Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Growth of Synthetic and Imitation Gems

  • Conference paper
Growth and Properties

Part of the book series: Crystals ((CRYSTALS,volume 2))

Abstract

Verneuil successfully duplicated natural ruby at the turn of the century. Since then, diamond, emerald, blue and other color sapphires, quartz (including the amethyst and citrine varieties), spinet, and chrysoberyl have been added to the list of single crystals used as synthetic gems. Crystals such as rutile, strontium titanate, YAG, GGG, and cubic zirconia have also been used as diamond imitations. More recently, non-single crystal materials such as opal and turquoise have also been synthesized.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Wilke, K. Th., Bohm, J.: Kristall Züchtung. Berlin: VEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften 1973

    Google Scholar 

  2. Smakula, A.: Einkristalle. Berlin, Göttingen, Heidelberg: Springer 1962

    Google Scholar 

  3. Laudise, R. A.: The growth of single crystals. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1970; Pamplin, B. R.: Crystal growth. New York: Pergamon Press 1975

    Google Scholar 

  4. Elwell, D., Scheel, H. J.: Crystal growth from high temperature solutions. New York: Academic Press 1975

    Google Scholar 

  5. Brice, J. C.: The growth of crystals from the liquid. Amsterdam: North-Holland Pub. Co. 1973

    Google Scholar 

  6. Brice, J. C.: The growth of crystals from the melt. Amsterdam: North-Holland Pub. Co. 1965

    Google Scholar 

  7. Webster, R.: Gems. 3rd ed. London: Newnes-Butterworths 1975

    Google Scholar 

  8. Hey, M. H.: An index of mineral species and varieties arranged chemically. 2nd ed. London: British Museum 1962; Appendix 1,1963; Appendix 2, 1974

    Google Scholar 

  9. Anderson, B. W.: Gem testing. 8th ed. London: Butterworths 1971; Liddicoat, R. T. Jr.: Handbook of gem identification, 10th ed. Los Angeles: Gemological Institute of America 1975

    Google Scholar 

  10. Gübelin, E.: Internal world of gemstones. Zurich: ABC Edition 1974

    Google Scholar 

  11. Bruton, E.: Diamonds. Radnor, PA: Chilton Book Co. 1970

    Google Scholar 

  12. Sinkankas, J.: Van Nostrand’s standard catalog of gems. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold 1968

    Google Scholar 

  13. Nassau, K.: Lapidary Journal 29, 920,1060,1250,1521(1975); Am. Mineral. 63, 219 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  14. MacInnes, D.: Synthetic gem and allied crystal manufacture. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data Corp. 1973

    Google Scholar 

  15. Sinkankas, J.: Gem cutting. 2nd ed. New York: Van Nostrand 1962

    Google Scholar 

  16. Bandy, F. P.: Science 137, 1057 (1962)

    Google Scholar 

  17. Bovenkerk, H. P., Bandy, F. P., Hall, H. T., Strong, H. M., Wentorf, R. H., Jr.: Nature 184, 1094 (1959)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Hall, H. T.: Rev. Sci. Instrum. 31, 125 (1960)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Nassau, K., Nassau, J.: Lapidary Journal 32, 76, 490 (1978); J. Crystal Growth, in press

    Google Scholar 

  20. Wentorf, R. H., Jr.: J. Phys. Chem. 75, 1833 (1971)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Strong, H. M., Chrenko, R. M.: J. Phys. Chem. 75, 1838 (1971)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Strong, H. M., Wentorf, R. H., Jr.: Naturwissenschaften 59, 1 (1972)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Wentorf, R. H., Jr.: High pressure research 4, 247 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  24. Hall, H. T.: Rev. Sci. Instrum. 29, 267 (1958)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Giardini, A. A., Tydings, J. E.: Am. Mineral. 47, 1393 (1962)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Wentorf, R. H., Jr.: J. Chem. Phys. 69, 3063 (1965)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Crowningshield, R.: Gems and Gemology 13, 302 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  28. Klement, W., Jr., Jayaraman, A.: Progress in solid state chemistry. Vol. 3, p. 289, 1966

    Google Scholar 

  29. Pistorius, C. W. F. T.: Progress in solid state chemistry. Vol. 11, p. 1, 1976

    Google Scholar 

  30. Eversole, W. G.: U.S. Patent 3, 030, 187, April 17, 1962

    Google Scholar 

  31. Derjaguin, B. V., Spitsyn, B. V., Gorodetzky, A. E., Zakharov, A. P., Builov, L. L., Aleksenko, A. E.: J. Crystal Growth 31, 44 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  32. Derjaguin, B. V., Fedoseev, D. B.: Scientific American 233, 102 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  33. Wood, D. L., Nassau, K.: Am. Mineral. 53, 777 (1968)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Nassau, K.: J. Crystal Growth 35, 211 (1976); Lapidary Journal 30, 196, 468 (1976)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Taylor, A. M.: J. Gemm. (London) 15, 372 (1977)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Schmetzer, K., Berdesinski, W., Bank, H.: Z. Dt. Gemmol. Ges. 23, 5 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  37. Nassau, K., Prescott, B. E., Wood, D. L.: Am Mineral. 61, 100 (1976)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Hautefeuille, P., Perrey, A.: C. R. 106, 1800 (1888)

    Google Scholar 

  39. Hautefeuille, P., Perrey, A.: Ann. Chim. Phys. 20, 447 (1890)

    Google Scholar 

  40. Espig, H.: Chem. Tech. 12, 327 (1960)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Nassau, K.: J. Gemm. (London) 16, 36 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  42. Flanigen, E. M.: U.S. Patent 3, 567, 642, March 2, 1971

    Google Scholar 

  43. Flanigen, E. M., Mumbach, N. R.: U.S. Patent 3, 567, 643, March 2, 1971

    Google Scholar 

  44. Yancey, P. J.: U.S. Patent 3, 723, 337, March 27, 1973

    Google Scholar 

  45. Townsend, M. G.: Solid State Comm. 6, 81 (1968)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Nassau, K.: J. Crystal Growth 5, 338 (1969)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Verneuil, A. V. L.: Ann. Chim. Phys. [8] 3, 20 (1904)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Verneuil, A. V. L.: U.S. Patent 988, 230, March 28, 1911

    Google Scholar 

  49. Verneuil, A. V. L.: U.S. Patent 1, 004, 505, Sept. 26, 1911

    Google Scholar 

  50. Nassau, K.: J. Crystal Growth 13/14, 12 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  51. Nassau, K.: Lapidary Journal 27, 26 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  52. Henry, J. L., Kelly, H. J.: J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 48, 217 (1965)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Popov, S. K.: Growth of crystals. A. V. Shubnikov and N. N. Sheftal (eds.), p,103. New York: Consultants Bureau Inc. 1959

    Google Scholar 

  54. Verma, R. K., Sirkar, G. N., Chatterjee, S.: J. Sci. Ind. Res. (New Delhi) 13A, 516 (1954)

    Google Scholar 

  55. Reiss, F. A.: Crystal growth. H. S. Peiser (ed.), p. 63. New York: Pergamon Press 1967

    Google Scholar 

  56. Seifert, W.: J. Crystal Growth 12, 17 (1972)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Khambatta, F. B., Gielisse, P. J., Wilson, M. P., Jr., Adamski, J. A., Sahagian, C.: J. Crystal Growth 13/14, 710 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  58. Pastor, R. C., Pastor, A. C., Kimura, H., Arita, K.: J. Chem. Phys. 44, 4486 (1966)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Pastor, R. C.: J. Chem. Phys. 45, 321 (1966)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Grabmaier, J.: J. Crystal Growth 5, 105 (1969)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Barns, R. L.: Metallurgy of advanced electronic materials. Vol. 19, G. E. Brock (ed.), p. 337. New York: Interscience Publ. 1963

    Google Scholar 

  62. Tait, A. S.: J. Gemm. (London) 5, 65 (1955)

    Google Scholar 

  63. Bratton, R. J.: J. Appl. Phys. 42, 211 (1971)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Nassau, K.: Am. Mineral. 53, 300 (1968)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Burdick, J. N., Glenn, J. W.: U.S. Patent 2, 488, 507, Nov. 15, 1949

    Google Scholar 

  66. Burdick, J. N., Jones, R. A.: U.S. Patent 2, 690, 062, Sept. 28, 1954

    Google Scholar 

  67. Eversole, W. G., Burdick, J. N.: U.S. Patent 2, 690, 630, Oct. 5, 1954

    Google Scholar 

  68. Paladino, A. E., Roiter, B. D.: J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 47, 465 (1964)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Charvat, F. R., Smith, J. C., Nestor, O. H.: J Phys. Chem. Solids 1, 45 (1967)

    Google Scholar 

  70. Chalmers, B., LaBelle, H. E., Jr., Mlavsky, A. I.: J. Crystal Growth 13/14, 84 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  71. Antonov, P. I., Nikanorov, S. P., Tatarchenko, V. A.: J.Crystal Growth 42, 447 (1977)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Carman, J. N., McKnight, H. G.: U.S. Patent 3, 608, 050, Sept. 21, 1971

    Google Scholar 

  73. Viechnicki, D., Schmid, F.: J. Crystal Growth 26, 162 (1974)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Muraour, H.: Rev. gen. de Chernie pure et appl. 6, 72 (1903)

    Google Scholar 

  75. Frémy, E.: Syntheses du Rubis. Paris: Libraire de Corps Nationaux 1891

    Google Scholar 

  76. Remeika, J. P.: U.S. Patent 3, 075, 831, Jan. 29, 1963

    Google Scholar 

  77. Nelson, D. F., Remeika, J. P.: J. Appl. Phys. 35, 522 (1964)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Laudise, R. A., Ballman, A. A.: J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 81, 562 (1959)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Chinh, N. D.: J. Crystal Growth 13/14, 545 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  80. Weirauch, D. F., Kung, R.: J. Crystal Growth 19, 139 (1973)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Bashuk, R. P., Basaev, V. P., Tsadkina, R. B., Faivusovich, S. A.: Sov. Phys.-Crystallog. 5, 638 (1960)

    Google Scholar 

  82. Schaffer, P. S.: J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 48, 508 (1965)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Barns, R. L., Kolb, E. D., Laudise, R. A., Simpson, E. E., Kroupa, K. M.: J. Crystal Growth 34, 189 (1976)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Laudise, R. A., Sullivan, R. A.: Chem. Engr. Prog. 55, 55 (1959)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Kolb, E. D., Nassau, K., Laudise, R. A., Simpson, E. E., Kroupa, K. M.: J. Crystal Growth 36, 93 (1976)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Tsinober, L. I., Kamentsev, I. E.: Sov. Phys.-Crystallog. 9, 374 (1964)

    Google Scholar 

  87. Nassau, K., Prescott, B. E.: Phys. Stat. Sol. A29, 659 (1975)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Nassau, K., Prescott, B. E.: Min. Mag. 41, 301 (1977)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Tsinober, L. I., Chentsova, L. G.: Sov. Phys.-Crystallog. 4, 593 (1959)

    Google Scholar 

  90. Balitzky, V. S.: J. Crystal Growth 41, 100 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  91. Wood, D. L., Ballman, A. A.: Am. Mineral. 51, 216 (1966)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Lipson, H. G., Kahan, A., Adamski, J. A., Farrell, E., Rodman, M. J., Kawamura, J.: J. Crystal Growth 3/4, 250 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  93. Falckenberg, R.: J. Crystal Growth 13/14, 723 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  94. Saalfeld, H., Jagdzinski, H.: Z. Kristallog. 109, 87 (1957)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Cockayne, B., Chesswas, M., Born, P. J., Filby, J. D.: J. Mater. Sci. 4, 236 (1969)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Hurley, G. F., Meuse, D. J., Morrison, A. D., Smith, S. M.: Ceram. Bull. 54, 510 (1975)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Farrell, E. F., Fang, J. H.: J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 47, 274 (1964)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Bonner, W. A., Van Uitert, L. G.: U.S. Patent 3, 370, 963, Feb. 27, 1968

    Google Scholar 

  99. Cline, C. F., Patterson, D. A.: U.S. Patent 3, 912, 521, Oct. 14, 1975

    Google Scholar 

  100. Morris, R. C., Cline, C. F.: U.S. Patent 3, 997, 853, Dec. 14, 1976

    Google Scholar 

  101. Bauer, J.: III Konferenz über Einkristalle, p. 20. Prague, CSSR: Turnov, Ed. 1959

    Google Scholar 

  102. Rykl, D., Bauer, J.: Kristall u. Technik 3, 361 (1968)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Campbell, I. E., Sherwood, E. M., (eds.): High temperature materials and technology, p. 142. New York: John Whey and Sons 1967

    Google Scholar 

  104. Stackelberg, M. V., Chudoba, K.: Z. Krist. 97, 252 (1937)

    Google Scholar 

  105. Perez y Jorba, M., Collongues, R.: Rev. Htes Temp. et Réfract. 1, 21 (1964)

    Google Scholar 

  106. Reed, T. B.: J. Appl. Phys. 32, 821 (1961)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Goldsmith, G. J., Hopkins, M., Kestigian, M.: J. Electrochem. Soc. 111, 260 (1964)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Trombe, F., Foex, M.: Bull. Soc. Chim. France, Mem. 1965, 1070 (1965)

    Google Scholar 

  109. Roulin, Y., Vitter, G., Déportes, C.: Rev. Inst. Htes Temp. et Réfract. 6, 153 (1969)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Giroud, G., Vitter, G., Déportes, C.: Rev. Int. Htes. Temp. et Réfract. 11, 25 (1974)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Aleksandrov, V. I., Osiko, V. V., Prokhorov, A. M., Tatarintsev, V. M.: Vestnik. Akad. Nauk SSSR 12, 29 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  112. Aleksandrov, V. I., Osiko, V. V., Prokhorov, A. M., Tatarintsev, V. M.: Current topics in material science, E. Kaldis, (ed.), Vol. 1, pp. 421–480. Amsterdam: North Holland Pub. Co., 1978

    Google Scholar 

  113. Nassau, K.: Lapidary Journal 31, 899 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  114. Duwez, P., Odell, F., Brown, F. H.: J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 35, 109 (1952)

    Google Scholar 

  115. Duwez, P., Brown, F. H., Odell, F.: J. Electrochem. Soc. 98, 360 (1951)

    Google Scholar 

  116. Dear, W. A., Howie, R. A., Zussman, J.: Rock-forming minerals, Vol. 1, p. 77. New York: J. Wiley and Sons 1962

    Google Scholar 

  117. Nielsen, J. W.: U.S. Patent 3, 050, 407, Aug. 21, 1962

    Google Scholar 

  118. Nassau, K: Applied solid state science, R. Wolfe and C. J. Kriessman (eds.), Vol. 2, pp. 173, 235. New York: Academic Press 1971

    Google Scholar 

  119. Nielsen, J. W.: IEEE transact. on magnetics, MAG-12, 327 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  120. Bruni, F. J.: Crystals, F. Boschke (ed.), Vol. 1, p. 1. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: 1978

    Google Scholar 

  121. Cockayne, B.: J. Crystal Growth 42, 413 (1977)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Mateika, D., Rusche, Ch.: J. Crystal Growth 42, 440 (1977)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Allibert, M., Chatillon, C., Mareschal, J., Lissalde, F.: J. Crystal Growth 23, 289 (1974)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Hurle, D. T. J.: J. Crystal Growth 42, 473 (1977)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Roy, R., White, W. B.: J. Crystal Growth 13/14, 78 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  126. Moore, C. H.: A.I.M.E. Mining Transactions 184, 194 (1949)

    Google Scholar 

  127. Adamski, J. A.: J. Appl. Phys. 36, 1784 (1965)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Goldsmith, G. J., Hopkins, M., Kestigian, M.: J. Electrochem. Soc. 111, 260 (1964)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Chase, J. D., van Ruyven, L. J.: J. Crystal Growth 5, 294 (1969)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Harvill, M. L., Roy, R.: Crystal growth, H. S. Peiser (ed.), p. 563. New York: Pergamon Press 1967

    Google Scholar 

  131. Kuznetzov, V. A.: J. Crystal Growth 3/4, 405 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  132. Merker, L.: U.S. Patent 2, 760, 874, Aug. 28, 1956

    Google Scholar 

  133. Merker, L.: Trans. A.I.M.E. Mining Engng. 202, 645 (1955)

    Google Scholar 

  134. von Ardenne, M., Knebel, E. D., Wachtel, H., Wiese, P.: Kristall u. Techn. 1, 437 (1966)

    Google Scholar 

  135. Bednorz, J. G., Scheel, H. J.: J. Crystal Growth 41, 5 (1977)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Belruss, V., Kalnajs, J., Linz, A., Folweiler, R. C.: Mat Res. Bull. 6, 899 (1971)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Uhrin, R., Belt, R. F., Puttbach, R. C.: J. Crystal Growth 21, 65 (1974)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Ruszala, F., Kostiner, E.: J. Crystal Growth 26, 155 (1974)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Wilken, G.: J. Crystal Growth 40, 165 (1977)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Wanklyn, B. M.: J. Crystal Growth 37, 334 (1977)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Ballman, A. A., Laudise, R. A.: J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 48, 130 (1965)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Chase, A. B., Osmer, J. A.: J. Electrochem. Soc. 113, 198 (1966)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Dhamarajan, R., Belt, R. F., Puttbach, R. C.: J. Crystal Growth 13/14, 535 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  144. Wanklyn, B. M.: J. Crystal Growth 37, 51 (1977)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Silicon Carbide — 1973; Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. on SiC, University of South Carolina 1974

    Google Scholar 

  146. Jones, J. B., Sanders, J. V., Segnit, E. R.: Nature 204, 990 (1964)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Darragh, P. J., Sanders, J. V.: Gems & Gemology 11, 291 (1965)

    Google Scholar 

  148. Darragh, P. J., Perdrix, J. L.: J. Gemm. (London) 14, 215 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  149. Darragh, P. J., Gaskin, A. J., Sanders, J. V.: Australian Gemmologist 13, 4 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  150. Stöber, W., Fink, A., Bohn, E.: J. Colloid Interface Sci. 26, 62 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  151. Nassau, K.: Lapidary Journal 31, 18 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  152. Schiffman, C. A.: J. Gemm. (London) 15, 172 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  153. Williams, J. D., Nassau, K.: Gems and Gemology 15, 226 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  154. Grimm, N.: Industrial Research, 40 (May 1971)

    Google Scholar 

Note Added in Proof

  • A review of Soviet work on the growth of refractory crystals by RF melting in cold containers has been given by V. I. Aleksandrov, V. V. Osiko, A. M. Prokhorov, and V. M. Tatarintsev (in Current Topics in Materials Science, E. Kaldis, Ed., North Holland, Amsterdam, Vol. 1, 1978, pp. 421–480). Cubic zirconia. is covered, including spectra (but not the colors) produced by a variety of impurities and irradiation treatment.

    Google Scholar 

  • Recent work by J. H. Freeman, W. Temple and G. A. Gard (Nature, 275, 634, 1978) based on British Patents by R. S. Nelson, J. A. Hudson and D. J. Matey, No. 1,476,313, June 7, 1973 and by J. H. Freeman, No. 1,485,364, Oct. 1, 1973 has demonstrated diamond growth by implanting accelerated carbon ions into diamond heated to about 600 °C. Growth rates of 3.2 μm/h were observed and the product layers, clearly identified as diamond, could be made p or n type by suitable doping.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, NJ, 07974, USA

    Kurt Nassau

  2. Bernardsville, NJ, 07924, USA

    Julia Nassau

Authors
  1. Kurt Nassau
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Julia Nassau
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Kristall-Labor der Physikalischen Institute, Lotzestr. 16–18, 3400, Göttingen, Germany

    H. C. Freyhardt

  2. Institut für Metallphysik, der Universität Göttingen, Hospitalstr. 12, 3400, Göttingen, Germany

    H. C. Freyhardt

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1980 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

Nassau, K., Nassau, J. (1980). The Growth of Synthetic and Imitation Gems. In: Freyhardt, H.C. (eds) Growth and Properties. Crystals, vol 2. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-67467-9_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-67467-9_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-67469-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-67467-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation