Skip to main content

Gametogenesis

  • Chapter
The Sea Urchin Embryo

Abstract

The studies on gametogenesis in sea urchins have included a variety of approaches, such as gross morphologic and biochemical investigations of the gonads at different times of the annual reproductive cycle and detailed analyses of structural, physiologic, and molecular changes that occur during growth of the germ cells. Investigations on oogenesis are especially germane to the understanding of the events that take place at fertilization, which has been studied so extensively in sea urchins. The interest of gametogenesis thus extends beyond simply the series of changes that occur during differentiation of the germ cells. Problems related to gametogenesis in sea urchins include the environmental control of cellular processes, the establishment of dormancy in preparation for embryonic life, and the process of early development itself.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • AFZELIUS, B.A., 1955a. The fine structure of the sea urchin spermatozoa as revealed by the electron microscope. Z. Zeilforsch. 42, 134–148.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • AFZELIUS, B.A., 1955b. The ultrastructure of the nuclear membrane of the sea urchin oocyte as studied with the electron microscope. Exp. Cell Res., 8, 147–158.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • AFZELIUS, B.A., 1956a. The ulstrastructure of the cortical granules and their products in the sea urchin egg as studied with the electron microscope. Exp. Cell Res., 10, 257–285.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • AFZELIUS, B.A., 1956b. Electron microscopy of Golgi elements in sea urchin eggs. Exp. Cell Res., 11, 67–85.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • AFZELIUS, B.A., 1957a. Electron microscopy of the basophilic structures of the sea urchin egg. Z. Zellforsch., 45, 660–675.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • AFZELIUS, B.A., 1957b. Electron microscopy on sea urchin gametes. Uppsala: Almquist and Wiksells Baktryckeri AB.

    Google Scholar 

  • AFZELIUS, B.A., 1959. Electron microscopy of the sperm tail; results obtained with a new fixative. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol., 5, 269–278.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • AFZELIUS, B.A., MURRAY, A., 1957. The acrosomal reaction of spermatozoa during fertilization or treatment with egg water. Exp. Cell Res., 12, 325–337.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ANDERSON, E., 1968a. Oocyte differentiation in the sea urchin Arbacia punctulata, with particular reference to the origin of cortical granules and their participation in the cortical reaction. J. Cell Biol., 37, 514–539.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ANDERSON, W., 1968b. Cytochemistry of sea urchin gametes. III. Acid and alkaline phosphatase activity of spermatozoa and fertilization. J. Ultrastr. Res., 25, 1–14.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ANDERSON, W., 1969. Nuclear and cytoplasmic DNA synthesis during early embryogenesis of Paracentrotus lividus. J. Ultrastr. Res., 26, 95–110.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ANDRE, J., 1963. Some aspects of specialization in sperm, 91–115. In: The General Physiology of Cell Specialization (D. Mazia and A. Tyler, eds.). New York, San Francisco, Toronto, London: McGraw Hill Book Co., Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • AUSTIN, C.R., 1961. The Mammalian Egg. Springfield, Ill.: Charles C. Thomas.

    Google Scholar 

  • AUSTIN, C.R., 1965. Fertilization. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • BÄCKSTRÖM, S., 1966. A complex between basic proteins and acid polysaccharides in sea urchin oocytes and eggs. Acta Embryol. Morph. Exp., 9, 37–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • BAL, A.K., JUBINVILLE, F., COUSINEAU, G.H., INOUE, S., 1968. Origin and fate of annulate lamellae in Arbacia punctulata eggs. J. Ultrastr. Res., 25, 15–28.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • BEATTY, R.A., 1970. The genetics of the mammalian gamete. Biol. Rev., 45, 73–119.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • BENNETT, J., GIESE, A.C., 1955. The annual reproductive and nutritional cycles in two western sea urchins. Biol. Bull., 109, 226–237.

    Google Scholar 

  • BERGER, E.R., 1968. A quantitative study on sea urchin egg mitochondria in relation to their DNA content. J. Cell Biol., 39, 12a–13a.

    Google Scholar 

  • BERNSTEIN, M.H., MAZIA, D., 1952. The desoxyribonucleoprotein of sea urchin sperm. 1. Isolation and analysis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 10, 600–606.

    Google Scholar 

  • BISHOP, D.W., 1968. Testicular enzymes as fingerprints in the study of spermatogenesis, 261–286. In: Perspectives in Reproduction and Sexual Behavior (M. Diamond, ed.). Bloomington, London: Indiana University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • BISHOP, M.W.H., WALTON, A., 1960. Spermatogenesis and the structure of mammalian spermatozoa, 1–129. In: Marshall’s Physiology of Reproduction, vol. I, part 2 (A.S. Parkes, ed.). London: Longmans, Green and Co., Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • BLOCH, D.P., 1969. A catalog of sperm histones. Genet. Suppl., 61, 93–111.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • BOELL, E., CHAMBERS, J.R., GLANCY, E.A., STERN, K.G., 1940. Oxidase activity and respiration of cells and cell fragments. Biol. Bull., 79, 352.

    Google Scholar 

  • BOOLOTIAN, R.A., 1960. The effect of temperature on gonadal growth of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Anat. Rec., 137, 342–343.

    Google Scholar 

  • BOOLOTIAN, R.A., 1966. Reproductive physiology, 561–613. In: Physiology of Echinodermata (R.A. Boolotian, ed.). New York, London, Sydney: John Wiley and Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • BOOLOTIAN, R.A., MOORE, A.R., 1956. Hermaphroditism in Echinoids. Biol. Bull., 111, 328–335.

    Google Scholar 

  • BOREI, H., 1948. Respiration of oocytes, unfertilized eggs and fertilized eggs from Psammechinus and Asterias. Biol. Bull., 95, 124–150.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • BOREI, H., 1949. Independence of post-fertilization respiration in the sea-urchin egg from the level of respiration before fertilization. Biol. Bull., 96, 117–122.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • BOTTICELLI, C.R., HISAW, F.L., JR., WOTIZ, H.H., 1961. Estrogens and progesterone in the sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus franciscanus) and pecten (Pecten hericius). Proc. Soc. exp. Biol, and Med., 106, 887–889.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • BOVERI, T., 1901. Die Polarität von Ovocyte, Ei und Larve des Strongylocentrotus lividus. Zool. Jahrb. Abt. f. Anat., 14, 630–653.

    Google Scholar 

  • BRACHET, A., 1922. Recherches sur la fécondation prématurée de l’oeuf d’oursin (Paracentrotus lividus). Arch. Biol., 32, 205–248.

    Google Scholar 

  • BRACHET, J., 1960. Gametogenesis, 1–44. In: Biochemistry of Development. New York, Los Angeles, London, Paris: Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • BRADFIELD, J.R.G., 1953. New features of protoplasmic structure observed in recent electron microscope studies. Quart. J. Microscop. Sci., 94, 351–367.

    Google Scholar 

  • BROWN, D.D., DAWID, I., 1968. Specific gene amplification in oocytes. Science, 160, 272–280.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • BROWN, D.D., LITTNA, E., 1964. Variations in the synthesis of stable RNA’s during oogenesis and development of Xenopus laevis. J. Mol. Biol., 8, 688–695.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • BRYCE, T.H., 1902. Maturation of the ovum in Echinus esculentus. Quart. J. Micro. Sci., 46, 177–224.

    Google Scholar 

  • CANDELAS, G.C., IVERSON, R.M., 1966. Evidence for translational level control of protein synthesis in the development of sea-urchin eggs. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm., 24, 867–871.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • CASPERSSON, T., SCHULTZ, J., 1940. Ribonucleic acids in both nucleus and cytoplasm, and the function of the nucleolus. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S., 26, 507–515.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • CASTANEDA, M., TYLER, A., 1968. The lability of in vitro amino acid incorporating systems of sea urchin eggs in relation to nuclease release and other factors. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 166, 741–744.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • CAULLERY, M., 1925. Sur la structure et le functionnement des gonades chez le echinides. Trav. Sta. Zool. Wimereux, 9, 21–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • CELI, A.D., D’ESTE, L., TETI, D., 1967. La vitellogensi in Arbacia lixula e Sphaerechinus granularis (Echin. Echin.). Experientia 23, 433–434.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • CHAMBERLAIN, J.P., 1970. RNA synthesis in anucleate fragments and normal embryos of the sea urchin, Arbacia punctulata. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 213, 183–193.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • CHANDLEY, A.C., BATEMAN, A.J., 1962. Timing of spermatogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster using tritiated thymidine. Nature, 193, 299–300.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • CHATLYNNE, L.G., 1969. A histochemical study of oogenesis in the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Biol. Bull., 136, 167–184.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • CLAYBROOK, C.J., BLOCH, D.P., 1967. Synthesis of ribonucleic acid and histone change during spermatogenesis in the grasshopper Chorto-phaga viridifasciata. Nature, 215, 966–969.

    Google Scholar 

  • COGNETTI, G., SPINELLI, G., VIVOLI, A., 1974. Synthesis of histones during sea urchin oogenesis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 349, 447–455.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • CONWAY, C.M., 1971. Evidence for RNA in the heavy bodies of sea-urchin eggs. J. Cell Biol., 51, 889–893.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • CONWAY, C.M., METZ, C.B., 1970. Cytochemical demonstration of RNA in heavy bodies of sea-urchin eggs. J. Cell Biol., 47, 40a.

    Google Scholar 

  • CONWAY, C.M., METZ, C.B., 1974. In vitro maturation of Arbacia punctulata oocytes and initiation of heavy body formation. An ultra-structure study. Cell Tiss. Res. 150, 271–279.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • COWDEN, R.R., 1962. RNA and yolk synthesis in growing oocytes of the sea urchin, Lytechinus variegatus. Exp. Cell Res., 28, 600–604.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • CRAIG, S.P., 1970. Synthesis of RNA in non-nucleate fragments of sea-urchin eggs. J. Mol. Biol., 47, 615–618.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • CRAIG, S.P., PIATIGORSKY, J., 1971. Protein synthesis and development in the absence of cytoplasmic RNA synthesis in non-nucleate egg fragments and embryos of sea urchins: Effect of ethidium bromide. Develop. Biol. 24, 214–232.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DAIGNEAULT, R., BELLEMARE, G., COUSINEAU, G.H., 1970. A 12-S and 9-S RNA species in Strongylocentrotus purpuratus eggs. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 224, 256–259.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DAN, J.C., 1956. The acrosome reaction. Internat. Rev. Cytol., 5, 365–393.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DARNELL, J.E., Jr., 1968. Ribonucleic acids from animal cells. Bacteriol. Rev., 32, 262–290.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DAS, N.K., MICOU-EASTWOOD, J., RAMAMURTHY, G., ALFERT, M., 1970. Sites of synthesis and processing of ribosomal RNA precursors within the nucleolus of Urechis caupo eggs. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S., 67, 968–975.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DAS, N.K., SIEGEL, E.P., ALFERT, M., 1965. Synthetic activities during spermatogenesis in the locust. J. Cell Biol., 25, 387–395.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DAVENPORT, R., DAVENPORT, J.C., 1966. A cytochemical study of cytoplasmic basic proteins in echinoderm oogenesis. Exp. Cell Res., 42, 429–437.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DAVIDSON, E.H., 1968. Gene Activity in Early Development. New York, London: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • DAWID, I.B., BROWN, D.D., 1970. The mitochondrial and ribosomal DNA components of oocytes of Urechis caupo. Develop. Biol., 22, 1–14.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DELAVAULT, R., 1966. Determinism of sex, 615–638. In: Physiology of Echinodermata (R.A. Boolotian, ed.). New York, London, Sydney: John Wiley and Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • DONAHUE, J.K., 1939. Estrogenic properties of extracts of ovaries of certain marine invertebrates. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol, and Med., 42, 220–222.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DONAHUE, J.K., 1940. Occurrence of estrogens in the ovaries of certain marine invertebrates. Endocrinology, 27, 149–152.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DUBOIS, R., DUPRE, M., DENKER, I., INOUE, S., COUSINEAU, G.H., 1971. 12 S and 9 S RNA species. Localization and fate during development of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus eggs. Exp. Cell Res., 68, 197–204.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • EASTON, D., CHALKLEY, R., 1972. A high-resolution electrophoretic analysis of the histones from embryos and sperm of Arbacia punctula-ta. Exp. Cell Res. 72, 502–508.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • EPEL, D., 1967. Protein synthesis in sea-urchin eggs: A “late” response to fertilization. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S., 57, 899–906.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ERB, V.W., MAURER, W., 1962. Autoradiographische Untersuchungen über den Eiweißstoffwechsel von Oocyten und Eizellen. Z. Naturforsch., 17B, 268–273.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ESPER, H., 1965. Studies on the nucleolar vacuole in the oogenesis of Arbacia punctulata. Exp. Cell Res., 38, 85–96.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • FAWCETT, D.W., ANDERSON, W.A., PHILLIPS, D.M., 1971. Morphogenetic factors influencing the shape of the sperm head. Develop. Biol., 26, 220–251.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • FICQ, A., 1964. Effets de 1’actinomycine Det de la puromycine sur le métabolisme de l’oocyte en croissance. Exp. Cell Res., 34, 581–594.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • FRANKLIN, L.E., 1965. Morphology of gamete membrane fusion and of sperm entry into oocytes of the sea urchin. J. Cell Biol., 25, 81–100.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • FRANKLIN, L., METZ, C.B., 1962. Electron microscope study of sperm entry into sea urchin oocytes. Biol. Bull., 123, 473.

    Google Scholar 

  • FUJI, A., 1960a. Studies on the biology of the sea urchin. I. Superficial and histological gonadal changes in gametogenic process of two sea urchins, Strongylocentrotus nudus and S. intermedius. Bull. Fac. Fish. Hokkaido Univ., 11 (1), 1–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • FUJI, A., 1960b. Studies on the biology of the sea urchin. II. Size at first maturity and sexuality of two sea urchins, Strongylocentrotus nudus and S. intermedius. Bull. Fac. Fish. Hokkaido Univ., 11 (2), 43–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • FUJI, A., 1960c. Studies on the biology of the sea urchin. III. Reproductive cycle of two sea urchins, Strongylocentrotus nudus and S. intermedius. Bull. Fac. Fish. Hokkaido Univ., 11 (2), 49–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • GALL, J.G., 1968. Differential synthesis of the genes for ribosomal RNA during amphibian oogenesis. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S., 60, 553–560.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • GALL, J.G., MACGREGOR, H.C., KIDSTON, M.E., 1969. Gene amplification in the oocytes of dytiscid water beetles. Chromosoma, 26, 169–187.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • GIARD, A., 1900. A propos de la parthénogenèse artificielle des oeufs d’echinodermes. C.R. Soc. Biol. Paris, 52, 761–764.

    Google Scholar 

  • GIESE, A.C., 1959. Comparative physiology: annual reproductive cycles of marine invertebrates. A. Rev. Physiol., 21, 547–576.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • GIESE, A.C., 1961. Further studies on Allocentrotus fragilis, a deep-sea echinoid. Biol. Bull., 121, 141–150.

    Google Scholar 

  • GIESE, A.C., 1966. On the biochemical constitution of some echinoderms, 757–796. In: Physiology of Echinodermata (R.A. Boolotian, ed.). New York, London, Sydney: John Wiley and Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • GIESE, A.C., GREENFIELD, L., HUANG, H., FARMANFARMAIAN, A., BOOLOTIAN, R., LASKER, R., 1959. Organic productivity in the reproductive cycle of the purple sea urchin. Biol. Bull., 116, 49–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • GIESE, A.C., KRISHNASWAMY, S., VASU, B.S., LAWRENCE, J., 1964. Reproductive and biochemical studies on a sea urchin, Stomopneustes vario-laris, from Madras Harbor. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 13, 367–380.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • GIUDICE, G., PIRONNE, A.M., ROCCHERI, M., TRAPANI, M., 1973. Matura-tional cleavage of nucleolar ribosomal RNA precursor can be catalyzed by non-specific endonuclease. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 319, 72–80.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • GIUDICE, G., SCONZO, G., BONO, A., ALBANESE, I., 1972. Studies on sea urchin oocytes. I. Purification and cell fractionation. Exp. Cell Res. 72, 90–94.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • GOLDFARB, A.J., 1935a. Change in size and shape of aging eggs (Arbacia punctulata). Biol. Bull., 68, 180–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • GOLDFARB, A.J., 1935b. Vicosity changes in aging unfertilized eggs of Arbacia punctulata. Biol. Bull., 68, 191–206.

    Google Scholar 

  • GOLDFARB, A.J., 1937. Effects of age on Arbacia eggs. VI. Increased stretching and bursting of egg membrane in hypotonic sea water. Physiol. Zool., 10, 59–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • GRANT, P., 1965. Informational molecules and embryonic development, 483–593. In: The Biochemistry of Animal Development, vol. I (R. Weber, ed.). New York, London: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • GREENFIELD, L., GIESE, A.C., FARMANFARMAIAN, A., BOOLOTIAN, R.A., 1958. Cyclic biochemical changes in several echinoderms. J. Exp. Zool., 139, 507–524.

    Google Scholar 

  • GROSS, P.R., 1968. Biochemistry of differentiation. Ann. Rev. Biochem., 37, 631–660.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • GROSS, P.R., COUSINEAU, G.H., 1963. Effects of actinomycin D on macro-molecular synthesis and early development in sea-urchin eggs. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm., 4, 321–326.

    Google Scholar 

  • GROSS, P.R., COUSINEAU, G.H., 1964. Macromolecular synthesis and the influence of actinomycin on early development. Exp. Cell Res., 33, 368–395.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • GROSS, K.W., JACOBS-LORENA, M., BAGLIONI, C., GROSS, P.R., 1973. Cell-free translation of maternal messenger RNA from sea urchin eggs. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S. 70, 2614–2618.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • GROSS, P.R., MALKIN, L.I., HUBBARD, M., 1965. Synthesis of RNA during oogenesis in the sea urchin. J. Mol. Biol., 13, 463–481.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • GROSS, P.R., MALKIN, L.I., MOYER, W.A., 1964. Templates for the first proteins of embryonic development. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S., 51, 407–414.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • GROSS, P.R., PHILPOTT, D.E., NASS, S., 1960. Electron microscopy of the centrifuged sea urchin egg, with a note on the structure of the ground cytoplasm. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol., 7, 135–142.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • HAGSTRÖM, B.E., LÖNNING, S., 1961. Studies on the species specificity of Echinoderms. Sarsia, 4, 5–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • HAMANN, O., 1887. Beiträge zur Histologie der Echinodermen. Jen. Zeits. N.F., 14, 87–266.

    Google Scholar 

  • HAMER, D., 1955. The composition of the basic proteins of echinoderm sperm. Biol. Bull., 108, 35–39.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • HARRIS, P., 1967. Structural changes following fertilization in the sea-urchin egg. Exp. Cell Res., 48, 569–581.

    Google Scholar 

  • HARRIS, P., 1969. Relation of fine structure to biochemical changes in developing sea-urchin eggs and zygotes, 315–340. In: The Cell Cycle. Gene-Enzyme Interactions (G.M. Padilla, G.L. Whitson, I.L. Cameron, eds.). New York, London: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • HARVEY, E.B., 1956. The American Arbacia and other sea urchins. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • HATHAWAY, R.R., METZ, C.B., 1961. Interactions between Arbacia sperm and S35-labeled fertilizin. Biol. Bull., 120, 360–369.

    Google Scholar 

  • HATHAWAY, R.R., TYLER, A., 1958. Evidence for the splitting-off of s35-labeled sulfate from the fertilizin of Arbacia eggs upon spontaneous reversal of sperm-agglutination. Biol. Bull., 115, 337.

    Google Scholar 

  • HATHAWAY, R.R., WARREN, L., 1961. Further investigation of egg jelly dispersal by Arbacia sperm extract. Biol. Bull., 121, 416–417.

    Google Scholar 

  • HENDERSON, S.A., 1963. Differential ribonucleic acid synthesis of X and autosomes during meiosis. Nature, 200, 123 5.

    Google Scholar 

  • HENDERSON, S.A., 1964. RNA synthesis during male meiosis and spermiogenesis. Chromosoma, 15, 345–366.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • HILLE, M.B., 1974. Inhibitor of protein synthesis isolated from ribosomes of unfertilized eggs and embryos of sea urchins. Nature 249, 556–558.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • HINEGARDNER, R.T., 1969. Growth and development of the laboratory cultured sea urchin. Biol. Bull., 137, 465–475.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • HNILICA, L.S., 1967. Proteins of the cell nucleus. Prog. Nuc. Acid. Res. Mol. Biol., 7, 25–106.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • HOADLEY, L., 1934. The relation between the position of the female pronucleus and the polar bodies in the unfertilized egg of Arbacia punctulata. Biol. Bull., 67, 220–222.

    Google Scholar 

  • HOLLAND, N.D., 1967. Gametogenesis during the annual reproductive cycle in a cidaroid sea urchin (Stylocidaris affinis). Biol. Bull., 133, 578–590.

    Google Scholar 

  • HOLLAND, N.D., GIESE, A.C., 1965. An autoradiographic investigation of the gonads of the purple sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus). Biol. Bull., 128, 241–258.

    Google Scholar 

  • HÖRSTADIUS, S., 1939. The mechanics of sea urchin development, studied by operative methods. Biol. Rev., 14, 132–179.

    Google Scholar 

  • HSU, W.S., 1967. The origin of annulate lamellae in the oocyte of the ascidian, Boltenia villosa Stimpson. Z. Zellforsch. Microskop. Anat., 82, 376–390.

    Google Scholar 

  • HULTIN, T., 1961. Activation of ribosomes in sea-urchin eggs in response to fertilization. Exp. Cell Res., 25, 405–417.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • HULTIN, T., 1964. On the mechanism of ribosomal activation in newly fertilized sea-urchin eggs. Develop. Biol., 10, 305–328.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • HULTIN, T., HERNE, R., 1959. Amino acid analysis of a basic protein fraction from sperm nuclei of some different invertebrates. Ark. Kemi, 26A (2), 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • HYMAN, L.H., 1955. The Invertebrates: Echinodermata, vol. IV. New York, Toronto, London: McGraw Hill Book Co., Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • IMMERS, J., 1960. Studies on cytoplasmic components of sea-urchin eggs stratified by centrifugation. Exp. Cell Res., 19, 499–514.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • IMMERS, J., 1961. Comparative study of the localization of incorporated 14C-labeled amino acids and 35SO4 in the sea urchin ovary, egg and embryo. Exp. Cell Res., 24, 356–378.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • INOUE, S., COUSINEAU, G.H., KRUPA, P.L., 1971. Jelly coat material of Arbacia eggs: an electron diffraction study. Biol. Bull., 141, 391.

    Google Scholar 

  • ISAKA, S., KANATANI, H., SUZUKI, N., 1966. Jelly dispersing enzyme obtained from spermatozoa of sea urchin, Anthocidaris crassispina. Exp. Cell Res., 44, 66–72.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • IWATA, K., 1950. A method of determining the sex of sea urchin and of obtaining eggs by electric stimulation. Annot. Zool. Jap., 23, 39–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • JENKINSON, J.W., 1911. On the origin of the polar and bilateral structure of the egg of the sea urchin. Arch, f. Entw. Mech., 32, 699–716.

    Google Scholar 

  • KESSEL, R.G., 1963. Electron microscope studies on the origin of annulate lamellae in oocytes of Necturus. J. Cell Biol., 19, 391–414.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • KESSEL, R.G., 1964. Electron microscope studies on oocytes of an echinoderm, Thyone briareus, with species reference to the origin and structure of annulate lamellae. J. Ultrastr. Res., 10, 498–514.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • KESSEL, R.G., 1965. Intranuclear and cytoplasmic annulate lamellae in tunicate oocytes. J. Cell Biol., 24, 471–487.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • KOSSEL, A., 1928. The Protamines and Histones. London, New York: Longmans Green and Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • KOSSEL, R., STAUDT, W., 1926. Zur Kenntnis der basischen Proteine. Z. Physiol. Chem., 159, 172–173.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • KUROZUMI, K., 1957. Electron microscopic investigations on the fine structure of egg cells. I. On resting cell structure; II. On the mitotic figures. Acta Anat. Nipponica, 32, 175–226.

    Google Scholar 

  • LAMARCA, M.J., SHIPPEE, E.L., SCHUETZ, A.W., 1971. RNA synthesis during oocyte maturation in Arterias forbesi. Biol. Bull., 141, 394.

    Google Scholar 

  • LASKER, R., GIESE, A.C., 1954. Nutrition of the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus piirpuratus. Biol. Bull., 106, 328–340.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • LIEBMAN, E., 1950. The leucocytes of Arbacia punctulata. Biol. Bull., 98, 46–59.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • LIMA-DE-FARIA, A., BIRNSTIEL, M., JAWORSKA, H., 1969. Amplification of ribosomal cistrons in the heterochromatins of Acheta. Genetics, 61, Suppl., 145–159.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • LINDAHL, P.E., 1932. Zur Kenntnis des Ovarialeies bei dem Seeigel. Arch. f. Entw., 126, 373–390.

    Google Scholar 

  • LINDAHL, P.E., HOLTER, H., 1941. Über die Atmung der Oxozyten erster Ordnung von Paracentrotus lividus und ihre Veränderung während der Reifung. C. R. Tr. Lab. Carlsberg Ser. Chim., 24, 49–57.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • LITCHFIELD, J.B., WHITELEY, A.H., 1959. Studies on the mechanism of phosphate accumulation by sea urchin embryos. Biol. Bull., 117, 133–149.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • LONGO, F.J., ANDERSON, E., 1969. Sperm differentiation in the sea urchins Arbacia punctulata and Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. J. Ultrastr. Res., 27, 486–509.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • LÖNNING, S., 1963. Electron microscopical studies of oocytes and eggs from the sea urchin Brissopsis lyrifera. Sarsia, 11, 11–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • LÖNNING, S., 1964. Studies on the ultrastructure of sea urchin oocytes and the changes induced by insemination. Sarsia, 15, 9–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • MACBRIDE, E.W., 1903. The development of Echinus esculentus together with some points in the development of E. miliaris and E. acutus. Roy. Soc. London, Phil. Trans. B 195, 285–327.

    Google Scholar 

  • MACKINTOSH, F.R., BELL, E., 1967. Stimulation of protein synthesis in unfertilized sea urchin eggs by prior metabolic inhibition. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm., 27, 425–430.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MACKINTOSH, F.R., BELL, E., 1970. Reversible response to puromycin and some characteristics of the uptake and use of amino acids by unfertilized sea-urchin eggs. Biol. Bull., 139, 296–303.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MACKINTOSH, F.R., BELL, E., 1969. Regulation of protein synthesis in sea-urchin eggs. J. Mol. Biol., 41, 365–380.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MADEN, B.E.H., 1968. Ribosome formation in animal cells. Nature, 219, 685–689.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MAKINO, S., 1951. An atlas of the chromosome numbers in animals. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State College Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • MANO, Y., NAGANO, H., 1966. Release of maternal RNA from some particles as a mechanism of activation of protein synthesis by fertilization in sea-urchin eggs. Biochim. Biophys. Res. Comm., 25, 210–215.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MATSUMOTO, L., KASAMATUSU, H., PIKO, L., VINOGRAD, J., 1974. Mitochondrial DNA replication in sea urchin oocytes. J. Cell Biol. 63, 146–159.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MATSUMOTO, L., PIKO, L., 1971. In vivo radioactive labeling of mitochondrial DNA in Arbacia punctulata oocytes. Biol. Bull., 141, 397.

    Google Scholar 

  • MCCULLOCH, D., 1952. Note on the origin of the cortical granules in Arbacia punctulata eggs. Exp. Cell Res., 3, 605–607.

    Google Scholar 

  • MERCER, E.H., WOLPERT, L., 1962. An electron microscope study in the cortex of the sea urchin (Psammechinus miliaris) egg. Exp. Cell Res., 27, 1–13.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MERRIAM, R.W., 1959. The origin and fate of annulate lamellae in maturing sand dollar eggs. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol., 5, 117–121.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MILLER, R.A., SMITH, H.B., 1931. Observations on the formation of the egg of Echinometra lucunter. Paps. Tortugas Lab. Carnegie Inst. Washington, 27 (413), 47–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • MILLONIG, G., 1958. Die submikroskopische Struktur des Dotterkernes in den Eiern von Arbacia lixula. Mikroskopie, 13, 239–246.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MILLONIG, G., 1967. The morphological changes of the nucleoli during oogenesis and embryogenesis. Atti Acc. Naz. Lincei, Classe Scien. Fis. Mat. Nat., 104, 113–115.

    Google Scholar 

  • MILLONIG, G., BOSCO, M., GIAMBERTONE, L., 1968. Fine structure analysis of oogenesis in sea urchins. J. Exp. Zool., 169, 293–314.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MINGANTI, A., 1954. Studies on the surface layers of oocytes and mature eggs of Psammechinus miliaris. Exp. Cell Res., 7, 1–14.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MITCHISON, J.M., CUMMINS, J.E., 1966. The uptake of valine and cytidine by sea urchin embryos and its relation to the cell surface. J. Cell Sci., 1, 35–47.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MONESI, V., 1965a. Differential rate of ribonucleic acid synthesis in the autosomes and sex chromosomes during male meiosis in the mouse. Chromosoma, 17, 11–21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MONESI, V., 1965b. Synthetic activities during spermatogenesis in the mouse. Exp. Cell Res., 39, 197–224.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MONNE, L., 1945. Investigations into the structure of the cytoplasm. Arkiv. f. Zool., 36A (23), 1–28.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MONNE, L., HÂRDE, S., 1951. On the cortical granules of the sea-urchin egg. Arkiv. f. Zool. (2) 1, 487–498.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MONNE, L., SLAUTTERBACK, D.B., 1950. Differential staining of various polysaccharides in sea-urchin eggs. Exp. Cell Res., 1, 477–491.

    Google Scholar 

  • MONROY, A., 1948. Cortical changes accompanying maturation in sea-urchin egg. Experientia, 4, 353–355.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MONROY, A., 1965. Chemistry and Physiology of Fertilization. New York, Chicago, San Francisco, Toronto, London: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

    Google Scholar 

  • MONROY, A., MAGGIO, R., RINALDI, A.M., 1965. Experimentally induced activation of the unfertilized sea-urchin egg. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S., 54, 107–111.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MOORE, H.B., 1935. The biology of Echinocardium cordatum. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc, 20, 655–671.

    Google Scholar 

  • MOORE, H.B., JUTARE, T., BAUER, J.C., JONES, J.A., 1963a. The biology of Lytechinus variegatus. Bull. Mar. Sci. Gulf Caribb., 13, 23–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • MOORE, H.B., JUTARE, T., JONES, J.A., MCPHERSON, B.F., ROPER, C.F.E., 1963b. A contribution to the biology of Tripneustes esculentus. Bull. Mar. Sci. Gulf Caribb., 13, 267–281.

    Google Scholar 

  • MOTOMURA, I., 1936. Notes on the cytoplasmic structure of the egg of a sea urchin Strongylocentrotus pulcherrimus. Zool. Mag., 48, 753–758.

    Google Scholar 

  • MOTOMURA, I., 1941. Materials on the fertilization membrane in the eggs of Echinoderms. Sci. Rep. Tohoku Imp. Univ. IV B 16, 345–363.

    Google Scholar 

  • MOTOMURA, I., 1960. On the structure of the cortical granule in the sea-urchin egg. Sci. Rep. Tohoku Univ. 4th Ser. (Biol.), 26, 367–374.

    Google Scholar 

  • MUCKENTHALER, F.A., 1964. Autoradiographic study of nucleic acid synthesis during spermatogenesis in the grasshopper, Melanoplus differentialis. Exp. Cell Res., 35, 531–547.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • NEEFS, Y., 1937. Sur divers cas d’hermaphroditisme chez Arbacia lixula. C. R. Acad. Sci., 204, 900–902.

    Google Scholar 

  • NEEFS, Y., 1952. Sur le cycle sexuel de Sphaerechinus granularis. C. R. Acad. Sci., 234, 2233–2235.

    Google Scholar 

  • NELSON, L., 1971. Differentiation of the male germ cell, 243–278. In: Developmental Aspects of the Cell Cycle (I.L. Cameron, G.M. Padilla, E.F. Zimmerman, eds.). New York, London: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • NICANDER, L., PLOËn, L., 1969. Fine structure of spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes in rabbits. Z. Zellforsch., 99, 221–234.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • NIGON, V., GILLOT, S., 1963. Etude radiographique du metabolisme des acides nucleiques et des proteines au cours du developpement de l’oeuf Arbacia lixula. Cahiers Biol. Mar., 4, 277–298.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • NISHIKAWA, S., 1961. Notes on the chromosomes of two species of echinoderms Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus and Anthocidaris crassispina (A. Agassiz). Zool. Mag. Tokyo, 70, 425–428.

    Google Scholar 

  • OHNISHI, T., SUGIYAMA, M., 1963. Polarographic studies of oxygen uptake of sea-urchin eggs. Embryologia, 8, 79–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • OSANAI, K., 1964. Cortical granule as a body containing cyto-fertilizin in the sea-urchin egg. Sci. Rep. Tohoku Univ. 4th Ser. (Biol.), 30, 119–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • OZAKI, H., 1971. Developmental studies of sea urchin chromatin. Chromatin isolated from spermatozoa of the sea urchin Strongylocen-trotus purpuratus. Develop. Biol., 26, 209–219.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • OZAKI, H., PIATIGORSKY, J., TYLER, A., 1966. Electrophoretic patterns of soluble proteins synthesized during oogenesis and early development of sea urchin. Ann. Rep., Calif. Inst, of Tech., 44–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • PALAU, J., RUIZ-CARRILLO, A., SUBIRANA, J.A., 1969. Histones from the sperm of the sea urchin Arbacia lixula. Europ. J. Biochem., 7, 209–213.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • PALMER, L., 1937. The shedding reaction in Arbacia punctulata. Physiol. Zool., 10, 352–367.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • PAOLETTI, R.A., HUANG, R.C., 1969. Characterization of sea urchin sperm chromatin and its basic proteins. Biochem., 8, 1615–1625.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • PARAT, M., 1928. Contribution à l’etude morphologique et physiologique du cytoplasme. Chondriome, vacuome (appareil de Golgi) enclaves, etc., pH, oxydases, rH de la cellule animale. Arch. Anat. Microsc., 24, 73–357.

    Google Scholar 

  • PASPALEFF, G., 1927. Über Protoplasmareifung bei Seeigeleiern. Pubb. Staz. Zool. Napoli, 8, 1–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • PASTEELS, J.J., CASTIAUX, P., VANDERMEERSSCHE, G., 1958. Ultrastructure du cytoplasme et distribution de l’acide ribonucleique dans l’oeuf fecondé tant normal que centrifugé de Paracentrotus lividus. Arch. Biol., 69, 627–643.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • PATTERSON, J.B., STAFFORD, D.W., 1970. Sea urchin satellite deoxyribonucleic acid. Its large scale isolation and hybridization with homologous ribosomal ribonucleic acid. Biochem., 9, 1278–1283.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • PEARSE, J.S., GIESE, A.C., 1966. Food, reproduction and organic constitution on the common Antarctic echinoid Sterechinus neumayeri (Meissner). Biol. Bull., 130, 387–401.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • PERLMAN, P., 1956. Responses of unfertilized sea-urchin eggs to antiserum. Exp. Cell Res., 10, 324–353.

    Google Scholar 

  • PERLMAN, P., BOSTROM, H., VESTERMAK, A., 1959. Sialic acids in the gametes of the sea urchin. Exp. Cell Res., 17, 439–446.

    Google Scholar 

  • PERRY, R.P., 1965. The nucleolus and the synthesis of ribosomes. Nat. Cancer Inst. Monograph, 18, 325–340.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • PERRY, R.P., 1967. The nucleolus and the synthesis of ribosomes. Prog. Nuc. Acid Res., 6, 219–257.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • PIATIGORSKY, J., 1965. Labeled uridine uptake by maturing oocytes in sea urchins. Ann. Rep., Calif. Inst, of Tech., p. 65.

    Google Scholar 

  • PIATIGORSKY, J., 1968. Ribonuclease and trypsin treatment of ribosomes and polyribosomes from sea-urchin eggs. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 166, 142–155.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • PIATIGORSKY, J., OZAKI, H., TYLER, A., 1967. RNA- and protein-synthesizing capacity of isolated oocytes of the sea urchin Lyte-chinus pictus. Develop. Biol., 15, 1–22.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • PIATIGORSKY, J., TYLER, A., 1967. Radioactive labeling of RNAs of sea-urchin eggs during oogenesis. Biol. Bull., 133, 229–244.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • PIATIGORSKY, J., TYLER, A., 1970. Changes upon fertilization in the distribution of RNA-containing particles in sea-urchin eggs. Develop. Biol., 21, 13–28.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • PIATIGORSKY, J., WHITELEY, A.H., 1965. A change in permeability and uptake of 14c uridine in response to fertilization in Strongylocen-trotus purpuratus eggs. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 108, 404–418.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • PIKO, L., BLAIR, D.G., TYLER, A., VINOGRAD, J., 1968. Cytoplasmic DNA in the unfertilized sea-urchin egg: physical properties of circular mitochondrial DNA and the occurrence of catenated forms. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S., 59, 838–845.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • PIKO, L., TYLER, A., VINOGRAD, J., 1967. Amount, location, priming capacity, circularity and other properties of cytoplasmic DNA in sea-urchin eggs. Biol. Bull., 132, 68–90.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • RAFF, R.A., COLOT, H.V., SELVIG, S.E., GROSS, P.R., 1972. Oogenetic origin of messenger RNA for embryonic synthesis of microtubule proteins. Nature, 235, 211–214.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • RAFF, R.A., GREENHOUSE, G., GROSS, K.W., GROSS, P.R., 1971. Synthesis and storage of microtubule proteins by sea urchin embryos. J. Cell Biol., 50, 516–527.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • RAVEN, C.P., 1961. Oogenesis: The storage of developmental information. New York, Los Angeles, London, Paris: Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • REBHUN, L.I., 1956. Electron microscopy of basophilic structures of some invertebrate oocytes. I. Periodic lamellae and the nuclear envelope. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol., 2, 93–104.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • REVERBERI, G., 1940. Su due case ermafroditismo. Boll. Zool., 11, 11–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • REVERBERI, G., 1947. Ancora null’ ermafroditismo nei ricci di mare. Boll. Zool., 14, 65–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • ROOSEN-RUNGE, E.C., 1962. The process of spermatogenesis in mammals. Biol. Rev., 37, 343–377.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ROTHSCHILD, L., SWANN, M.M., 1949. The fertilization reaction in the sea-urchin egg. A propagated response to sperm attachment. J. Exp. Biol., 26, 164–176.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • RUNNSTRÖm, J., 1948. Membrane formation in different stages of cytoplasmic maturation of the sea-urchin egg. Arkiv. f. Zool., 40A (19), 1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • RUNNSTRÖM, J., 1949. The mechanics of fertilization in metazoa. Advan. Enzymology, 9, 241–327.

    Google Scholar 

  • RUNNSTRÖM, J., 1963. Sperm-induced protrusions in sea-urchin oocytes: A study of phase separation and mixing in living cytoplasm. Develop. Biol., 7, 38–50.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • RUNNSTRÖM, J., 1964. On some properties of the jelly coat in oocytes and mature eggs of sea urchins. A study of phase-dependent changes of metaplastic layers in the cell surface. Biol. Bull., 127, 132–153.

    Google Scholar 

  • RUNNSTRÖM, J., 1966. The vitelline membrane and cortical particles in sea-urchin eggs and their function in maturation and fertilization. Advan. Morphogenesis, 5, 221–325.

    Google Scholar 

  • RUNNSTRÖM, J., KRISZAT, G., 1950. Action of periodate on the surface reactions attending the activation of the egg of the sea urchin, Psammechinus miliaris. Exp. Cell Res., 1, 355–370.

    Google Scholar 

  • RUNNSTRÖM, J., MONNE, L., 1945. On some properties of the surface layers of immature and mature sea-urchin eggs, especially the changes accompanying nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation. Arkiv. f. Zool., 3 6A (18), 1–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • RUNNSTRÖM, J., MONNE, L., WICKLUND, E., 1946. Studies on the surface layers and the formation of the fertilization membrane in sea-urchin eggs. J. Colloid Sci., 1, 421–452.

    Google Scholar 

  • RUSSO, A., 1894. Sul sistema genitale e madreporico degli Echinidi regolari. Boll. Soc. Nat. Napoli, 8, 90–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • RUSSO, G., 1926. Ricerche sulla costituzione chimica delle ghiandole genitali. I. Gli aminoacidi del testiculo di Strongylocentrotus lividus, in diversi periodi del circlo funzionale dell’ organo. Archo. Sci. Biol., 8, 161–181.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SAKAI, T., 1956a. Cytological studies on the oogenesis of sea urchin: Report I. On the granular changes by using nuclear fixatives. Bull. Exp. Biol., 6, 87–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • SAKAI, T., 1956b. Cytological studies on the oogenesis of sea urchin: Report II. On the granular changes fixed with plasma fixatives. Bull. Exp. Biol., 6, 157–164.

    Google Scholar 

  • SAKAI, T., 1956c. Cytological studies on the oogenesis of sea urchin: Report III. On the cytochemical observations. Bull. Exp. Biol., 6, 165–174.

    Google Scholar 

  • SANCHEZ, S., 1966. Inhibition du developpement de l’oeuf d’oursin apres action de 1’actinomycine D sur 1’ovocyte. Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol., 160, 143–145.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SANCHEZ, S., 1968a. Effets de 1’actinomycine D sur les constituents cellulaires et la metabolisme de l’ARN de 1’ovocyte d’oursin (Paracentrotus lividus). Exp. Cell Res., 50, 19–31.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SANCHEZ, S., LANET, A., 1966. Distribution des protéines basiques nucleaires et cytoplasmiques dans 1’ovocyte en croissance de Paracentrotus lividus. Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol., 160, 145–147.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SCONZO, G., BONO, A., ALBANESE, I., GIUDICE, G., 1972. Studies on sea urchin oocytes. II. Synthesis of RNA during oogenesis. Exp. Cell Res. 72, 95–100.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SEIFRIZ, W., 1926. Protoplasmic papillae of Echinarachimus oocytes. Protoplasma 1, 1–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • SIEKEVITZ, P., MAGGIO, R., CATALANO, C, 1966. Some properties of a rapidly labeled ribonucleic acid species in Sphaerechinus granulans. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 129, 145–156.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SKOULTCHI, A., GROSS, P.R., 1973. Maternal histone messenger RNA: Detection by molecular hybridization. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S. 70, 2840–2844.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SLATER, D.W., SPIEGELMAN, S., 1966. An estimation of genetic messages in the unfertilized echinoid egg. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S. 56, 164–170.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SLATER, D.W., SPIEGELMAN, S., 1970. Transcriptive expression during sea urchin embryogenesis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 213, 194–207.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SPIRIN, A.S., 1966. On “masked” forms of messenger RNA in early embryogenesis and in other differentiating systems, 1–38. In: Current Topics of Developmental Biology, vol. 1 (A.A. Moscona, A. Monroy, eds.). New York, London: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • SPIRIN, A.S., NEMER, M., 1965. Messenger RNA in early sea urchin embryos: Cytoplasmic particles. Science, 150, 214–217.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SPONAR, J., SORMOVA, Z., GLISIN, V., 1970. Sea urchin satellite DNA. Its isolation, some properties and relative amount at different stages of sea urchin development. FEBS Letters, 11, 254–256.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • STAFFORD, D.W., GUILD, W.R., 1969. Satellite DNA from sea urchin sperm. Exp. Cell Res., 55, 347–350.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • STAVY, L., GROSS, P.R., 1967. The protein-synthetic lesion in unfertilized eggs. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S., 57, 735–742.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • STOTT, F.C., 1931. The spawning of Echinus esculentus and some changes in gonad composition. J. Exp. Biol., 8, 133–150.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SUBRAMANIAM, M.K., 1934. The oogenesis of Salmacis bicolor (Agassiz) with a suggestion as to the function of Golgi bodies. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 1, 291–317.

    Google Scholar 

  • SUGIYAMA, M., 1938. Experiments on the formation of protoplasmic protrusions from sea urchin oocytes. J. Fac. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo Sect. IV 5, 127–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • SWANSON, R.F., DAWID, I.B., 1970. The mitochondrial ribosome of Xenopus laevis. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S., 66, 117–124.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SWIFT, H., 1956. The fine structure of annulate lamellae. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol.,2, 415–418.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • TAKASHIMA, Y., 1960. Studies on the ultrastructure of the cortical granules in sea-urchin eggs. Tokushima J. exp. Med., 6, 341–349.

    Google Scholar 

  • TAKASHIMA, Y., TAKASHIMA, R., 1966. Electron microscope investigations on the modes of yolk and pigment formation in sea urchin oocytes. Okajimas Fol. anat. jap., 42, 249–264.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • TALEPOROS, P.P., 1959. Cytoplasmic ‘histones’ and ‘protomines’ in the egg of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. J. Histochem. Cytochem., 7, 322.

    Google Scholar 

  • TENNENT, D.H., GARDINER, M.S., SMITH, D.E., 1931. A cytological and biochemical study of the ovaries of the sea urchin Echinometra lucunter. Paps. Tortugas Lab. Carnegie Inst., Washington, 27 (413), 1–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • TENNENT, D.H., ITO, I., 1941. A study of the oogenesis of Mespilia globulus (Linné). J. Morph., 69, 347–404.

    Google Scholar 

  • TENNENT, D.H., TAYLOR, C.V., WHITAKER, D.M., 1929. An investigation on organization in a sea-urchin egg. Paps. Tortugas Lab. Carnegie Inst., Washington, 26 (391), 1–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • TILNEY, L.G., HATANO, S., ISHIKAWA, H., MOOSEKER, M.S., 1973. The polymerization of actin: It’s role in the generation of the acrosomal process of certain echinoderm sperm. J. Cell Biol. 59, 109–126.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • TIMOURIAN, H., 1967. Protein synthesis in sea-urchin eggs. I. Fertilization induced changes in subcellular fractions. Develop. Biol., 16, 594–611.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • TYLER, A., 1948. Fertilization and immunity. Physiol. Rev., 28, 180–219.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • TYLER, A., 1949a. Properties of fertilizin and related substances of eggs and sperm of marine animals. Am. Nat., 83, 195–219.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • TYLER, A., 1949b. A simple, non-injurious method for inducing repeated spawning of sea urchins and sand dollars. Collect. Net, 19, 19–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • TYLER, A., 1955. Gametogenesis, fertilization and parthenogenesis, 170–212. In: Analysis of Development (B.A. Willier, P.A. Weiss, V. Hamburger, eds.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • TYLER, A., 1956. Physico-chemical properties of the fertilizins of the sea urchin Arbacia punctulata and the sand dollar Echinarachi-nus parma. Exp. Cell Res., 10, 377–386.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • TYLER, A., 1967. Masked messenger RNA and cytoplasmic DNA in relation to protein synthesis and processes of fertilization and determination in embryonic development. Develop. Biol. Suppl., 1, 170–226.

    Google Scholar 

  • TYLER, A., HATHAWAY, R.R., 1958. Production of S35-labeled fertilizin in eggs of Arbacia punctulata. Biol. Bull., 115, 369.

    Google Scholar 

  • TYLER, A., PIATIGORSKY, J., OZAKI, H., 1966. Influence of individual amino acids on uptake and incorporation of valine, glutamic acid and arginine by unfertilized and fertilized sea-urchin eggs. Biol. Bull., 131, 204–217.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • TYLER, A., RICCI, N., HOROWITZ, N.H., 1938. The respiration and fer-tilizable life of Arbacia eggs under sterile and non-sterile conditions. J. Exp. Zool., 79, 129–143.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • TYLER, A., TYLER, B.S., 1966a. The gametes; some procedures and properties, 639–682. In: Physiology of Echinodermata (R.A. Boolotian, ed.). New York, London, Sydney: John Wiley and Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • TYLER, A., TYLER, B.S., 1966b. Physiology of fertilization and early development, 683–741. In: Physiology of Echinodermata (R.A. Boolotian, ed.). New York, London, Sydney: John Wiley and Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • TYLER, A., TYLER, B.S., PIATIGORSKY, J., 1969. Protein synthesis by unfertilized eggs of sea urchins. Biol. Bull., 134, 209–219.

    Google Scholar 

  • VASSEUR, E., 1952. The chemistry and physiology of the jelly coat of the sea-urchin egg. Stockholm, Kihlströms-Tryck AB 1–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • VENDRELY, R., 1957. Données récentes sur la chimie de l’ADN et des desoxyribonucleoproteines. Archiv des Julius Klaus-Stift. Vererbungsforsch. Sozialanthropol. u. Rassenhyz., 32, 538–553.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • VERHEY, C.A., MOYER, F.H., 1967a. Fine structural changes during sea urchin oogenesis. J. Exp. Zool., 164, 195–226.

    Google Scholar 

  • VERHEY, C.A., MOYER, F.H., 1967b. The role of accessory cells in sea urchin oogenesis. Am. Zool., 7, 754.

    Google Scholar 

  • VESCO, C, PENMAN, S., 1969. The cytoplasmic RNA of Hela cells: New discrete species associated with mitochondria. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S., 62, 218–225.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • VINCENT, W.S., 1955. Structure and chemistry of nucleoli. Internat. Rev. Cytol., 4, 269–298.

    Google Scholar 

  • VINCENT, W.S., HALVORSON, H.O., CHEN, H.R., SHIN, D., 1968. Ribosomal RNA cistrons in single and multinucleolate oocytes. Biol. Bull., 135, 441.

    Google Scholar 

  • WARBURG, O., 1908. Beobachtungen über die Oxydationsprozesse im See-igelei. Hoppe-Seylers Z. f. Physiol. Chem., 57, 1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • WHITELEY, A.H., 1949. The phosphorus compounds of sea urchin eggs and the uptake of radio-phosphate upon fertilization. Am. Nat., 83, 249–267.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • WICKLUND, E., 1947. The action of clupein on the unfertilized sea-urchin eggs and its Influence on the fertilization of these eggs. Arkiv f. Zool., 40A (5), 1–18.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • WICKLUND, E., 1954. The influence of some substances on the rate of smoothing on non-fertilized sea-urchin eggs in hypertonic medium. Arkiv. f. Zool., (2) 7, 97–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • WICKLUND, E., KRISZAT, G., RUNNSTRÖM, J., 1953. Influence of certain substances on the fluidity of the cytoplasm and the fertilizability of the egg of the sea urchin, Psammechinus miliaris. J. Embryol. exp. Morph., 1, 319–325.

    Google Scholar 

  • WILLIAMS, J., 1965. Chemical constitution and metabolic activities of animal eggs, 13–71. In: The Biochemistry of Animal Development, vol. I (R. Weber, ed.). New York, London: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • WILSON, E.B., 1895. An Atlas on the Fertilization and Karyokinesis of the Ovum. New York, London: MacMilland and Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • WILSON, E.B., 1928. The Cell in Development and Heredity. New York: MacMilland and Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • WILSON, L.P., 1940. Histology of the gonad wall of Arbacia punctulata. J. Morph., 66, 463–479.

    Google Scholar 

  • WILT, F.H., 1970. The acceleration of ribonucleic acid synthesis in cleaving sea-urchin embryos. Develop. Biol., 23, 444–455.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • WOLPERT, L., MERCER, E.H., 1961. An electron microscope study of fertilization of the Sea-urchin egg Psammechinus miliaris. Exp. Cell Res., 22, 45–55.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • YASUMASU, I., NAKANO, I., 1963. Respiratory level of sea-urchin eggs before and after fertilization. Biol. Bull., 125, 182–187.

    Google Scholar 

  • YOSHIDA, M., 1952. Some observations on the maturation of the sea urchin, Diadema setosum. Annotnes Zool. Japan, 25, 265–271.

    Google Scholar 

  • ZALOKAR, M., 1965. Etude de la formation de l’acide ribonucleique et des proteines chez les insectes. Rev. Suisse Zool., 72, 241–262.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ZEITZ, L., FERGUSON, R., GARFINKEL, E., 1969. Incorporation of 3H-TdR and 3H-BUdR into sperm DNA of Arbacia punctulata after coelomic injection. Exp. Cell Res., 56, 159–163.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1975 Springer-Verlag Berlin · Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Piatigorsky, J. (1975). Gametogenesis. In: Czihak, G. (eds) The Sea Urchin Embryo. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-65964-5_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-65964-5_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-65966-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-65964-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics