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Anesthetics

  • Chapter
Drug Toxicity in Embryonic Development II

Part of the book series: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology ((HEP,volume 124 / 2))

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Abstract

In general, anesthetics are drugs that are used to provide anesthesia for surgical procedures. Anesthesia is divided into two major classes, general and regional anesthesia. General anesthesia usually requires the following three elements: amnesia, analgesia, and muscle relaxation. Practically speaking, various kinds of drugs are administered to patients during the course of general anesthesia to meet all these requirements (Table 1). For example, in a typical case, anesthesia is induced by a bolus injection of intravenous anesthetic, and an endotracheal tube is placed into the patient’s trachea after administration of a muscle relaxant. Anesthesia is then maintained with either inhalational anesthetics administered as gases through the lungs or with various drugs administered intravenously. Regional anesthesia, including infiltration and peripheral and central nerve blocks (Table 2), is produced by a class of drugs known as local anesthetics, although sometimes these are supplemented with opioids when spinal (intrathecal) or epidural anesthesia is involved. In addition, patients who have regional anesthesia often also receive other kinds of drugs, such as intravenous sedatives and opioids. Furthermore, regional anesthesia is sometime used with general anesthesia to reduce drug requirements for the latter.

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  1. M. Fujinaga
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  1. Reproductive Toxicology Division (MD-71) National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, 27711, NC, USA

    Robert J. Kavlock Ph.D. (Director) (Director)

  2. Miami Valley Laboratories, The Procter and Gamble Company, P.O. Box 538707, 53239, Cincinnati, OH, USA

    George P. Daston Ph.D.

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Fujinaga, M. (1997). Anesthetics. In: Kavlock, R.J., Daston, G.P. (eds) Drug Toxicity in Embryonic Development II. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 124 / 2. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60447-8_8

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