Skip to main content

Abstract

The expression of many bacterial genes adapts itself in an almost instantaneous and reversible way to specific environmental changes. More specifically, the concentration of a number of metabolites, a function of the amounts of enzymes involved in their synthesis or degradation, in turn retroacts on the rate of synthesis of these enzymes. The genetic bases for this regulation were established by Jacob and Monod (1961). These authors also showed how the known elements of these regulatory mechanisms could be connected into a wide variety of circuits endowed with any desired degree of stability, in order to account for essentially irreversible processes like differentiation (Monod and Jacob, 1961). The general principles used by Jacob and Monod in their study of negative regulation were extended to positive regulation by Englesberg et al. (1965). An independent approach permitted the discovery of positive controls in temperate bacteriophages (see below, III).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Attardi, G., Naono, S., Rouviere, J., Jacob, F., Gros, F.: Production of messenger RNA and regulation of protein synthesis. Cold Spr. Harb. Symp. quant. Biol. 28, 363–372 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bear, P. D., Skalka, A.: The molecular origin of lambda prophage mRNA. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 62, 385–388 (1969).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bertani, G.: Lysogeny. Advanc. Virus Res. 5, 151–193 (1958).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bode, V. C., Kaiser, A. D.: Repression of the cII and cIII cistrons of phage lambda in a lysogenic bacterium. Virology 25, 111–121 (1965).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brachet, P., Eisen, H., Rambach, A.: Mutations of coliphage λ affecting the expression of replicative functions O and P. Molec. Gen. Genetics 108, 266–276 (1970).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brachet, P., Green, B. R.: Functional analysis of early defective mutants of coliphage λ. Virology 40, 792–799 (1970).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brooks, K.: Studies in the physiological genetics of some suppressor-sensitive mutants of bacteriophage λ. Virology 26, 489–499 (1965).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Butler, B., Echols, H.: Regulation of bacteriophage λ development by gene N: properties of a mutation that by passes N control of late protein synthesis. Virology 40, 212–222 (1970).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buttin, G.: Mécanismes régulateurs dans la biosynthèse des enzymes du métabolisme du galactose chez E. coli K12. III. L’ “effet de dérépression” provoqué par le développement du phage λ. J. molec. Biol. 7, 610–631 (1963).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, A.: Sensitive mutants of bacteriophage λ. Virology 14, 22–32 (1961).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Court, D., Sato, K.: Studies of novel transducing variants of lambda: dispensability of genes N and Q. Virology 39, 348–352 (1969).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Couturier, M., Dambly, C.: Activation séquentielle des fonctions tardives chez les bactériophages tempérés. C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 270, 428–430 (1970).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Couturier, M., Dambly, C.: In preparation (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dahl, D., Soller, A., Calef, E.: Functional behavior of λ cry. J. molec. Biol. 32, 639–658 (1968).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dambly, C., Couturier, M.: In preparation (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dambly, C., Couturier, M.: Thomas, R.: Control of development in temperate bacteriophages. II. Control of lysozyme synthesis. J. molec. Biol. 32, 67–81 (1968).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dove, W. F.: The action of the lambda chromosome. I. The control of functions late in phage development. J. molec. Biol. 19, 187–201 (1966).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dove, W. F. Hargrove, E., Ohashi, M., Haugli, F., Guha, A.: Replicator activation in lambda. Japan J. Genetics 44, Suppl. 1., 11–22 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  • Echols, H., Joyner, A.: The temperate phage, p. 526. In: H. Fraenkel-Conrat (ed.), The molecular basis of virology. New York: Reinhold 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisen, H.: In: The bacteriophage λ (A. D. Hershey, ed.) (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisen, H. Brachet, P., Pereira da Silva, L., Jacob, F.: Regulation of repressor expression in lambda. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 66, 855–862 (1970).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eisen, H. A., Fuerst, C. R., Siminovitch, L., Thomas, R., Lambert, L., Pereira da Silva, L., Jacob, F.: Genetics and physiology of defective lysogeny in K12 (λ): studies of early mutants. Virology 30, 224–241 (1966).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eisen, H. A., Pereira da Silva, L., Jacob, F.: Sur la régulation précoce du bacteriophage. C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 226, 1176–1178 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  • Englesberg, E., Irr, J., Power, J., Lee, N.: Positive control of enzyme synthesis by gene C in the λ-arabinose system. J. Bact. 90, 946–957 (1965).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fiandt, M., Hradecna, Z., Lozeron, H. A., Szybalski, W.: Electron micrographie mapping of deletions, substitutions, inversions and homologies in the lambda and ϕ 80 phage genomes. In: The bacteriophage λ. A. D. Hershey, ed. (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fischer-Fantuzzi, L., Calef, E.: A type of λ prophage unable to confer immunity. Virology 23, 209–216 (1964).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Franklin, N. C.: The N operon of lambda: extent and regulation as observed in fusions to the tryptophan operon in E. coli. In: The bacteriophage λ (A.D. Hershey, ed.) (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gottesman, M. E., Weissberg, R. A.: Prophage Integration and Excision. In: The bacteriophage λ (A. D. Hershey, ed.) (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, M. H.: Inactivation of the prophage lambda repressor without induction. J. molec. Biol. 16, 134–148 (1966).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Green, M. H., Hayward, W. S., Gariglio, P.: A method for the localization of active promotors. Cold. Spr. Harb. Symp. quant. Biol. 35, 295–303 (1970).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gros, F., Kourilsky, P., Marcaud, L.: Pattern of gene transcription during the induction of bacteriophage lambda development: a possible model for the control of gene expression in a differentiating system. Ciba Foundation Symp. Homeostatic regulators, p. 107–124 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  • Herskowitz, I., Signer, E. R.: A site essential for expression of all late genes in bacteriophage λ. J. molec. Biol. 47, 545–556 (1970a).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herskowitz, I., Signer, E. R.: Control of transcription from the r-strand of bacteriophage λ. Cold Spr. Harb. Symp. quant. Biol. 35, 355–368 (1970b).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hopkins, N.: Bypassing a positive regulator: isolation of a lambda mutant that does not require N product to grow. Virology 40, 223–229 (1970).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Isaacs, N. L., Echols, H., Sly, W. S.: Control of lambda messenger RNA by the cI-immunity region. J. molec. Biol. 13, 962–967 (1965).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jacob, F., Campbell, A.: Sur le système de répression assurant l’immunité chez les bactéries lysogènes. C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 248, 3219–3221 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacob, F., Fuerst, C. R., Wollman, E. L.: Recherches sur les bactéries lysogènes defectives. II. Les types physiologiques liés aux mutations du prophage. Ann. Inst. Pasteur 93, 724–753 (1957).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacob, F., Monod, J.: Genetic regulatory mechanisms in the synthesis of proteins. J. molec. Biol. 3, 318–356 (1961).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacob, F., Sussman, R., Monod, J.: Sur la nature du répresseur assurant l’immunité des bactéries lysogènes. C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 254, 4214–4216 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacob, F., Wollman, E. L.: Etude génétique d’un bactériophage tempéré d’E. coli. I. Le système génétique du bactériophage. Ann. Inst. Pasteur 87, 653–673 (1954).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacob, F., Wollman, E. L.: Sur le processus de conjugaison et de recombination chez E. coli. I. L’induction par conjugaison ou induction zygotique. Ann. Inst. Pasteur 91, 486–510 (1956).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacob, F., Wollman, E. L.: Siminovitch, L.: Propriétés inductrices des mutants virulents d’un phage tempéré. C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 236, 544 (1953).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Joyner, A., Isaacs, L. N., Echols, H., Sly, W.: DNA replication and messenger RNA production after induction of wild-type lambda bacteriophage and lambda mutants. J. molec. Biol. 19, 174–186 (1966).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaiser, A. D.: Mutations in a temperate bacteriophage affecting its ability to lysogenize E. coli. Virology 3, 42–61 (1957).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaiser, A. Jacob, F.: Recombination between related temperate bacteriophages and the genetic control of immunity and prophage localization. Virology 4, 509–521 (1957).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaiser, A. Masuda, T.: Evidence for a prophage excision gene in λ. J. molec. Biol. 47, 557–564 (1970).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kayajanian, G.: Studies on the genetics of biotin-transducing, defective variants of bacteriophage λ. Virology 36, 30–41 (1968).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Konrad, M. W.: Dependence of “early” lambda bacteriophage RNA synthesis on bacteriophage-directed protein synthesis. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 59, 171–178 (1968).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kourilsky, Ph., Marcaud, L., Sheldrick, P., Luzzati, D., Gros, F.: Studies on the messenger RNA of bacteriophage λ. I. Various species synthesized early after induction of the prophage. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 61, 1013–1020 (1968).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, S., Bøvre, K., Guha, A., Hradecna, Z., Maher, V. M., Zsybalski, W.: Orientation and control of transcription in E. coli phage λ. Nature (Lond.) 221, 823–825 (1969).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lieb, M.: Lambda mutants which persist as plasmids. J. Virol. 6, 218–225 (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindhal, G.: Bacteriophage P2. Replication of the chromosome requires a protein which acts only on the genome coded for it. Virology 42, 522–533 (1970).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luzzati, D.: On the control of exonuclease synthesis. Abs. Lysogeny Workshop, Sorrento (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  • Luzzati, D.: Regulation of λ exonuclease synthesis: role of the N gene product and λ repressor. J. molec. Biol. 49, 515–519 (1970).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Monod, J., Jacob, F.: General conclusions: teleonomic mechanisms in cellular metabolism, growth, and differentiation. Cold Spr. Harb. Symp. quant. Biol. 23, 389–401 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Muller-Hill, B., Crapo, L., Gilbert, W.: Mutants that make more lac repressor. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 59, 1259–1264 (1968).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ogawa, Z., Tomizawa, J.: Replication of bacteriophage DNA. I. Replication of DNA of phage lambda defective in early functions. J. molec. Biol. 38, 217–225 (1968).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oppenheim, A. B., Neubauer, Z., Calef, E.: The antirepressor: a new element in the regulation of protein synthesis. Nature (Lond.) 226, 31–32 (1970).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Packman, S., Sly, W. S.: Constitutive λ DNA replication by λc17, a regulatory mutant related to virulence. Virology 34, 778–789 (1968).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pereira da Silva, L. H., Jacob, F.: Induction of cII and 0 functions in early defective lambda prophages. Virology 33, 618–624 (1967).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pereira da Silva, L. H., Jacob, F.: Etude génétique d’une mutation modifiant la sensibilité à l’immunité chez le bactériophage lambda. Ann. Inst. Pasteur 115, 145–158 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pero, J.: Location of the phage lambda gene responsible for turning off lambda exonuclease synthesis. Virology 40, 65–71 (1970).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pero, J.: In: The bacteriophage λ (A. D. Hershey, ed.) (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pironio, M., Ghysen, A.: A bacterial mutation which affects recognition of the N gene product of bacteriophage λ. Molec. Gen. Genetics 108, 373–375 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pirrotta, V., Ptashne, M.: Isolation of the 434 phage repressor. Nature (Lond.) 222, 541–544 (1969).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Protass, J. J., Korn, D.: Function of the N cistron of bacteriophage lambda. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 55, 1089–1095 (1966).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ptashne, M.: Isolation of the λ phage repressor. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 57, 306–313 (1967a).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ptashne, M.: Specific binding of the λ phage repressor to λ DNA. Nature (Lond.) 214, 232–234 (1967b).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ptashne, M.: In: The bacteriophage λ (A. D. Hershey, ed.) (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ptashne, M.: Hopkins, N.: The operators controlled by the λ phage repressor. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 60, 1282–1287 (1968).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Radding, C. M., Echols, H.: The role of the N gene of phage λ in the synthesis of two phage-specified proteins. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 60, 707–712 (1968).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Radding, C. M., Schreffler, D. C.: Regulation of λ exonuclease. II. Joint regulation of exonuclease and a new λ antigen. J. molec. Biol. 18, 251–261 (1966).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, J. W.: Termination factor for RNA synthesis. Nature (Lond.) 224, 1168–1174 (1969).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sato, K., Campbell, A.: Specialized transduction of galactose by λ phage from a deletion lysogen. Virology 41, 474–487 (1970).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Signer, E. R.: Plasmid formation: a new mode of lysogeny by phage λ. Nature (Lond.) 223, 158–160 (1969).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Signer, E. R.: On the control of lysogeny in phage λ. Virology 46, 624–633 (1970).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skalka, A., Butler, B., Echols, H.: Genetic control of transcription during development of phage λ. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 58, 576–583 (1967).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sly, W. S., Echols, H., Adler, J.: Control of viral messenger RNA after lambda phage infection and induction. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 53, 378–385 (1965).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Szpirer, J., Brachet, P.: Relations physiologiques entre les phages tempérés λ et ϕ 80. Molec. Gen. Genetics 108, 78–92 (1970).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Szybalski, W., Bøvre, K., Fiandt, M., Hayes, S., Hradecna, Z., Kumar, S., Lozeron, H. A., Nijkamp, H. J. J., Stevens, W. F.: Transcriptional Units and their Controls in Escherichia coli Phage λ: Operons and Scriptons. Cold Spr. Harb. Symp. quant. Biol. 35, 341–353 (1970).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, K., Hradecna, Z., Szyblaski, W.: Asymmetric distribution of the transcribing regions on the complementary strands of coliphage λ DNA. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 57, 1618–1625 (1967).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, R.: On the structure of the genetic segment controlling immunity in temperate bacteriophages. J. molec. Biol. 8, 247–253 (1964).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, R.: Le contrôle de la réplication génétique et de l’expression des fonctions chez les bactériophages tempérés. Arch. Biol. (Liège) 76, 551–563 (1965 a).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, R.: The control of genetic expression in temperate bacteriophages. Proc. Symp. on the Mutational Process, Prague, 295–299 (1965 b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, R.: Control of development in temperate bacteriophages I. Induction of prophage genes following heteroimmune superinfection. J. molec. Biol. 22, 79–95 (1966).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, R.: Lysogeny. Symp. Soc. Gen. Microbiol. 18, 315–342 (1968).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, R.: Control of development in temperate bacteriophages. III. Which prophage genes are and which are not trans-activable in the presence of immunity? J. molec. Biol. 49, 393–404 (1970).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, R.: Mousset, S.: Sur le contrôle génétique de l’excision et de la recombinaison chez les bactériophages tempérés. C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 266, 2025–2028 (1968).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Toussaint, A.: Insertion of phage Mu. 1 within prophage λ: a new approach for studying the control of the late functions in bacteriophage λ. Molec. Gen. Genetics 106, 89–92 (1969).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yarmolinsky, M.: In: Viruses, nucleic acids and cancer, p. 151. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins 1963.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1971 Springer-Verlag Berlin · Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

Thomas, R. (1971). Regulation of Gene Expression in Bacteriophage Lambda. In: Arber, W., et al. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology / Ergebnisse der Mikrobiologie und Immunitätsforschung. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology / Ergebnisse der Mikrobiologie und Immunitätsforschung, vol 56. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-65241-7_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-65241-7_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-65243-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-65241-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics