Abstract
A central question of community ecology is “whether ecosystems are organized in a predictable way and which processes have formed them” (Zwölfer 1987, p 301). The term organization of ecological systems in this context means that one can identify patterns and structures that are ordered in some spatial and temporal way; there should be driving forces and adaptations of species that result in a system which can be predicted in — at least — basic structures (Zwölfer 1986). Plant-insect systems and their associated food webs build suitable models for analysing both the selective forces that underlie specific life-history traits of organisms and the vertical interactions between life histories on different trophic levels (Zwölfer 1988, 1994).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Achtziger R (1995) Die Struktur von Insektengemeinschaften an Gehölzen. Die Hemipteren-Fauna als Beispiel für die Biodiversität von Hecken- und Waldmantelökosystemen. PhD Thesis, Bayreuth University, Bayreuth, Bayreuther Forum Ökologie (BFÖ) 20, 216 pp
Anderson NH (1962) Bionomics of six species ofAnthocoris(Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) in England. Trans R Entomol Soc Lond 114: 67–95
Barbault R (1991) Ecological constraints and community dynamics: linking community patterns to organismal ecology–the case of tropical herpetofaunas. Acta Oecol 12 (1): 139–163
Barbault R, Stearns S (1991) Towards an evolutionary ecology linking species interactions, life-history strategies and community dynamics: an introduction. Acta Oecol 12 (1): 3–10
Bauer G (1986) Life-history strategy ofRhagoletis alternata(Diptera: Trypetidae), a fruit fly operating in a “non-interactive” system. J Anim Ecol 55: 785–794
Blackburn TM, Gaston KJ (1994) Animal body size distributions: patterns, mechanisms and implications. TREE 9: 471–205
Blackburn TM, Lawton JH (1994) Population abundance and body size in animal assemblages. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B 343: 33–39
Blackburn TM, Lawton JH, Gregory RD (1996) Relationships between abundances and life histories of British birds. J Anim Ecol 65: 52–62
Brown JH (1995) Organisms and species as complex adaptive systems: linking the biology of populations with the physics of ecosystems. In: Jones CG, Lawton JH (eds) Linking species and ecosystems. Chapman & Hall, New York, pp 16–24
Brown VK, Southwood TRE (1983) Trophic diversity, niche breadth and generation times in exopterygote insects in a secondary succession. Oecologia 56: 220–225
Cameron RAD, Down K, Pannett DJ (1980) Historical and environmental influences on hedgerow snail faunas. Biol J Linn Soc 13: 75–87
Claridge MF, Wilson MR (1978) Seasonal changes and alternation of food plant preferences in some mesophyll-feeding leafhoppers. Oecologia 37: 247–255
Cohen JE, Pimm SL, Yodzis P, Saldanas J (1993) Body sizes of animal predators and animal prey in food webs. J Anim Ecol 62: 67–78
Damuth J (1991) Of size and abundance. Nature 351: 268–269
Dixon AFG, Kindlmann P (1994) Optimum body size in aphids. Ecol Entomol 19: 121–126
Dixon AFG, Rüssel RJ (1972) The effectiveness ofAnthocoris nemorumandAnthocoris confusus(Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) as predators of the sycamore aphid,Drepanosiphon platanoidesyII. Searching behaviour and the incidence of predation in the field. Ent Exp Appi 15: 35–50
Dixon AFG, Kindlmann P, Jarosik V (1995) Body size distribution in aphids: relative surface area of specific plant structures. Ecol Entomol 20: 111–117
Dolling WR (1991) The Hemiptera. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 274 pp
Ellenberg H (1986) Vegetation Mitteleuropas mit den Alpen in ökologischer Sicht. Ulmer, Stuttgart, 989 pp
Flückinger W, Oertli JJ (1978) Observations of an aphid infestation of hawthorn in the vicinity of a motorway. Naturwissenschaften 65: 654–655
Gaston KJ, Lawton JH (1988) Patterns in the distribution and abundance of insect populations. Nature 331: 709–712
Gaston KJ, Reavey D (1989) Patterns in life histories and feeding strategies of British Macrolepidoptera. Biol J Linn Soc 37: 367–381
Giller GS, Gee JHR (1987) The analysis of community organization: the influence of equilibrium scale and terminology. In: Gee JHR, Giller GS (eds) Organization of communities: past and present. Symp Br Ecol Soc 27: 519–542
Griffiths D (1986) Size-abundance relationships in communities. Am Nat 127: 140–166
Hengeveld R (1994) Biogeographical ecology. J Biogeogr 21: 341–351
Holling CS (1992) Cross-scale morphology, geometry, and dynamics of ecosystems. Ecol Monogr 62 (4): 447–502
Huston MA (1994) Biological diversity. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Johnson DH (1980) The comparison of usage and availability measurements for evaluating resource preference. Ecology 61: 65–71
Jonsson N (1987) Nymphal development and food consumption ofAtractotomus mali(Meyer-Dür) (Hemiptera: Miridae), reared onAphis pomi(DeGeer) andPsylla maliSchmidberger. Fauna Norv Ser B 34: 22–28
Kareiva P (1986) Patchiness, dispersal, and species interactions: consequences for communities of herbivorous insects. In: Diamond J, Case TJ (eds) Community ecology. Harper & Row, New York, pp 192–206
Kögel K, Achtziger R, Blick T, Geyer A, Reif A, Richert E (1993) Aufbau reichgegliederter Waldränder-ein E&E-Vorhaben. Natur Landschaft 68: 386–394
Kolasa J (1989) Ecological systems in hierarchical perspective: breaks in community structure and other consequences. Ecology 70: 36–47
Küppers M (1992) Changes in plant ecophysiology across European hedgerow ecotone. In: Hansen AJ, diCastri F (eds) Landscape boundaries. Ecological Studies, vol 92. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 285–303
Lawton JH (1986) Surface availability and insect community structure: the effects of architecture and fractal dimensions of plants. In: Juniper BD, Southwood TRE (eds) Insects and the plant surface. Edward Arnold, London, pp 317–331
Lawton JH (1990) Species richness and population dynamics of animal assemblages. Patterns in body size: abundance space. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B 330: 283–291
Leather SR (1986) Insect species richness of the British Rosaceae: the importance of host range, plant architecture, age of establishment, taxonomie isolation and species-area relationships. J Anim Ecol 55: 841–860
Lindström J, Kaila L, Niemelä P (1994) Polyphagy and adult body size in geometrid moths. Oecologia 98: 130–132
MacDonald DW, Johnson PJ (1995) The relationship between bird distribution and the botanical and structural characteristics of hedges. J Appi Ecol 32: 492–505
Mattson WJ (1980) Herb ivory in relation to plant nitrogen content. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 11: 119–161
McNeill S, Southwood TRE (1978) The role of nitrogen in the development of insect/plant relationships. In: Harborne JB (eds) Biochemical aspects of plant and animal coevolution. Academic Press, London, pp 77–98
Minks AK, Harrewijn P (eds) (1987) Aphids. Their biology, natural enemies and control. World Crop Pests 2 A. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 450 pp
Minks AK, Harrewijn P (eds) (1988) Aphids. Their biology, natural enemies and control. World Crop Pests 2 B. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 364 pp
Morse DR, Lawton JH, Dodson MM, Williamson MH (1985) Fractal dimension of vegetation and the distribution of arthropod body lengths. Nature 314: 731–733
Novak H (1994) Wechselbeziehungen zwischen Weißdornpsylliden und ihren Gegenspielern und Trophobiosepartnern. PhD Thesis, Bayreuth University, Bayreuth, 139 pp
Novak H, Achtziger R (1995) Influence of heteropteran predators (Heteroptera. Anthocoridae, Miridae) on larval populations of hawthorn psyllids (Horn., Psyllidae). J Appi Entomol 119: 479–486
Peters RH (1983) The ecological implications of body size. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Pollard E, Hooper M, Moore NW (1974) Hedges. Collins, London, 256 pp
Prestidge RA (1982) Instar duration, adult consumption, oviposition and nitrogen utilization efficiencies of leafhoppers feeding on different quality food (Auchenorrhyncha: Homoptera). Ecol Entomol 7: 91–101
Price PW (1984) Alternative paradigms in community ecology. In: Price PW, Slobodchikoff CN, Gaud WS (eds) A new ecology–novel approaches to interactive systems. John Wiley, New York, pp 353–383
Samways MJ (1994) Insect conservation biology. Chapman & Hall, London, 358 pp
Schulze E-D, Gerstberger P (1993) Functional aspects of landscape diversity: a Bavarian example. In: Schulze E-D, Mooney HA (eds) Biodiversity and ecosystem function. Ecological studies, vol 99. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 453–466
Strong DR, Lawton JH, Southwood TRE (1984) Insects on plants–community patterns and mechanisms. Blackwell, Oxford, 313 pp
Sutton RD (1984) The effect of host plant flowering on the distribution and growth of hawthorn psyllids (Homoptera: Psylloidea). J Anim Ecol 49: 209–224
White TCR (1993) The inadequate environment. Nitrogen and the abundance of animals. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, 425 pp
Wiens JA (1984) Resource systems, populations, and communities. In: Price PW, Slobodchikoff CN, Gaud WS (eds) A new ecology: novel approaches to interactive systems. Wiley, New York, pp 397–406
Wilbur HM, Tinkle DW, Collins JP (1974) Environmental certainty, tropic level, and resource availability in life history evolution. Am Nat 108: 805–817
Williamson MH, Lawton JH (1991) Fractal geometry of ecological habitats. In: Bell SS, McCoy ED, Mushinsky HR (eds) Habitat structure–the physical arrangement of objects in space. Chapman & Hall, London, pp 70–86
Wu J, Louks OL (1995) From balance of nature to hierarchical patch dynamics: a paradigm shift in biology. Q Rev Biol 70: 439–465
Zwölfer H (1986) Insektenkomplexe an Disteln–ein Modell für die Selbstorganisation ökologischer Kleinsysteme. In: Dress A, Hendrichs H, Küppers G (eds) Selbstorganisation -zur Bedeutung eines neuen disziplinenübergreifenden Paradigmas für die Einzelwissenschaften. Piper, München, pp 181–217
Zwölfer H (1987) Species richness, species packing, and evolution in insect-plant systems. In: Schulze E-D, Zwölfer H (eds) Potentials and limitations of ecosystem analysis. Ecological studies, vol 61. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 301–319
Zwölfer H (1988) Evolutionary and ecological relationships of the insect fauna of thistles. Annu Rev Entomol 33: 103–122
Zwölfer H (1994) Structure and biomass transfer in food webs: stability, fluctuations and network control. In: Schulze E-D (ed) Flux control in biological systems: From the cell to the ecosystem level. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 365–420
Zwölfer H, Stechmann D-H (1989) Struktur und Funktion von Hecken in tierökologischer Sicht. Verh Ges Ökol 17: 643–655
Zwölfer H, Bauer G, Heusinger G, Stechmann D-H (1984) Die tierökologische Bedeutung und Bewertung von Hecken. Berichte der Akademie für Naturschutz und Landschaftspflege (ANL), Beih 3, Teil 2, Laufen/Salzach
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1997 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Achtziger, R. (1997). Organization Patterns in a Tritrophic Plant-Insect System: Hemipteran Communities in Hedges and Forest Margins. In: Dettner, K., Bauer, G., Völkl, W. (eds) Vertical Food Web Interactions. Ecological Studies, vol 130. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60725-7_16
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60725-7_16
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-64528-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-60725-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive