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X-ray Contrast Agents

  • Chapter
Diagnostics of Vascular Diseases

Abstract

In contrast to ultrasonography (color Doppler) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), which are both possible without the use of contrast agents, radiography (angiography, digital substraction angiography, computed tomography) needs contrast enhancement of the vessel lumen to visualize blood vessels. As early as 1895, shortly after W.C. Röntgen’s discovery of X-rays, it became evident that contrast could be increased by using elements with high atomic numbers such as barium, bismuth, and lead [1]. Iodine and bromine were also discovered as suitable contrast-giving elements. Sodium and lithium iodide and strontium bromide were the first water-soluble contrast media [2]. Iodine was identified as especially suitable and has therefore been used exclusively as the X-ray absorbing atom in water-soluble contrast agents until the present day. The blood concentration of iodine necessary for adequate contrast enhancement has to be greater than 1 mg/ml in computed tomography (CT) and 10–100 mg/ml in projection radiography, depending on vessel diameter and location and radiological technique. Accordingly, the doses which have to be administered in cardiovascular radiography are the highest used in any field of medicine.

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  1. W. Krause
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Kardiologische Gemeinschaftspraxis, Saalbaustraße 27, 64283, Darmstadt, Germany

    Peter Lanzer

  2. Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago Hospitals, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, 60637, Chicago, IL, USA

    Martin Lipton

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Krause, W. (1997). X-ray Contrast Agents. In: Lanzer, P., Lipton, M. (eds) Diagnostics of Vascular Diseases. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60512-3_6

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