Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Hormonal Aspects of Phase Change and Precocious Flowering

  • Chapter
Hormonal Regulation of Development III

Part of the book series: Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology ((PLANT,volume 11))

Abstract

Phase change, the transition from juvenility to maturity, is an intriguing phenomenon in plant development that is observed most widely, but not exclusively, in woody perennial plants. As a plant develops following seed germination, a number of its characteristics change with time, independently but in a more or less coordinated manner. The earlier, juvenile, stage in this development is characterized, among other things, by a general absence of flowering and a ready ability to initiate adventitious roots. Other characteristics, such as leaf shape, phyllotaxy, anthocyanin pigmentation, growth habit, winter leaf retention, and thorniness, may or may not change, depending on plant species.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aldwinckle HS (1975) Flowering of apple seedlings 16-20 months after germination. Hortscience 10: 124–126

    Google Scholar 

  • Ali N, Westwood MN (1966) Nucleic acids as related to juvenility in several pyrus Species. Proc Am Soc Hortic Sci 89: 123–131

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Allsopp A (1967) Heteroblastic development in vascular plants. In: Abercombie M and Brächet J (eds) advances in morphogenesis. Academic Press, London New York, pp 127–171

    Google Scholar 

  • Arshad NL (1980) Studies on endogenous growth substances in relation to flowering In seedlings of Betula pendula roth. Ph D Thesis, Univ Wales, Aberystwyth

    Google Scholar 

  • Banks MS (1979) Plant regeneration from callus from two growth phases of English Ivy Hedera helix L. Z Pflanzenphysiol 92: 349–353

    Google Scholar 

  • Barlass M, Skene KGM (1980) Studies on the fragmented shoot apex of grapevine. II. Factors affecting growth and differentiation in vitro. J Exp Bot 31: 489–495

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bleymüller H (1976) Investigations on the dependence of flowering in Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst] upon age. Acta Hortic 56: 169–172

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonnet-Masimbert M (1982) Influence de l’état d’activité des racines sur la floraison induite par des gibbérellines 4 et 7 chez Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco. Silvae Genet 31: 178–183

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bonnet-Masimbert M, Nitsch JP (1969) Induction precoce de la floraison chez une plante ligneuse Rhus typhina L. Bull Soc Bot France 116: 403–407

    Google Scholar 

  • Borchert R (1965) Gibberellic acid and rejuvenation of apical meristems in Acacia melan-oxylon. Naturwissenschaften 52: 65–66

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Borchert R (1976) The concept of juvenility in woody plants. Acta Hortic 56: 21–36

    Google Scholar 

  • Bouillenne R, Bouillenne-Walrand M (1955) Auxines et bouturage. In: Rep 14th Int Hort Congr Vol I, Veenman en Zonen, Wageningen, pp 231–238

    Google Scholar 

  • Boulay M (1979) Multiplication et clonage rapide du Sequoia sempervirens par la culture in vitro. Micropropagation d’arbres forestiers. Assoc. Foret-Cellulose Domaine de L’Etancon. Nangis, France, pp 49 - 56

    Google Scholar 

  • Boxus P, Quoirin M, Laine JM (1977) Large scale propagation of strawberry plants from tissue culture. In: Reinert J, Bajaj YPS (eds) Applied and fundamental aspects of plant cell, tissue, and organ culture. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 130–143

    Google Scholar 

  • Brink RA (1962) Phase change in higher plants and somatic cell heredity. Q Rev Biol 37: 1–22

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brix H, Van den Driessche R (1977) Use of rooted cuttings in reforestation. A review of opportunities, problems and activities. Rep 6, British Columbia For Serv Can For Serv Joint Rep Victoria, pp 1–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Brix H, Portlock FF (1982) Flowering response of western hemlock seedlings to gibberellin and water-stress treatments. Can J For Res 12: 76–82

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brooks HJ (1964) Responses of pear seedlings to N-dimethylaminosuccinamic acid, a growth retardant. Nature (Lond) 203: 1303

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Broome OC, Zimmerman RH (1978) In vitro propagation of blackberry. HortScience 13: 151–153

    Google Scholar 

  • Bukovac MJ (1963) Chemical promotion of flowering. Am Fruit Grow 83 (3): 24

    Google Scholar 

  • Cameron RJ (1968) The propagation of Pinus radiata by cuttings. Influences affecting the rooting of cuttings. NZJ For 13: 78–89

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell AI (1961) Shortening the juvenile phase of apple seedlings. Nature (Lond) 191: 517

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chacko EK, Kohli RR, Dore Swamy R, Randhawa GS (1974) Effect of (2-chloroethyl) phosphonic acid on flower induction in juvenile mango ( Mangifera indica L.) seedlings. Physiol Plant 32: 188–190

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chacko EK, Kohli RR, Dore Swamy R, Randhawa GS (1976) Growth regulators and flowering in juvenile mango (Mangifera indica L.) seedlings. Acta Hortic 56: 173–176

    Google Scholar 

  • Chalupka W (1978) Effect of growth regulators on the flowering of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) grafts. Silvae Genet 27: 62–65

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chalupka W (1979) Effect of growth regulators on flowering of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L) Karst.] grafts. Silvae Genet 28: 125–127

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chalupka W (1981) Influence of growth regulators and polythene covers on flowering of Scots pine and Norway spruce grafts. Silvae Genet 30: 142–146

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chalupka W, Giertych M, Kopciewicz J (1982) Effects of polythene covers, a flower- inducing treatment, on the content of endogenous gibberellin-like substances in grafts of Norway spruce. Physiol Plant 54: 79–82

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chang W, Hsing Y (1980) In vitro flowering of embryoids derived from mature root callus of ginseng (Panax ginseng) Nature (Lond) 284: 341–342

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper WC, Peynado A (1958) Effect of gibberellic acid on growth and dormancy in citrus. Proc Am Soc Hortic Sci 72: 284–289

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Copes DL (1980) Effect of rootstock vigor on leader elongation, branch growth and plagiotropism in 4- and 8-year-old Douglas-fir grafts. Tree Planters Notes 31 (1): 11–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Crane JC, Primer PE, Campbell RC (1960) Gibberellin-induced parthenocarpy in Prunus. Proc Am Soc Hortic Sci 75: 129–137

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • David H, Isemukali K, Davis A (1978) Obtention de plantes de pin maritime (Pinus pinaster Sol) à partir de brachyblastes ou d’apex caulinaires des très jeunes sujets cultivés in vitro. CR Acad Sei Paris Series D 287: 245–248

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis LD (1957) Flowering and alternate bearing. Proc Am Soc Hortic Sci 70: 545–556

    Google Scholar 

  • Dayton DF (1966) Chemical induction of flowering in triploid apple progenies. Hort- Science 1: 92–93

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dennis FG Jr (1968) Growth and flowering responses of apple and pear seedlings to growth retardants and scoring. Proc Am Soc Hortic Sei 93: 53–61

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Zeeuw D, Leopold AC (1955) Altering juvenility with auxin. Science 122: 925–926

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Domoney C, Timmis JH (1980) Ribosomal RNA gene redundancy in juvenile and mature ivy (.Hedera helix). J Exp Bot 31: 1093–1100

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doorenbos J (1954) Rejuvenation of Hedera helix in graft combination. Proc K Ned Akad Wet Ser C Biol Med Sci 57: 99–102

    Google Scholar 

  • Doorenbos J (1955) Shortening the breeding cycle of rhododendron. Euphytica 4: 141–146

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Doorenbos J (1965) Juvenile and adult phases in woody plants. In: Ruhland W (ed) Encyclopedia of plant physiology Vol 15, part 1. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 1222–1235

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunberg A, Malmberg G, Sassa T, Pharis RP (1983) Metabolism of tritiated gibberellins A4 and A9 in Norway spruce, Picea abies ( L) Karst. Plant Physiol 71: 257–262

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Economou AS (1982) Chemical and physical factors influencing in vitro propagation of hardy deciduous azaleas (Rhododendron spp.) Ph D Thesis Univ of Minnesota

    Google Scholar 

  • El-Antably HMM, Wareing PF, Hillman J (1967) Some physiological responses to D-L-abscisin. Planta 73: 74–90

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eriksen EN (1970) Promotion of root initiation by gibberellin. Roy Vet and Agr Univ (Copenhagen) Yearbook for 1971: 50–59

    Google Scholar 

  • Eriksen EN (1971) Root initiation in pea cuttings: Interactions between tryptophane and gibberellin. Roy Vet and Agr Univ (Copenhagen) Yearbook for 1972, 115–126

    Google Scholar 

  • Eriksen EN (1974) Root formation in pea cuttings III. The influence of cytokinin at different developmental stages. Physiol Plant 30: 163–167

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Favre JM, Grenan S (1979) Sur la production de vrilles, de fleurs et de baies, chez la vigne cultivée in vitro. Ann Amélior Plant 29: 247–252

    Google Scholar 

  • Feldman LJ, Cutter EG (1970) Regulation of leaf form in Centaurea solstitialis L. I. Leaf development on whole plants in sterile culture. Bot Gaz 131: 31–39

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher JB (1976) Induction of juvenile leaf form in a palm (Caryota mitis) by gibberellin. Bull Torrey Bot Club 103: 153–157

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fogle HW (1956) Girdling sweet cherry seedlings for early fruit production. Fruit Var Hortic Dig 10: 55–56

    Google Scholar 

  • Fontes MR, Ozbun JL (1972) Relationship between carbohydrate level and floral initiation in broccoli. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 97: 346–348

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fortanier EJ, Jonkers J (1976) Juvenility and maturity of plants as influenced by their ontogenetical and physiological ageing. Acta Hortic 56: 37–44

    Google Scholar 

  • Franclet A (1979) Rajeunissement des arbres adults en vue de leur propagation végétative. In: Micropropagation d’arbres forestiers assoc. Foret-Cellulose. Domaine de L’etan- con Nangis, France, pp 3–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Fritzsche R (1948) Untersuchungen über die Jugendformen des Apfel- und Birnbaumes und ihre Konsequenzen für die Unterlagen- und Sortenzüchtung. Ber Schweiz Bot Ges 58: 207–267

    Google Scholar 

  • Frydman VM, Wareing PF (1973) Phase change in Hedera helix L. I. Gibberellin-like substances in the two growth phases. J Exp Bot 24: 1131–1138

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frydman VM, Wareing PF (1973) Phase change in Hedera helix L. II. The possible role of roots as a source of shoot gibberellin-like substances. J Exp Bot 24: 1139–1148

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frydman VM, Wareing PF (1974) Phase change in Hedera helix L. III. The effects of gibberellins, abscisic acid and growth retardants on juvenile and adult ivy. J Exp Bot 25: 420–429

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fukasawa H (1966) Disc electrophoresis of protein from juvenile and adult specimens of ivy. Nature (Lond) 212: 516–517

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Furr JR, Cooper WC, Reece PC (1947) An investigation of flower formation in adult and juvenile citrus trees. Am J Bot 34: 1–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galet P (1956) Cépages et vignobles de France. I. Les vignes américaines. Montpellier: Imp Paul Déhan

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghosh BN, Glowinkowska A, Millikan DF (1971) Enzymatic activities associated with maturation and senescence in Hedera helix. Bull Acad Pol Sci, Ser Sci Biol 19: 605–609

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ghosh BN, Millikan DF (1970) Proteins in the leaves of different forms of Hedera helix L. Plant Cell Physiol 11: 817–818

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Girouard RM (1969) Physiological and biochemical studies of adventitious root formation. Extractible rooting cofactors from Hedera helix. Can J Bot 47: 687–699

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goodin JR (1964) Shoot growth rates as a factor in growth phase transitions in Hedera. Proc Am Soc Hortic Sci 84: 600–605

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodin JR, Stoutemeyer VT (1961) Effect of temperature and potassium gibberellate on phases of growth of Algerian ivy. Nature (Lond) 192: 677–678

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greenwood MS (1978) Flowering induced on young loblolly pine grafts by out-of-phase dormancy. Science 201: 443–444

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Griggs WH, Iwakiri BT (1961) Effects of gibberellin and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxypropionic acid sprays on Bartlett pear trees. Proc Am Soc Hortic Sci 77: 73–89

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta PK, Mascarenhas AF, Jagannathan V (1981) Tissue culture of forest trees - clonal propagation of mature trees of Eucalyptus citriodora by tissue culture. Plant Sci Lett 20: 195–201

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guttridge CG (1962) Inhibition of fruit-bud formation in apple with gibberellic acid. Nature (Lond) 196: 1008

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hackett WP (1970) The influence of auxin, catechol and methanolic tissue extracts on root initiation in aseptically cultured shoot apices of the juvenile and adult forms of Hedera helix. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 95: 398–402

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hackett WP (1976) Control of phase change in woody plants. Acta Hortic 56: 143–154

    Google Scholar 

  • Hackett WP (1980) Control of phase change in woody plants. In: Little HA (ed) Control of shoot growth in trees. Proc Inter Union For Res Organ Working parties on xylem physiology and shoot growth physiology. Fredericton, New Brunswick, Can, pp 257–272

    Google Scholar 

  • Hackett WP (1985) Juvenility, maturation and rejuvenation in woody plants. Hortic Rev 7: (to be published)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hackett WP, Srinivasan C (1984) Hedera helix and Hedera canariensis. In: Halevy A (ed) Handbook for flowering, vol III. CRC Boca Raton, FL (to be published)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hare RC (1979) Promoting flowering in loblolly and slash pine with branch, bud, and fertilizer treatments. Flowering and seed development in trees. Symposium May 1978, US Forest Service, New Orleans, pp 112–121

    Google Scholar 

  • Hare RC, Synder EB, Schmidtling RC (1979) Longleaf pine flowering in response to nitrogen fertilization; branch girdling, growth substances, and cultivation. US For Serv Gen Tech Rep NC-50, St Paul, Minn, pp 11–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartmann HT, Kester DE (1975) Plant propagation, 3rd edn, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ

    Google Scholar 

  • Hashizume H (1967) Experimental induction of female flowers in young Japanese larch (Larix leptolepis, Gordon). J Jpn For Soc 49: 405–408

    Google Scholar 

  • Hashizume H (1968) Chemical regulation of flower-bud formation in conifers. J Jpn For Soc 50: 14–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Heimburger CC, Fowler DP (1969) Precocious flowering in some pines of the lariciones group. Silvae Genet 18: 146–150

    Google Scholar 

  • Hendry NA, Van Staden J, Allan P (1982) Cytokinins in citrus II. Fluctuations during growth in juvenile and adult plants. Scientia Hort 17: 247–256

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hess CE (1959) A study of plant growth substances in easy and difficult to root cuttings. Proc Plant Prop Soc 9: 39–43

    Google Scholar 

  • Hess CE (1960) Research in root initiation - a progress report. Proc Plant Prop Soc 10: 118–123

    Google Scholar 

  • Hess CE ( 1964 a) A physiological analysis of root initiation in easy- and difficult-to-root- cuttings. In: Proc 16th Int Hortic Congr vol IV, Editions J Duculot, Gembloux, pp 375–381

    Google Scholar 

  • Hess CE ( 1964 b) Characterization of the rooting cofactors extracted from Hedera helix L. and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. In: Proc 16th Int Hortic Congr, vol IV. Editions J Duculot, Gembloux, pp 382–388

    Google Scholar 

  • Hess CE (1967) Root initiation and juvenility - a possible implication of terpene compounds. In: Proc 17th Int Hortic Congr vol III, pp 443–451

    Google Scholar 

  • Heuser CW (1976) Juvenility and rooting cofactors. Acta Hortic 56: 251–261

    Google Scholar 

  • Heybroek HM, Visser T (1976) Juvenility in fruit growing and forestry. Acta Hortic 56: 71–80

    Google Scholar 

  • Hield HZ, Coggins CW Jr, Lewis LN (1966) Temperature influence on flowering of grapefruit seedlings. Proc Am Soc Hortic Sci 89: 175–181

    Google Scholar 

  • Higazy MKMT (1962) Shortening the juvenile phase for flowering. Meded Landb Hogesch Wageningen 62: 1–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Hillman JR, Young I, Knights BA (1974) Abscisic acid in leaves of Hedera helix L. Planta 119: 263–266

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hillman JR, Knights BA, McKail R (1975) Sterols of the adult and juvenile forms of ivy, Hedera helix L. Lipids 10: 542–544

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holst MJ (1961) Experiments with flower promotion in Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, and Pinus resinosa Ait. In: Recent advances in botany, vol 2, Univ Toronto Press, Toronto, pp 1654–1658

    Google Scholar 

  • Huhtinen O (1976) Early flowering of birch and its maintenance in plants regenerated through tissue cultures. Acta Hortic 56: 243–249

    Google Scholar 

  • Hull J Jr, Lewis LN (1959) Response of 1-year-old cherry and mature bearing cherry, peach, and apple trees to gibberellins. Proc Am Soc Hortic Sci 74: 93–100

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ibrahim IM, Dana MN (1971) Gibberellin-like activity in apple rootstocks. HortScience 6: 541–542

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson DI, Sweet GB (1972) Flower initiation in temperate woody plants. Hortic Abstr 42: 9–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnsson H (1949) Hereditary precocious flowering in Betula verrucosa and B. pubescens. Hereditas 35: 112–114

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones OP, Hopgood ME (1976) Morphogenetic factors in xylem sap. Effects of dwarfing interstocks on apple xylem sap. Rpt E Mailing Res Sta for 1975: 66

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones OP, Hopgood ME, Calder T, Hadlow WCC (1975) Morphogenetic factors in xylem sap. Effects of interstocks and graft unions on apple xylem sap. Rpt E Mailing Res Sta for 1974: 71

    Google Scholar 

  • Jonkers H (1971) An international experiment on juvenility in apple. Euphytica 20: 57–59

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jonkers H (1973) Effect of SADH on juvenility of apple seedlings. Acta Hortic 34: 143–150

    Google Scholar 

  • Jonkers H (1975) Effect van gibberellinebespuitingen op de jeugdperiode van appelzaailingen. Landbkundig Tijdschr part 87-12, pp 330–333

    Google Scholar 

  • Kamienska A, Pharis R, Wample RL, Kuo CC, Durley RC (1974) Occurrence and metabolism of gibberellins in conifers. In: Tamura S (ed) Plant growth substances 1973. Hirokawa, Tokyo, pp 305–313

    Google Scholar 

  • Karnatz A (1963) Tastversuche zur Verkürzung des Primärstadiums bei Apfelsämlingen durch Gibberellin. Erwerbsobstbau 5: 8

    Google Scholar 

  • Karnatz A (1965) Zur Frage des Beginnes der generativen Phase bei Apfelsämlingen. I. Erstblüte. Gartenbauwissenschaft 30: 527–540

    Google Scholar 

  • Kato Y, Fukuhara N, Kobayashi R (1959) Promotion of flower-bud differentiation of conifers by gibberellin. J Jpn For Soc 41: 309–311

    Google Scholar 

  • Kemmer E (1953) Ãœber das primäre und das fertile Stadium bei Apfelgehölzen. Züchter 23: 122–127

    Google Scholar 

  • Kemmer E, Thiele I (1954) Entwicklungsfragen bei Apfelgehölzen. Züchter 24: 346–352

    Google Scholar 

  • Kender WJ (1974) Ethephon-induced flowering in apple seedlings. HortScience 9: 444–445

    Google Scholar 

  • Kessler B, Reches S (1977) Structural and functional changes of chromosomal DNA during ageing and phase change in plants. Chromosomes Today 6: 237–246

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kester DE (1976) The relationship of juvenility to plant propagation. Proc Int Plant Prop Soc 26: 71–84

    Google Scholar 

  • Koranski DS, McCown BA, Struckmeyer BE, Beck GE (1979) Gibberellin-growth retar- dant interactions on the growth and flowering of Clerodendrum thomsoniae. Physiol Plant 45: 88–91

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kozlowski TT (1971) Growth and development of trees vol I. Academic Press, London New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Kranz G (1931) Kenntnis der wechselnden Blattform des Efeus und ihrer Ursachen. Flora 25: 289–320

    Google Scholar 

  • Krul WR, Worley JF (1977) Formation of adventitious embryos in callus cultures of Seyval, a French hybrid grape. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 102: 360–363

    Google Scholar 

  • Lammerts WE (1943) Effect of photoperiod and temperature on growth of embryo-cultured peach seedlings. Am J Bot 30: 707–711

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lammerts WE (1949) The effect of continuous light, high nutrient level and temperature on flowering of camellia hybrids. Am Camellia Yearbook 1949: 53–56

    Google Scholar 

  • Lavender DP, Sweet GB, Zaerr JB, Hermann RK (1973) Spring shoot growth in Douglas-fir may be initiated by gibberellins exported from the roots. Science 182: 838–839

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leopold AC, Kriedemann PE (1975) Plant growth and development 2nd edn. McGraw Hill, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Libby WJ, Brown AG, Fielding JM (1972) Effects of hedging radiata pine on production, rooting, and early growth of cuttings. NZJ For Sci 2: 263–283

    Google Scholar 

  • Loewel EL, Saure M (1963) Die Ertragsverfrühung durch schwachwachsende Unterlagen in der Apfelzüchtung. Erwerbsobstbau 5: 191–193

    Google Scholar 

  • Longman KA (1976) Some experimental approaches to the problem of phase change in forest trees. Acta Hortic 56: 81–90

    Google Scholar 

  • Longman KA, Wareing PF (1959) Early induction of flowering in birch seedlings. Nature 184: 2037–2038

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Looney NE, Kamienska A, Legge RL, Pharis RP (1978) Metabolism of 3H gibberellin A4 in relation to flower initiation in apple. Acta Hortic 80: 105–114

    Google Scholar 

  • Luukkanen O, Johansson S (1980) Flower induction by exogenous plant hormones in conifers. Silvae Fenn 14: 95–105

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyr UH, Hoffmann G (1964) Ãœber den Einfluss der Mineralsalz-Ernährung auf die Frühfruktifikation von Cryptomeria japónica ( LFD) Don. Flora 154: 189–208

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyrene PM (1981) Juvenility and production of fast-rooting cuttings from blueberry shoot cultures. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 106: 396–398

    Google Scholar 

  • Maheshwari P (1950) An introduction to the embryology of angiosperms. McGraw-Hill, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin GC, Stahly EA (1967) Endogenous growth-regulating factors in bark of EM IX and XVI apple trees. Proc Am Soc Hortic Sci 91:31–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Matthews JD (1963) Factors affecting the production of seed by forest trees. For Abstr 24 (1): i–xiii

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller DR, Goodin JR (1976) Cellular growth rates of juvenile and adult Hederá helix L. Plant Sci Lett 7: 397–401

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Millikan DF, Ghosh BN (1971) Changes in nucleic acids associated with maturation and senescence in Hederá helix. Physiol Plant 24: 10–13

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Millikan DF, Saniewski M (1973) Quantitative differences in ascorbic acid oxidase and phenolase activities and auxin content of different forms of Hederá helix L. Plant Cell Physiol 14: 213–215

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mott RL (1983) Trees. In: Conger BV (ed) Cloning agricultural plants via in vitro techniques CRC, Boca Raton, FL, pp 217–254

    Google Scholar 

  • Mullins MG, Srinivasan C (1976) Somatic embryos and plantlets from an ancient clone of the grapevine (cv. Cabernet-Sauvignon) by apomixis in vitro. J Exp Bot 27: 1022–1030

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mullins MG, Nair Y, Sampet P (1979) Rejuvenation in vitro: Induction of juvenile characters in an adult clone of Vitis vinifera L. Ann Bot 44: 623–627

    Google Scholar 

  • Muzik TJ, Cruzado HJ (1958) Transmission of juvenile rooting ability from seedlings to adults of Hevea brasiliensis. Nature (Lond) 181: 1288

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nienstaedt H (1961) Induction of early flowering: A critical review of recent literature. In: Recent advances in botany vol 2. Univ Toronto Press, Toronto, pp 1658–1662

    Google Scholar 

  • Njoku E (1957) The effect of mineral nutrition and temperature on leaf shape in Ipomoea caerulea. New Phytol 56: 154–171

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Njoku E (1958) Effect of gibberellic acid on leaf form. Nature (Lond) 182: 1097–1098

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paton DM, Willing RR, Nicholls W, Pryor LD (1981) Rooting of stem cuttings of Eucalyptus: A rooting inhibitor in adult tissue. Aust J Bot 18: 175–183

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paton DM, Willing RR, Pryor LD (1981) Root-shoot gradients in Eucalyptus ontogeny. Ann Bot 47: 835–838

    Google Scholar 

  • Pharis RP (1974) Precocious flowering in conifers: The role of plant hormones. Yale Univ School of Forest and Environ Stud Bull 85: 51–80

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pharis RP (1976) Manipulation of flowering in conifers through the use of plant hormones. In: Miksche JP (ed) Modern methods in forest genetics. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 265–282

    Google Scholar 

  • Pharis RP (1977) Interaction of native or exogenous plant hormones in the flowering of woody plants. In: Schiitte HR and Gross D (eds) Regulation of developmental processes in plants. Halle, GDR, pp 344–360

    Google Scholar 

  • Pharis RP, King RW (1985) Gibberellins and reproductive development in seed plants. Ann Rev Plant Physiol (to be published)

    Google Scholar 

  • Pharis RP, Kuo CC (1977) Physiology of gibberellins in conifers. Can J For Res 7: 299–325

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pharis RP, Morf W (1968) Physiology of gibberellin-induced flowering in conifers. In: Wightman F and Setterfleld G (eds) Biochemistry and physiology of plant growth substances. Runge, Ottawa, pp 1341–1356

    Google Scholar 

  • Pharis RP, Owens JN (1966) Hormonal induction of flowering in conifers. Yale Scientific Mag XLI (2): 10–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Pharis RP, Ross S (1984) Progress in hormonal cone induction in Pinaceae conifers. In: Proceedings Can. Tree Improvement Mtg., Aug 1983. Can For Service Ottawa (to be published )

    Google Scholar 

  • Pharis RP, Wample RL, Kamienska A (1975) Growth, development, and sexual differentiation in Pinus, with emphasis on the role of the plant hormone, gibberellin. In: Baumgartner DM (ed) Proc Symp on Management of Lodgepole Pine Ecosystems. Pullman, Coop Ext Serv, Washington State Univ, pp 106–134

    Google Scholar 

  • Pharis RP, Ross SD, Wample RL, Owens JN (1976) Promotion of flowering in conifers of Pinaceae by certain of the gibberellins. Acta Hortic 56: 155–162

    Google Scholar 

  • Pharis RP, Ross SD, McMullan EE (1980) Promotion of flowering in the Pinaceae by gibberellins. III. Seedlings of Douglas-fir. Physiol Plant 50: 119–126

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Philipson JJ (1983) The role of gibberellin A4/7, heat and drought in the induction of flowering in Sitka spruce. J Exp Bot 34: 291–301

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Polito VS, Alliata V (1981) Growth of calluses derived from shoot apical meristems of adult and juvenile ivy (Hedera helix L.) Plant Sci Lett 22: 387–393

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Polito VS, Chang, Y-C (1984) Quantitative nuclear cytology of English ivy (Hedera helix L.). Plant Sci Lett 34: 369–377

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pollard DFW, Portlock FF (1981) Effects of temperature on strobilus production in gibberellin-treated seedlings of western hemlock. Can For Serv Res Notes 1: 21–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Porlingis IC, Therios I (1976) Rooting responses of juvenile and adult leafy olive cuttings to various factors. J Hortic Sci 51: 31–39

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Potapenko J (1939) Acceleration of development and fruiting of fruit-tree seedlings. Compt Rend (Dokl) Acad Sci URSS 23: 839–842

    Google Scholar 

  • Puritch GS, McMullan EE, Meagher MD, Simmons CS (1979) Hormonal enhancement of cone production in Douglas-fir grafts on seedlings. Can J For Res 9: 193–200

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rangan TS, Murashige T, Bitters WP (1968) In vitro initiation of nucellar embryos in monoembryonic Citrus. HortScience 3: 226–227

    Google Scholar 

  • Richards D, Thompson WK, Pharis RP (1984) The influence of apple interstocks on gibberellin uptake and distribution. In: Programme and Abstracts, 24th Mtg Aust Soc Plant Physiol, May, 1984, p 20 (abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Robbins WJ (1957) Gibberellic acid and the reversal of adult Hedera to a juvenile state. Am J Bot 44: 743–746

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robbins WJ (1960) Further observations on juvenile and adult Hedera. Am J Bot 47: 485–491

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robbins WJ (1961) Juvenility and the induction of flowering. In: Recent advances in botany, vol 2, Univ Toronto Press, Toronto, pp 1647–1652

    Google Scholar 

  • Robbins WJ (1964) Topophysis, a problem in somatic inheritance. Proc Am Philos Soc 108: 395–403

    Google Scholar 

  • Robbins WJ, Hervey A (1970) Tissue culture of callus from seedling and adult stages of Hedera helix. Am J Bot 57: 452–457

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson LW, Wareing PF (1969) Experiments on the juvenile-adult phase change in some woody species. New Phytol 68: 67–78

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robitaille H, Carlson RF (1971) Response of dwarfed apple trees to stem injections of gibberellic and abscisic acids. HortScience 6: 539–540

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rogler CE, Dahmus ME (1974) Gibberellic acid-induced phase change in Hedera helix as studied by deoxyribonucleic acid-ribonucleic acid hybridization. Plant Physiol 54: 88–94

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rogler CE, Hackett WP (1975a) Phase change in Hedera helix: Induction of the mature to juvenile phase change by gibberellin A3. Physiol Plant 34: 141–147

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rogler CE, Hackett WP (1975b) Phase change in Hedera helix: Stabilization of the mature form with abscisic acid and growth retardants. Physiol Plant 34: 148–152

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ross SD (1976) Differential flowering responses by young Douglas-fir grafts and equisized seedlings to gibberellin and auxin. Acta Hortic 56: 163–168

    Google Scholar 

  • Ross SD (1978) Influences of gibberellins and cultural practices on early flowering of Douglas-fir seedlings and grafts. Proc 3rd World Consultation on Forest Tree Breeding, March 1977. Canberra, CSIRO, Vol 2, pp 997–1007

    Google Scholar 

  • Ross SD, Greenwood MS (1979) Promotion of flowering in the Pinaceae by gibberellins. II. Grafts of sexually mature and immature Pinus taeda L. Physiol Plant 45: 207–210

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ross SD, Pharis RP (1976) Promotion of flowering in the Pinaceae by gibberellins. I. Sexually mature non-flowering grafts of Douglas-fir. Physiol Plant 36: 182–186

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ross SD, Pharis RP, Bollman M, Sweet GB (1984) Gibberellin A4/7 and the promotion of flowering in Pinus radiata: Effects on partitioning of photoassimilate within the bud during primordia differentiation. Plant Physiol 76: 326–330

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ross SD, Piesch RF, Portlock FT (1981) Promotion of cone and seed production in rooted ramets and seedlings of western hemlock by gibberellins and adjunct cultural treatments. Can J For Res 11: 90–98

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ross SD, Pharis RP, Binder WD (1983) Growth regulators and conifers: Their physiology and potential uses in forestry. In: Nickell LG (ed) Plant growth regulating chemicals, vol. II, CRC, Boca Raton, FL, pp 35–78

    Google Scholar 

  • Sachs RM (1977) Nutrient diversion: An hypothesis to explain the chemical control of flowering. HortScience 12: 220–222

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sachs RM, Lang A (1957) Effect of gibberellin upon cell division in Hyoscyamus. Science 125: 1144–1145

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sachs RM, Bretz CF, Lang A (1959) Shoot histogenesis: The early effects of gibberellin upon stem elongation in two rosette plants. Am J Bot 46: 376–384

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sadik S, Ozbun JL (1968) The association of carbohydrate changes in the shoot tip of cauliflower with flowering. Plant Physiol 43: 1696–1698

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saure M (1970) Beiträge zur Frühselektion beim Apfel. I. Beziehungen zwischen dem Eintritt der Blühfähigkeit und der Wuchsleistung von Apfelsämlingen. Mitt Obstversuchsringes, Jork 25: 156–161

    Google Scholar 

  • Sax K (1962) Aspects of aging in plants. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 13: 489–506

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schaffner RH, Nagl W (1979) Differential DNA application involved in transition from juvenile to adult phase in Hedera helix (Araliaceae). In: Nagl W, Hemleben V, Ehrendorfer F (eds) Proc Symp genome and chromatin: organization evolution function. Plant Systematics and Evolution Supplement 2, 105–110

    Google Scholar 

  • Schander H (1962) Variationsstudie über den Eintritt des Blühbeginns bei Apfelsämlingen. Tagungsber Deut Akad Landw Wiss Berlin 35: 111–121

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt H (1970) Beiträge zur Züchtung apomiktischer Apfelunterlagen. II. Dauer der juvenilen Periode in Mtf/ws-Kreuzungen. Z Pflanzenzücht 63: 89–101

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt H (1976) On the inheritance of the length of the juvenile period in interspecific Prunus hybrids. Acta Hortic 56: 229–234

    Google Scholar 

  • Schröck O (1949) Die Vererbung der Frühblüte der Kiefer. Züchter 19: 247–254

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwabe WW (1976) Applied aspects of juvenility and some theoretical considerations. Acta Hortic 56: 45–56

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwabe WW, Al-Doori AH (1973) Analysis of a juvenile-like condition affecting flower¬ing in the blackcurrant ( Ribes nigrum ). J Exp Bot 24: 969–981

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scorza R, Janick J (1980) In vitro flowering of Passiflora suberosa L J Am Soc Hortic Sei 105: 892–897

    Google Scholar 

  • Scurfield G, Moore CWE (1958) Effects of gibberellic acid on species of Eucalyptus. Nature (Lond) 181:1276–1277

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh K (1981) Effect of light and some regulatory substances on morphophysiological and biochemical changes during growth and development of some trees. PhD thesis, Panjab Univ., Chandigarh, India, 160 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Sisa M, Higuchi H (1967) Studies on the shortening of the juvenile phase of tulip under the controlled environment. II. On the thermoperiodicity of juvenile tulip. J Jpn Soc Hort Sci 36: 315–323

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skene KGM, Kerridge GH (1967) Effect of root temperature on cytokinin activity in root exudate of Vitis vinifera L. Plant Physiol 42: 1131–1139

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smeets L (1966) Amount of growth and the duration of the juvenile phase in cherry seedlings. In: Proc Balsgard Fruit Breeding Symp., Fjalkestad, Sweden, pp 159–162

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith DR, Thorpe TA (1975) Root initiation in cuttings of Pinus radiata seedlings. II. Growth-regulator interactions. J Exp Bot 26: 193–202

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith WH, Konar RN (1969) Initiation of ovulate strobili in cotyledon-stage seedlings of Pinus elliottii. Can J Bot 47: 624–626

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spinks GT (1925) The treatment of seedling apple trees to induce early fruiting. J Pomol Hortic Sci 4: 141–145

    Google Scholar 

  • Srinivasan C, Mullins MG (1978) Control of flowering in the grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.). Formation of inflorescences in vitro by isolated tendrils. Plant Physiol 61: 127–130

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Srinivasan C, Mullins MG (1979) Flowering in Vitis: Conversion of tendrils into inflorescences and bunches of grapes. Planta 145: 187–192

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Srinivasan C, Mullins MG (1980) Effects of temperature and growth regulators on formation of anlagen, tendrils, and inflorescences in Vitis vinifera. Ann Bot 45: 439–446

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Srinivasan C, Mullins MG (1981) Induction of precocious flowering in grapevine seedlings by growth regulators. Agronomie 1: 1–5

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sriskandarajah D, Mullins MG, Nair Y (1982) Induction of adventitious rooting in vitro in difficulMo-propagate cultivars of apple. Plant Sei Lett 24: 1–9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stahly EA, Piringer AA (1962) Effects of photoperiod, light quality, and two plant growth regulators on growth and flowering of Jonathan apple trees. Proc Am Soc Hortic Sci 81: 12–17

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stein OL, Fosket EB (1969) Comparative developmental anatomy of shoots of juvenile and adult Hedera helix. Am J Bot 56: 546–551

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stephens GR Jr (1964) Stimulation of flowering in eastern white pine. For Sci 10:28–34

    Google Scholar 

  • Stern K (1961) Ãœber den Erfolg einer über drei Generationen geführten Auslese auf frühes Blühen bei Betula verrucosa. Silvae Genet 10: 48–51

    Google Scholar 

  • Stokes P, Verkerk K (1951) Flower formation in Brussels sprouts. Meded LandbHogesch Wageningen 50: 141–160

    Google Scholar 

  • Stoltz LP, Hess CE (1966) The effect of girdling upon root initiation: carbohydrates and amino acids. Proc Am Soc Hortic Sci 89: 734–743

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stoutemyer VT (1962) The control of growth phases and its relation to plant propagation. Proc Plant Prop Soc 12: 260–264

    Google Scholar 

  • Stoutemyer VT (1964) Juvenility and flowering potential in woody plants. Am Hortic Mag 43: 161–167

    Google Scholar 

  • Stoutemyer VT (1967) Juvenility in plants, its physiological basis and horticultural significance. In: Proc 17th Int Hortic Congr, Vol III, pp 409–418

    Google Scholar 

  • Stoutemyer VT, Britt OK (1961) Effect of temperature and grafting on vegetative growth phases of Algerian ivy. Nature (Lond) 189: 854–855

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stoutemyer VT, Britt OK (1962) Growth phases and the propagation of Hedera. Proc Am Soc Hortic Sci 80: 589–592

    Google Scholar 

  • Stoutemyer VT, Britt OK (1963) Tissue cultures of juvenile and adult specimens of ivy. Nature (Lond) 199: 397–398

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stoutemyer VT, Britt OK (1965) The behavior of tissue cultures from English and Algerian ivy in different growth phases. Am J Bot 52: 805–810

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stoutemyer VT, Britt OK (1969) Growth and habituation in tissue cultures of English ivy, Hedera helix. Am J Bot 56: 222–226

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stoutemyer VT, Britt OK, Goodin JR (1961) The influence of chemical treatments, understocks, and environment on growth phase changes and propagation of Hedera canar- iensis. Proc Am Soc Hortic Sci 77: 552–557

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sweet GB (1973) The effect of maturation on the growth and form of vegetative propa-gules of radiata pine. NZJ For Sci 3: 191–210

    Google Scholar 

  • Sweet GB (1979) A physiological study of seed cone production in Pinus radiata. NZJ For Sci 9: 20–33

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sweet GB, Harris JM (1976) Wood properties of Pinus radiata: Seed-grown trees com-pared with grafts from different-aged ortets. NZJ For Sci 6: 114–121

    Google Scholar 

  • Takeno R, Taylor JS, Sriskandarajah S, Pharis RP, Mullins MG (1982/83) Endogenous gibberellin and cytokinin-like substances in cultured shoot tissues of apple, Malus pumila cv. Jonathan, in relation to adventitious root formation. Plant Growth Regulation 1: 261–268

    Google Scholar 

  • Teich AH, Holst MJ (1969) Genetic control of cone clusters and precocious flowering in Pinus sylvestris. Can J Bot 47: 1081–1084

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tompsett PB (1977) Studies of growth and flowering in Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. I. Effects of growth regulator applications to mature scions on seedling rootstocks. Ann Bot 41: 1171–1178

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trippi VS (1963a) Studies on ontogeny and senility in plants. II. Seasonal variation in proliferative capacity in vitro of tissues from branches from juvenile and adult zones of Aesculus hippocastanum and Castanea vulgaris. Phyton 20: 146–152

    Google Scholar 

  • Trippi VS (1963 b) Studies on ontogeny and senility in plants. III. Changes in the proliferative capacity in vitro during ontogeny in Robinia pseudoacacia and Castanea vulgaris and in adult and juvenile clones of R. pseudoacacia. Phyton 20: 153–159

    Google Scholar 

  • Trippi VS (1963 c) Studies on ontogeny and senility in plants. IV. Activity of some enzymes at different stages of ontogeny and in clones from juvenile and adult zones of Robinia pseudoacacia. Phyton 20: 160–166

    Google Scholar 

  • Trippi VS (1963 d) Studies on ontogeny and senility in plants. V. Leaf-fall in plants of different age of Robinia pseudoacacia and the effect of gibberellic acid on R. pseudoacacia and Morus nigra. Phyton 20: 167–171

    Google Scholar 

  • Trippi VS (1963e) Studies on ontogeny and senility in plants. VI. Reversion in Acacia melanoxylon and morphogenetic changes in Gaillardia pulchella. Phyton 20: 172–174

    Google Scholar 

  • Tromp J (1972) Effects of growth regulating substances and tree orientation on growth and flower bud formation in apple. J Hortic Sci 47: 525–533

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tukey HB (1964) Dwarfed fruit trees, MacMillan, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Tydeman HM (1961) Rootstock influence on the flowering of seedling apples. Nature (Lond) 192: 83

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tydeman HM, Alston FH (1965) The influence of dwarfing rootstocks in shortening the juvenile phase of apple seedlings. Ann Rep East Mailing Res Sta for 1964 A 48, 97–98

    Google Scholar 

  • Vieitez E, Vieitez AM (1976) Juvenility factors related to the rootability of chestnut cuttings. Acta Hortic 56: 269–274

    Google Scholar 

  • Visser T (1964) Juvenile phase and growth of apple and pear seedlings. Euphytica 13: 119–129

    Google Scholar 

  • Visser T (1965) On the inheritance of the juvenile period in apple. Euphytica 14: 125–134

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Visser T (1970) The relation between growth, juvenile period and fruiting of apple seedlings and its use to improve breeding efficiency. Euphytica 19: 293–302

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Visser T (1973) The effect of rootstocks on growth and flowering of apple seedlings. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 98: 26–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Visser T (1976) A comparison of apple and pear seedlings with reference to the juvenile period. II. Mode of inheritance. Acta Hortic 56: 215–218

    Google Scholar 

  • Wahdi M, Mohan Ram HY (1967) Shortening the juvenile phase for flowering in Kalan-choe pinnata Pers. Planta 73: 28–36

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wareing PF (1959) Problems of juvenility and flowering in trees. J Linn Soc Lond Bot 56: 282–289

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wareing PF (1961) Juvenility and induction of flowering. In: Recent advances in botany, vol 2, Univ Toronto Press, Toronto, pp 1652–1654

    Google Scholar 

  • Wareing PF, Frydman VM (1976) General aspects of phase change, with special reference to Hedera helix L. Acta Hortic 56: 57–69

    Google Scholar 

  • Way RD (1971) Hastening the fruiting of apple seedlings. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 96: 384–389

    Google Scholar 

  • Wheeler NC, Wample RL, Pharis RP (1980) Promotion of flowering in the Pinaceae by gibberellins. IV Seedlings and sexually mature grafts of lodgepole pine. Physiol Plant 50: 340–346

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams IH (1961) Treatment of hops (.Humulus lupulus L.) with gibberellic acid. Effect on growth and development. Nature (Lond) 191: 361–362

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Winton L, Huhtinen O (1976) Tissue culture of trees. In: Miksche JP (ed) Modern methods in forest genetics. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 243–264

    Google Scholar 

  • Yadava UL, Dayton DF (1972) The relation of endogenous abscisic acid to the dwarfing capability of East Mailing apple rootstocks. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 97: 701–705

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zeevaart J AD (1983) Gibberellins and flowering. In: Crozier A (ed) Biochemistry and physiology of gibberellins, vol 2. Praeger Scientific, pp 333–374

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman RH (1963) Rooting cofactors in some southern pines. Proc Int Plant Prop Soc 13: 71–74

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman RH (1971) Flowering in crabapple seedlings. Methods of shortening the juvenile phase. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 96: 404–411

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman RH (1972) Juvenility and flowering in woody plants: A review. HortScience 7: 447–455

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman RH (1972) Length of the juvenile period in some apomictic crabapples. HortScience 7: 490–491

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman RH (1973) Juvenility and flowering of fruit trees. Acta Hortic 34: 139–142

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman RH (1977) Relation of pear seedling size to length of the juvenile period. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 102: 443–447

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman RH (1981) Micropropagation of fruit plants. Acta Hortic 120: 217–222

    Google Scholar 

  • Zwintzscher M (1964) Ein Versuch zur Verkürzung der juvenilen Phase junger Obstgehölze. Tagungsber Deut Akad Landw Wiss Berlin 65: 21–28

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. R. H. Zimmerman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. W. P. Hackett
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. R. P. Pharis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, The University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., T2N 1N4, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

    Richard P. Pharis  & David M. Reid  & 

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1985 Springer-Verlag Berlin · Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Zimmerman, R.H., Hackett, W.P., Pharis, R.P. (1985). Hormonal Aspects of Phase Change and Precocious Flowering. In: Pharis, R.P., Reid, D.M. (eds) Hormonal Regulation of Development III. Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology, vol 11. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-67734-2_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-67734-2_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-67736-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-67734-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation