respective parental murine leukemia viruses, and the rat endogenous 30S RNA. J Virol 31:752–760

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chien YH, Verma 1M, Duesberg PH, Davidson N (1979b)Heteroduplex analysis of the RNA of clone 3 Moloney murine sarcoma virus. J Virol 32:1028–1032

    Google Scholar 

  • Chow LT, Broker TR (1978) The spliced structures of adenovirus 2 fiber message and the other late mRNAs. Cell 15:497–510

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chow LT, Roberts JM, Lewis JB, Broker TR (1977a) A map of cytoplasmic RNA transcripts from lytic adenovirus type 2, determined by electron microscopy of RNA:DNA hybrids. Cell 11: 819–836

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chow LT, Gelinas RE, Broker TR, Roberts RJ (1977b)An amazing sequence arrangement at the 5’ ends of adenovirus 2 messenger RNA. Cell 12:1–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chow LT, Broker TR, Lewis JB (1979) Complex splicing patterns of RNAs from the early regions of adenovirus-2. J Mol Biol 134:265–303

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coetzee WF, Pretorius GHJ (1979)Factors which influence the electron microscopic appearance of DNA when benzyldimethylalkylammonium chloride is used. J Ultrastruct Res 67:33–39

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Čumakov IM, Lipskaya GY, Agol VI (1979) Comparative studies on the genomes of some picornaviruses: denaturation mapping of replicative from RNA and electron microscopy ofheteroduplex RNA. Virology 92:259–270

    Google Scholar 

  • Dahlberg JE, Obijeski JF, Korb J (1977)Electron microscopy of the segmented RNA genome of La Crosse virus: absence of circular molecules. J Virol 22:203–209

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dasgupta S, Inman RB (1980)Denaturation mapping. Methods Enzymol 65:429–436

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson N (1978) Basic protein film methods in the electron microscopy of nucleic acids. In: Sturgess JM (ed) Electron microscopy, vol 3. Microscopical Society of Canada, Toronto, pp 587–594

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis RW, Hyman RW(1970) Physical locations of the in vitro RNA initiation site and termination sites of T7M DNA. Cold Spring Harbor Symp Quant Biol 35:269–281

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davis RW, Hyman RW (1971) A study in evolution: the DNA base sequence homology between coliphages T7 and T3. J Mol Biol 62:287–301

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davis RW, Simon M, Davidson N (1971) Electron microscope heteroduplex methods for mapping regions of base sequence homology in nucleic acids. Methods Enzymol 21:413–428

    Google Scholar 

  • Dawid IB, Wellauer PK (1976) A reinvestigation of 5’→ 3’ polarity in 40S ribosomal RNAprecursor of Xenopus laevis. Cell 8:443–448

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Delius H, Mantell NJ, Alberts B (1972) Characterization by electron microscopy of the complex formed between T4 bacteriophage gene 32-protein and DNA. J Mol Biol 67:341–350

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Delius H, Westphal H, Axelrod N (1973)Length measurements of RNA synthesized in vitro by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. J Mol Biol 74:677–687

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Delius H, Duesberg PH, Mangel WF (1974)Electron microscope measurements of Rous sarcoma 236 Jiirg Meyer virus RNA. Cold Spring Harbor Symp Quant Biol 39:835–843

    Google Scholar 

  • Diener TO (1979) Viroids: structure and function. Science 205:859–866

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Donoghue DJ, Rothenberg E, Hopkins N, Baltimore D, Sharp PA (1978) Heteroduplex analysis of the nonhomology region between Moloney MuLV and the dual host range derivative HIX virus. Cell 14:959–970

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Donoghue DJ, Sharp PA, Weinberg RA (1979a)An MSV-specific subgenomic mRNA in MSVtransformed G8–124 cells. Cell 17:53–63

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Donoghue DJ, Sharp PA, Weinberg RA (1979b)Comparative study of different isolates of murine sarcoma virus. J Virol 32:1015–1027

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dube S, Kung HJ, Bender W, Davidson N, Ostertag W (1976) Size, subunit composition, and secondary structure of the Friend virus genome. J Virol 20:264–272

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dunnebacke TH, Kleinschmidt AK (1967)Ribonucleic acid from reovirus as seen in protein monolayers by electron microscopy. Z Naturforsch 22b:159–164

    Google Scholar 

  • Edlind TD, Bassel AR (1977) Secondary structure of RNA from bacteriophages fl, QB,and PP7. J Virol 24:135–141

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Engel A, Meyer J (1980) Preparation of unstained protein structures for mass determination by electron scattering. J Ultrastruct Res 72:212–222

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Epstein DA, Herman RC, Chien I, Lazzarini RA (1980) Defective interfering particle generated by internal deletion of the vesicular stomatitis virus genome. J Virol 33:818–829

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Evenson DP (1977) Electron microscopy of viral nucleic acids. Methods Virol 6:219–264

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson J, Davis RW (1978)Quantitative electron microscopy of nucleic acids. In: Koehler JK (ed) Advanced Techniques in Biological Electron Microscopy, vol II. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 123–171

    Google Scholar 

  • Fiers W (1979) Structure and function of RNA bacteriophages. Compr Virol 13:69–204

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fiers W, Contreras R, Duerinck F, Haegeman G, Iserentant D, Merregaert J, Min Jou W, Molemans F, Raeymaekers A, van den Berghe A, Volkaert G, Ysebaert M (1976) Complete nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage MS2 RNA: primary and secondary structure of the replicase gene. Nature 260:500–507

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer HA, Werner G (1971) Autoradiography. De Gruyter, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher HW, Williams RC (1979) Electron microscopic visualization of nucleic acids and of their complexes with proteins. Annu Rev Biochem 48:649–679

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fried HM, Fink GR (1978) Electron microscopic heteroduplex analysis of “killer” double-stranded RNA species from yeast. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 75:4224–4228

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Friedmann A, Coward JE, Harter DH, Lipset JS, Morgan C (1974) Electron microscopic studies of visna virus ribonucleic acid. J Gen Virol 25:93–104

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fujii-Kawata I, Miura KI, Fuke M (1970) Segments of genome of viruses containing double-stranded ribonucleic acid. J Mol Biol 51:247–253

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gianni AM, Hutton JR, Smotkin D, Weinberg RA (1976) Proviral DNA of Moloney leukemia virus: purification and visualization. Science 191:569–571

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glass J, Wertz GW (1980)Different base per unit length ratios exist in single-stranded RNA and single-stranded DNA. Nucleic Acids Res 8:5739–5751

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gomatos PJ, Stoeckenius W (1964) Electron microscope studies on reovirus RNA. Proc Nat! Acad Sci USA 52:1449–1455

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gonda MA, Rice NR, Gilden RV (1980) Avian reticuloendotheliosis virus: characterization of the high-molecular-weight viral RNA in transforming and helper virus populations. J Virol 34: 743–751

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Granboulan N, Franklin RM (1966)Electron microscopy of viral RNA, replicative form and replicative intermediate of the bacteriophage R17. J Mol Biol 22:173–177

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Granboulan N, Franklin RM (1968)Replication of bacteriophage ribonucleic acid: analysis of the ultrastructure of the replicative form and the replicative intermediate of bacteriophage R17. J Virol 2:129–148

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Granboulan N, Girard M (1969) Molecular weight of poliovirus ribonucleic acid. J Virol 4:475–479

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Griffith JD, Christiansen G (1978)Electron microscope visualization of chromatin and otherDNAprotein complexes. Annu Rev Biophys Bioeng 7:19–35

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gross HJ, Domdey H, Lossow C, Jank P, Raba M, Alberty H, Sanger HL (1978)Nucleotide sequence and secondary structure of potato spindle tuber Virold. Nature 273:203–208

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guntaka RV, Richards OC, Shank PR, Kung HJ, Davidson N, Fritsch E, Bishop lM, Varmus HE (1976) Covalently closed circular DNA of avian sarcoma virus: purification from nuclei of infected quail tumor cells and measurement by electron microscopy and gel electrophoresis. J Mol Biol 106:337–357

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hager GL, Chang EH, Chang HW, Garon CF, Israel MA, Martin MA, Scolnick EM, Lowy DR (1979) Molecular cloning of the Harvey sarcoma virus closed circular DNA intermediates: initial structural and biological characterization. J Virol 31:795–809

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herman RC, Adler S, Lazzarini RA, Colonno RJ, Banerjee AK, Westphal H (1978) Intervening polyadenylate sequences in RNA transcripts of vesicular stomatitis virus. Cell 15:587–596

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hewlett MJ, Pettersson RF, Baltimore D (1977) Circular forms of Uukuniemi virion RNA: an electron microscopic study. J Virol 21:1085–1093

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Highfield PE, Rafield LF, Gilmer TM, Parsons JT (1980) Molecular cloning of avian sarcoma virus closed circular DNA: structural and biological characterization of three recombinant clones. J Virol 36:271–279

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holmes DS, Cohn RH, Kedes LH, Davidson N (1977) Positions of sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus)histone genes relative to restriction endonuclease sites on the chimeric plasmids pSp2 and pSp17. Biochemistry 16:1504–1512

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hsu M-T, Ford J (1977a) A novel sequence arrangement ofSV40 late RNA. Cold Spring Harbor Symp Quant Biol 42:571–576

    Google Scholar 

  • Hsu M-T, Ford J (1977b) Sequence arrangement of the 5’ ends of simian virus 40 16S and 19S mRNAs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 74:4982–4985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hsu M-T, Kung HJ, Davidson N (1973) An electron microscope study of Sindbis virus RNA. Cold Spring Harbor Symp Quant Biol 38:943–950

    Google Scholar 

  • Hu S, Davidson N, Verma IM(1977a) A heteroduplex study of the sequence relationships between the RNAs ofM-MSV and M-MLV. Cell 10:469–477

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hu S, Davidson N, Nicolson MO, McAllister RM (1977b) Heteroduplex study of the sequence relations between RD-114and baboon viral RNAs. J Virol 23:345–352

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hu SSF, Lai MMC, Vogt PK (1978) Characterization of the env gene in avian oncoviruses by heteroduplex mapping. J Virol27:667–676

    Google Scholar 

  • Hu SSF, Lai MMC, Vogt PK (1979) Genome of avian myelocytomatosis virus MC29: analysis by heteroduplex mapping. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 76:1265–1268

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hyman RW (1971) Physical mapping of T7 messenger RNA. J Mol Biol 61:369–376

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hyman RW, Summers WC (1972) Isolation and physical mapping ofT7 gene 1 messenger RNA. J Mol Biol 71:573–582

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Inman RB (1966) A denaturation map of the Aphage DNA molecule determined by electron microscopy. J Mol Biol 18:464–476

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson AB (1976) Studies on secondary structure of single-stranded RNA from bacteriophage MS2 by electron microscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 73:307–311

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson AB, Bromley PA (1975) Molecular weight ofRNA subunits ofRous sarcoma virus determined by electron microscopy. J Virol 15:161–166

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson AB, Spahr PF (1977) Studies on the secondary structure of single-stranded RNA from the bacteriophage MS2. II. Analysis of the RNase IV cleavage products. J Mol Biol 115:279–294

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Junghans RP, Hu S, Knight CA, Davidson N (1977) Heteroduplex analysis of avian RNA tumor viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 74:477–481

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaback DB, Angerer LM, Davidson N (1979) Improved methods for the formation and stabilization ofR-loops. Nucleic Acids Res 6:2499–2517

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kilpatrick BA, Gelinas RE, Broker TR, Chow LT (1979) Comparison of late mRNA splicing among class B and class C adenoviruses. J Virol 30:899–912

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kitchingman GR, Westphal H (1980) The structure of adenovirus 2 early nuclear and cytoplasmic RNAs. J Mol Biol 137:23–48

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kitchingman GR, Lai SP, Westphal H (1977) Loop structures in hybrids of early RNA and the separated strands of adenovirus DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 74:4392–4395

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kleinschmidt AK (1968) Monolayer techniques in electron microscopy of nucleic acid molecules. Methods Enzymol 12:361–377

    Google Scholar 

  • Kleinschmidt AK, Zahn RK (1959) Uber Desoxyribonukleinsaure-Molekeln in Protein-Mischfilmen. Z Naturforsch 14b:770–779

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kleinschmidt AK, Lang D, Jacherts D, Zahn RK (1962) Darstellung und Langenmessung des gesamten Desoxyribonukleinsaure-Inhaltes von T2-Bakteriophagen. Biochim Biophys Acta61:857–864

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kleinschmidt AK, Dunnebacke TH, Spendlove RS, Schaffer FL, Whitcomb RF (1964)Electron microscopy of RNA from reovirus and wound tumor virus. J Mol Biol 10:282–288

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klessig DF, Chow LT (1980) Incomplete splicing and deficient accumulation of the fiber messenger RNA in monkey cells infected by human adenovirus type 2.J Mol Biol 139:221–242

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kolakofsky D (1976) Isolation and characterization of Sendai virus DI-RNAs. Cell 8:547–555

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kolakofsky D, Boy de la Tour E, Delius H (1974a)Molecular weight determination of Sendai and Newcastle disease virus RNA. J Virol 13:261–268

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolakofsky D, Boy de la Tour E, Bruschi A (1974b)Self-annealing of Sendai virus RNA. J Virol 14:33–39

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koller T, Beer M, Miiller M, Miihlethaler K (1971) Electron microscopy of selectively stained molecules. Cytobiologie 4:369–408

    Google Scholar 

  • Kopriwa BM (1975) A comparison of various procedures for fine grain development in electron microscopic radioautography. Histochemistry 44:201–224

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kung HJ, Bailey IM, Davidson N, Nicolson MO, McAllister RM (1974a)Structure and molecular length of the large subunits of RD-114viral RNA. J Virol 14:170–173

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kung HI, Bailey IM, Davidson N, Vogt PK, Nicholson MO, McAllister RM (1974b) Electron microscope studies of tumor virus RNA. Cold Spring Harbor Symp Quant Biol 39:827–834

    Google Scholar 

  • Kung HI, Bailey IM, Davidson N, Nicolson MO, McAllister RM (1975) Structure, subunit composition, and molecular weight of RD-114 RNA. J Virol 16:397–411

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kung Hl, Hu S, Bender W, Bailey IM, Davidson N, Nicolson MO, McAllister RM (1976)RD-114, baboon, and woolly monkey viral RNAs compared in size and structure. Cell 7:609–620

    Google Scholar 

  • Lai MMC, Hu SSF, Vogt PK (1977) Occurrence of partial deletion and substitution ofthe srcgene in the RNA genome of avian sarcoma virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 74:4781–4785

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lai MMC,HuSSF,Vogt PK (1979) Avian erythroblastosis virus: transformation-specific sequences form a contiguous segment of 3.25 kb located in the middle of the 6 kb genome. Virology 97: 366–377

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Langridge R, Gomatos PI (1963)The structure of RNA. Science 141:694–698

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lazzarini RA, Weber GH, Johnson LD, Stamminger GM (1975) Covalently linked message and anti-message (genomic) RNA from a defective vesicular stomatitis virus particle. J Mol Biol 97:289–307

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lebeurier G, Nicolaieff A, Richards KE (1977) Inside-out model for self-assembly of tobacco mosaic virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 74:149–153

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lizardi PM, Williamson R, Brown DD (1975) The size of fibroin messenger RNA and its polyadenylic acid content. Cell 4:199–205

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lundquist RE, Sullivan M, Maizel N (1979) Characterization of a new isolate of poliovirus defective interfering particles. Cell 18:759–769

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maisel J, Bender W, Hu S, Duesberg PH, Davidson N (1978) Structure of 50 to 70S RNA from Moloney sarcoma viruses. J Virol 25:384–394

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mangel WF, Delius H, Duesberg PH (1974) Structure and molecular weight of the 60–70S RNA and the 30–40S RNA of the Rous sarcoma virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 71:4541–4545

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • May E, Maizel lV, Salzman NP (1977) Mapping of transcription sites of simian virus 40-specific late 16S and 19SmRNA by electron microscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 74:496–500

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McClements WL, Kaesberg P (1977) Size and secondary structure of potato spindle tuber viroid. Virology 76:477–484

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meissner HC, Meyer J, Maizel JV, Westphal H (1977) Visualization and mapping of late nuclear adenovirus RNA. Cell 10:225–235

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer I, Neuwald PD, Lai SP, Maizel N Westphal H (1977)Electron microscopy of late adenovirus type 2 mRNA hybridized to double-stranded viral DNA. J Virol 21:1010–1018

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer J, Lundquist RE, Maizel N (1978) Structural studies of the RNA component of the poliovirus replication complex. II. Characterization by electron microscopy and autoradiography. Virology 85:445–455

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer J, Stalhammar-Carlemalm M, Iida S, ArberW (to be published) Organization of the modification and restriction genes of bacteriophage PI. II. Analysis of in vitro transcription by electron microscopy

    Google Scholar 

  • Murti KG, Bean WI, Hsu CH (1980)A rapid method for visualization of single-stranded genomic RNAs of animal viruses. J Ultrastruct Res 70:52–57

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neuwald PD, Meyer J, Maizel N Westphal H (1977) Early gene expression of adenovirus type 2: R-Ioop mapping of mRNA and time course of viral DNA, mRNA, and protein synthesis. J Virol 21:1019–1030

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nicolaieff A, Koenig-Nikes AM, Pinck L, Hirth L (1970) Electron microscopy of replicative RNA from tabacco mosaic virus and alfalfa mosaic virus: morphology and association of doublestranded RNA. Virology 41:688–700

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nicolaieff A, Pinck L, Koenig-Nikes A, Hirth L (1972)Electron microscopy of replicative form and single-stranded RNA of alfalfa mosaic virus. J Gen Virol 16:47–59

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nomoto A, Jacobson A, Lee YF, Dunn J, Wimmer E (1979) Defective interfering particles of poliovirus: mapping of the deletion and evidence that the deletions in the genomes ofDI (1), (2) and (3) are located in the same region. J Mol Biol 128:179–196

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Panet A, Gorecki M, Bratosin S, Aloni Y (1978) Electron microscopic evidence for splicing of Moloney murine leukemia virus RNAs. Nucleic Acids Res 5:3219–3230

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perrault J (1976) Cross-linked double-stranded RNA from a defective vesicular stomatitis virus particle. Virology 70:360–371

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perrault J, Leavitt RW (1977a) Characterization of snap-back RNAs in vesicular stomatitis defective interfering virus particles. J Gen Virol 38:21–34

    Google Scholar 

  • Perrault J, Leavitt RW (1977b) Inverted complementary terminal sequences in single-stranded RNAs and snap-back RNAs from vesicular stomatitis defective interfering particles. J Gen Virol 38:35–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Portmann R, Schaffner W, Birnstiel M(1976)Partial denaturation mapping of cloned histone DNA from the sea urchin Psammechinus miliaris. Nature 264:31–34

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Randles JW, Hatta T (1979) Circularity of the ribonucleic acids associated with cadang-cadang disease. Virology 96:47–53

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reed SI, Alwine JC (1977)An analysis by electron microscopy of early simian virus 40RNA from a tsA mutant. Cell 11:523–531

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richards OC, Ehrenfeld E, Manning J (1979) Strand-specific attachment of avidin-spheres to double-stranded poliovirus RNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 76:676–680

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riesner D, Henco K, Rokohl U, Klotz G, Kleinschmidt AK, Domdey H, Jank P, Gross HJ, Sanger HL (1979) Structure and structure formation of viroids. J Mol Biol 133:85–115

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robberson D, Aloni Y, Attardi G, Davidson N (1971) Expression of the mitochondrial genome in HeLa cells. VI. Size determination ofmitochondrial ribosomal RNA by electron microscopy. J Mol Biol 60:473–484

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers AW (1973)Techniques of autoradiography, 2nd ed. Elsevier, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Romanova LI, Agol VI (1979) Interconversion of linear and circularforms of double-stranded RNA of encephalomyocarditis virus. Virology 93:574–577

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rothenberg E, Donoghue DJ, Baltimore D (1978) Analysis of a 5’ leader sequence on murine leukemia virus 21SRNA: heteroduplex mapping with long reverse transcriptase products. Cell 13:435–451

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sanger HL, Klotz G, Riesner D, Gross HJ, Kleinschmidt AK (1976)Viroids are single-stranded covalently closed circular RNA molecules existing as highly base-paired rod-like structures. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 73:3852–3856

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salpeter MM, Szabo M (1976) An improved Kodak emulsion for use in high resolution electron microscope autoradiography. J Histochem Cytochem 24:1204–1209

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salpeter MM, Fertuck HC, Salpeter EE (1977) Resolution in electron microscope autoradiography. III. Iodine-125, the effect of heavy metal staining, and a reassessment of critical parameters. J Cell Biol 72:161–173

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Savage T, Granboulan N, Girard M (1971) Architecture of the poliovirus replicative intermediate RNA. Biochimie 53:533–543

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schibler U, Wyler T, Hagenbiichle 0 (1975)Changes in size and secondary structure of the ribosomal transcription unit during vertebrate evolution. J Mol Biol 94:503–517

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schubert M, Keene JD, Lazzarini RA (1979)A specific internal RNA polymerase recognition site ofVSV RNA is involved in the generation of DI particles. Cell 18:749–757

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schubert M, Keene JD, Herman RC, Lazzarini RA (1980) Site on the vesicular stomatitis virus genome specifying polyadenylation and the end of the L gene mRNA. J Virol 34:550–559

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Semancik JS, Vidaver AK, Van Etten JL (1973) Characterization of a segmented double-helical RNA from bacteriophage 06. J Mol Biol 78:617–625

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sharp PA, Berk AJ, Berget SM (1980) Transcription maps of adenovirus. Methods Enzymol 65:750–768

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shatkin AJ, Sipe JD, Loh P (1968)Separation often reovirus genome segments by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. J Virol 2:986–991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sherr CJ, Fedele LA, Oskarsson M, Maizel N, Vande Woude G (1980) Molecular cloning of Snyder-Theilen feline leukemia and sarcoma viruses: comparative studies of feline sarcoma virus with its natural helper virus and with Moloney murine sarcoma virus. J Virol 34:200–212

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siegl G, Frosner GG (1978) Characterization and classification of virus particles associated with hepatitis A. II. Type and configuration of nucleic acid. J Virol 26:48–53

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Silver L, Chandler M, Boy de la Tour E, Caro L (1977) Origin and direction of replication of the drug resistance plasmid RI00. 1 and of a resistance transfer factor derivative in synchronized cultures. J Bacteriol 131:929–942

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sogo JM, Koller T, Diener TO (1973) Potato spindle tuber viroid. X. Visualization and size determination by electron microscopy. Virology 55:70–80

    Google Scholar 

  • Sogo JM, Schneider IR, Koller T (1974) Size determination by electron microscopy of the RNA of tobacco ringspot satellite virus. Virology 57:459–466

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sogo IM, Rodefio P, Koller T, Vifiuela E, Salas M (1979) Comparison of the A-T rich regions and the Bacillus subtilis RNA polymerase binding sites in phage 029 DNA. Nucleic Acids Res 7:107–120

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stringer JR, Holland LE, Wagner EK (1978) Mapping early transcripts of herpes simplex virus type 1 by electron microscopy. J Virol 27:56–73

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stiiber D, Delius H, Bujard H (1978) Electron microscopic analysis of in vitro transcriptional complexes: mapping of promotors of the coliphage T5 genome. Mol Gen Genet 166:141–149

    Google Scholar 

  • Thach SS, Thach RE (1973) Mechanism of viral replication. I. Structure of replication complexes of R17 bacteriophage. J Mol Biol 81:367–380

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thach SS, Dobbertin D, Lawrence C, Golini F, Thach RE (1974) The mechanism of viral replication. Structure of replication complexes of encephalomyocarditis virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 71:2549–2553

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thach SS, Collins ML, Thach RE (1976) Electron microscopy of single-stranded and doublestranded nucleic acid: a new technique. J Ultrastruct Res 55:70–78

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas JO (1978) Electron microscopy of DNA. In: Hayat MA (ed) Principles and techniques of electron microscopy: biological applications, vol 9. Van Nostrand &Reinhold, New York, pp 64–83

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas M, White RL, Davis RW (1976) Hybridization of RNA to double-stranded DNA: formation of R-Ioops. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 73:2294–2298

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tilghman SM, Tiemeier DC, Seidman JG, Peterlin BM, Sullivan M, Maizel N, Leder P (1978) Intervening sequence of DNA identified in the structural portion of a mouse β-globin gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 75:725–729

    Google Scholar 

  • VandeWoude G, Oskarsson M, Enquist LW, Nomura S, Sullivan M, Fischinger PJ (1979) Cloning of integrated Moloney sarcoma proviral DNA sequences in bacteriophage A. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 76:4464–4468

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vasquez C, Kleinschmidt AK (1968) Electron microscopy ofRNAstrands released from individual reovirus particles. J Mol Biol 34:137–147

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Verma IM, Lai MHT, Bosselman RA, McKennett MA, Fan H, Berns A (1980) Molecular cloning of unintegrated Moloney mouse sarcoma virus DNA in bacteriophage A.. Proc NatI Acad Sci USA 77:1773–1777

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vollenweider HJ (1981) Visual biochemistry: new insight into structure and function ofthe genome. Methods Biochem Anal. In press

    Google Scholar 

  • Vollenweider HJ, Sogo JM, Koller T (1975) A routine method for protein-free spreading of doubleand single-stranded nucleic acid molecules. Proc NatI Acad Sci USA 72:83–87

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vollenweider HJ, Koller T, Weber H, Weissmann C (1976) Physical mapping of Qβ replicase binding sites on Q~ RNA. J Mol Biol 101:367–377

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vollenweider HJ, Stettler U, Kiibler O, Koller T, Weber H (1978)Refined molecular weights for phage, viral and ribosomal RNA. Gene 3:353–357

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weber GH, Dahlberg JE, CottIer-Fox M, Heine U (1974) Electron microscopy of single-stranded RNA from vesicular stomatitis virus. Virology 62:284–287

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wellauer PK, Dawid IB (1973) Secondary structure maps of ribosomal RNA and its precursors as Electron Microscopy of Viral RNA 241 determined by electron microscopy. Cold Spring Harbor Symp Quant Biol 38:525–535

    Google Scholar 

  • Wellauer PK, Dawid IB (1974) Secondary structure maps of ribosomal RNA and DNA. J Mol Biol 89:379–395

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Westmoreland BC, Szybalski W, Ris H (1969) Mapping of deletions and substitutions in heteroduplex DNA molecules of bacteriophage lambda by electron microscopy. Sciene 163:1343–1348

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Westphal H, Lai SP (1977) Quantitative electron microscopy of early adenovirus RNA. J Mol Biol 116:525–548

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Westphal H, Meyer J, Maizel N (1976) Mapping of adenovirus messenger RNA by electron microscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 73:2069–2071

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • White RL, Hogness DS (1977) R-loop mapping of the 18Sand 28S sequences in the long and short repeating units of Drosophila melanogaster rDNA. Cell 10:177–192

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams MA (1977) Autoradiography and Immunocytochemistry. In: Glauert AM (ed) Practical methods in electron microscopy, vol 6/1. North-Holland, Amsterdam New York Oxford, pp 1–210

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolstenholme DR, Bockstahler LE (1967) Electron microscopy ofdouble-stranded RNA induced by turnip yellow mosaic virus and tobacco mosaic virus. MGG 100:349–357

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu M, Davidson N (1973) A technique for mapping transfer RNA genes by electron microscopy of hybrids of ferritin-labeled transfer RNA and DNA: the Ø80hpsu III +-system. J Mol Biol 78:1–21

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu M, Davidson N (1975) Use of gene 32 protein staining of single-strand polynucleotides for gene mapping by electron microscopy: application to the Ø80d 3 ilvsu +7 system. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 72:4506–4510

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu M, Davidson N (1978) An electron microscopic method for the mapping of proteins attached to nucleic acids. Nucleic Acids Res 5:2825–2846

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu M, Davidson N, Wimmer E (1978) An electron microscope study of the proteins attached to poliovirus RNA and its replicative form (RF). Nucleic Acids Res 5:4711–4723

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ziola BR, Scraba DG (1974) Structure of the Mengo virion. I. Polypeptide and ribonucleate components of the virus particle. Virology 57:531–542

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1981 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Meyer, J. (1981). Electron Microscopy of Viral RNA. In: Henle, W., et al. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol 94/95. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-68120-2_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-68120-2_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-68122-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-68120-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics