Keywords
- High Performance Liquid Chromatographic
- Grapefruit Juice
- Amino Glutethimide
- Conjugate Equine Estrogen
- Synthetic Estrogen
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.
Buying options
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abdel-Aziz MT, Williams KIH(1970)Metabolism of radioactive 17 a-ethynylestradiol by women. Steroids 15:695–710
Abernethy DR, Greenblatt DJ, Divoli M, Arendt R, Ochs HR, Shader RI(1982)Impairment of diazepam metabolism by low-dose estrogen-containing oral contraceptive steroids. New England J Med 306:791–792
Adlercreutz H, Gorbach SL, Goldin BR, Woods MN, Dwyer JT, Hamalainen E(1994) Estrogen metabolism and excretion in oriental and caucasian women. J Natl Cancer Inst 86:1076–1082
Adlercreutz H, Martin F(1980)Biliary excretion and intestinal metabolism of progesterone and estrogens in man. J Steroid Biochem 13:231–244
Adlercreutz H, Martin F, Jarvenpaa P, Fotsis T(1979)Steroid absorption and enterohepatic recycling. Contraception 20:201–223
Aedo AR, Sunden M, Landgren BM, Diczfalusy E(1989)Effect of orally administered estrogens on circulating profiles in postmenopausal women. Maturitas 11:159–168
Agnihotri A, Srivastava AK, Kamboj VP(1996)Characterization of centchroman binding protein in plasma of rhesus monkey (macaca mulatta), J Med Primatol 25:53–56
Akpoviroro JO, Fotherby K(1980)Assay of ethynyloestradiol in human serum and its binding to plasma proteins. J Steroid Biochem 13:773–779
Akpoviroro JO, Mangalam M, Jenkins N, Fotherby K(1981)Binding of the contraceptive steroids medroxyprogesterone acetate and ethynyloestradiol in blood of various species. J Steroid Biochem 14:493–498
Anderson F(1993)Kinetics and pharmacology of estrogens in pre- and postmenopausal women. Int J Fertil 38 (Suppl) 1:53–64
Ansbacher R(1993)Bioequivalence of Conjugated Estrogen Products. Clin Pharmacokinet 24:271–274
Anttila M, Valavaara R, Kivinen S, Maenpaa J(1990)Pharmacokinetics of toremifene. 1. Steroid Biochem. 36:249–252
Anttila M, Laakso S, Nylanden P, Sotaniemi EA(1995)Pharmacokinetics of the novel antiestrogenic agent toremifene in subjects with altered liver and kidney function. Clin Pharmacol Ther 57:628–635
Back DJ, Breckenridge AM, Crawford FE, MacIver M, Orme MLE, Rowe PH, Watts MJ(1979)An investigation of the pharmacokinetics of ethynylestradiol in women using radioimmunoassay. Contraception 20:263–273
Back DJ, Bates M, Breckenridge AM, Crawford FE, Ellis A, Hall JM, McIver M, Orme MLE, Rowe PH (1980a)Drug metabolism by gastrointestinal mucosa: Clinical aspects. In: Prescot, Nimmo, (eds) Drug absorption. Sydney, Adis Press, pp 80–87
Back DJ, Bates M, Bowden A, Breckenridge AM, Hall MJ, Jones H, MacIver M, Orme MLE, Perucca A, Richens A, Rowe PH, Smith E(1980b)The interaction of phenobarbital and other anticonvulsants with oral contraceptive steroid therapy. Contraception 22:495–503
Back DJ, Breckenridge AM, Crawford FE, Hall JM, MacIver M, Orme MLE, Rowe PH, Smith E, Watts MJ(1980c)The effect of rifampicin on the pharmacokinetics of ethynylestradiol in women. Contraception 21:135–143
Back DJ, Breckenridge AM, Crawford FE, Orme MLE, Rowe PH(1980d)Phenobarbitone interaction with oral contraceptive steroids in the rabbit and rat. Br J Pharmacol 69:441–452
Back DJ, Bolt HM, Breckenridge AM, Crawford FE, Orme MLE, Rowe PH, Schindler AE(1980e)The pharmacokinetics of a large (3mg) oral dose of ethinylestradiol in women. Contraception 21:145–153
Back DJ, Breckenridge AM, MacIver M, Orme MLE, Purba H, Rowe PH(1981)Interaction of ethinylestradiol with ascorbic acid in man. Br Med J 282:1516
Back DJ, Breckenridge AM, MacIver M, Orme MLE, Purba HS, Rowe PH, Taylor I(1982a)The gut wall metabolism of ethinyloestradiol and its contribution to the pre-systemic metabolism of ethinyloestradiol in humans. Br J Clin Pharmacol 13:325–330
Back DJ, Breckenridge AM, Cross KJ, Orme MLE, Thomas E(1982b)An antibiotic interaction with ethynyloestradiol in the rat and rabbit. J Steroid Biochem 16:407–413
Back DJ, Barkfeldt JO, Breckenridge AM, Odlind V, Orme MLE, Park BK, Purba H, Tjia J, Victor A(1982c)The enzyme inducing effect of rifampicin in the rhesus monkey and its lack of interaction with oral contraceptive steroids. Contraception 25:307–316
Back DJ, Grimmer SFM, Rogers S, Stevenson PJ, Orme MLE(1987)Comparative pharmacokinetics of levonorgestrel and ethinyloestradiol following intravenous, oral and vaginal administration. Contraception 36:471–479
Back DJ, Orme MLE(1990)Pharmacokinetic drug interactions with oral contraceptives. Clin Pharmacokinet 18:472–484
Back DJ, Houlgrave R, Tjia JF, Ward S, Orme MLE(1991)Effect of the progestogens, gestodene, 3-keto desogestrel, levonorgestrel, norethisterone and norge stirn ate on the oxidation of ethinyloestradiol and other substrates by human liver microsomes. J Steroid Biochem Molec Bioi 38:219–225
Back DJ, Orme MLE (1994)Pharmacokinetic drug interactions with oral contraceptives. In: Snow R, Hall P (eds) Steroid Contraceptives and Women’s Response. New York, Plenum Press, pp 103–107
Baciewicz AM(1985)Oral contraceptive drug interactions. Ther Drug Mon 7: 26–35
Bailey DG, Arnold JMO, Spence JD(1994)Grapefruit juice and drugs how significant is the interaction?Clin Pharmacokinet 26:91–98
Balikian H, Southerland J, Howard CM, Preedy RK(1968)Estrogen metabolism in the male dog. Uptake and disappearance of specific radioactive estrogens in tissues and plasma following estrone-6,7 _3H Administration. Identification of estriol-16a, 17ain tissues and urine. Endocrinology 82:500–510
Ball P, Gelbke HP, Haupt 0, Knuppen R(1973)Metabolism of 17a-ethynyl [ 4-14C)oestradiol and [4-14C)mestranol in rat liver slices and interaction between 17 a-ethynyl-2-hydroxyoestradiol and adrenalin. Hoppe-Seyler’s Z Physiol Chern 354:1567–1575
Ball P, Knuppen R(1974)Metabolism of ethynyloestradiol and mestranol in man and interaction between 2-hydroxy-ethynyloestradiol and epinephrine. Acta Endocr (Kbh) (Suppl) 184:32
Ball SE, Forrester LM, Wolf CR, Back DJ(1990)Differences in the cytochrome P-450 isoenzymes involved in the 2-hydroxylation of oestradiol and 17 a-ethinylestradiol Biochem J 267:221–226
Ball P, Knuppen R(1990)Formation, metabolism, and physiologic importance of catecholestrogens. Am J Obstet Gynecol 163:2163–2170
Balogh A, Liewald T, Liewald S, Schroder S, Klinger G, Splinter FC, Hoffmann A(1990)Zum EinfluB eines neuen Gestagens - Dienogest - und seiner Kombination mit Ethinylestradiol auf die Aktivitat von Biotransformationsreaktionen. Zbl Gyn 112:735–746
Balogh A, Irmisch E, Wolf P, Letrari F, Splinter K, Hempel G, Klinger G, Hoffmann A(1991)Zum EinfluB von Levonorgestrel und Ethinylestradiol sowie deren Kombination auf die Aktivitat von Biotransformationsreaktionen. Zbl Gyn 113:1388–1396
Balogh A, Klinger G, Henschel L, Borner A, Vollanth R, Kuhnz W(1995)Influence of ethinylestradiol-containing combination oral contraceptives with gestodene or levonorgestrel on caffeine elimination. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 48:161–166
Banerjee RC, Brazeau P, Saucier R, Husain SM(1973)Effects of norethindrone (17-ethinyl-17 f3-hydroxy-4-estren-3-one) and norgestrel (dl-13f3-ethyl-17 -ethynyl-17 f3-hydroxy-4-gonen-3-one) on the tissue distribution of 3H-estradiol-17f3 in ovariectomized rats. Steroids 21:133–145
Baumann A, Fuhrmeister A, Brudny-Kloppel M, Draeger C, Bunte T, Kuhnz W(1996) Comparative pharmacokinetics of two new steroidal estrogens and ethinylestradiol in postmenopausal women. Contraception 54:235–242
Bawarshi-Nassar RN, Hussain A, Crooks PA(1989)Nasal absorption of 17 aethinylestradiol in the rat. J Pharmacol 41:214–215
Bhavnani BR, Cecutti A(1993)Metabolic Clearance Rate of Equilin Sulfate and Its Conversion to Plasma Equilin, Conjugated and Unconjugated Equilenin, 1713-Dihydroequilin, and 1713-Dihydroequilenin in Normal Postmenopausal Women and Men Under Steady State Conditions. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 77:1269–1274
Bhavnani BR, Cecutti A(1994)Pharmacokinetics of 17f3-Dihydroequilin Sulfate and 17 f3-Dihydroequilin in Normal Postmenopausal Women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 78:197–204
Bhavnani BR, Cecutti A, Wallace D(1994)Metabolism of [3H] 17f3-dihydroequilin and [3H] 17f3-dihydroequilin sulfate in normal postmenopausal women. Steroids 59:389–394
Beach VL, Steinetz BG, Giannina T, Meli A(1967)Fate of orally administered quinestrol and ethinyl estradiol in rabbits. Int J Fertil 12:148–154
Berthou F, Dreano Y(1993)High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of tamoxifen, toremifene and their major human metabolites. J Chromatogr Biomed Appl 616:117–127
Berthou F, Dreano I, Belloc C, Kangas L, Gautier J-C, Beaune P(1994)Involvement of cytochrome P450 3 A enzyme family in the major metabolic pathways of toremifene in human liver microsomes. Biochem Pharmacol 47:1883–1895
Bird CE, Clark AF(1973)Metabolic clearance rates and metabolism of mestranol and ethynylestradiol in normal young women. J Clin Endocr Metab 36:296–302
Bocker R, Kleingeist B, Eichhorn M, Lepper H(1991)In vitro interaction of contraceptive steroids with human liver cytochrome P-450 enzymes. Adv Contraception 7:140–148
Bocker R, Lepper H(1991)Mechanism-based inhibition of human liver cytochrome P-450 by several synthetic steroids. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Arch Pharmacol (Suppl) 343:R13
Boekenoogen SJ, Szefier SJ, Jusko WJ(1983)Prednisolone disposition and protein binding in oral contraceptive users. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 56:702–709
Bollengier WE, Eisenfeld AJ, Gardner WU(1972)Accumulation of 3H-estradiol in testes and pituitary glands of mice of strains differing in susceptibility to testicular interstitial cell and pituitary tumors after prolonged estrogen treatment. J Natl Cancer Inst 49:847–852
Bolt HM, Remmer H(1972a)The accumulation of mestranol and ethynyloestradiol metabolites in the organism. Xenobiotica 2:489–498
Bolt HM, Remmer H(1972b)Retention, metabolism and elimination of 17a-ethynylestradiol-3-methyl ether (mestranol). Xenobiotica 2:77–88
Bolt HM, Kappus H, Remmer H(1973)Studies on the metabolism of ethynylestradiol in vitro and in vivo: the significance of 2-hydroxylation and the formation of polar products. Xenobiotica 3:773–785
Bolt HM, Kappus H and Bolt M(1975)Effect of rifampicin treatment on the metabolism of oestradiol and 17 a-ethinyloestradiol by human liver microsomes. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 8:301–307
Bolt HM, Bolt WH(1974)Pharmacokinetics of mestranol in man in relation to its estrogenic activity. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 7:295–305
Bolt WH, Kappus H, Bolt HM(1974)Ring A oxidation of 17 a-ethynylestradiol in man. Horm Metab Res 6:432
Bolt HM, Bolt M, Kappus H (1977)Interaction of rifampicin treatment with pharmacokinetics and metabolism of ethinyloestradiol in man.Acta Endocrinol 85:185–197
Bolt HM(1979)Metabolism of estrogens-natural and synthetic. Pharmacol Ther 4:155–181
Borg ML, Gimona A, Renoux A, Douin MJ, Djebbar F, Panisrouzier R (1995) Pharmacokinetics of estradiol and estrone following repeated administration of menorest®, a new estrogen transdermal delivery system, in menopausal women. Clin Drug Invest 10:96–103
Breitbach GP, Reister C, Droege H, Bastert G (1994)Pharmakokinetik von Droloxifen im Vergleich zu Tamoxifen.Onkologie 17(SuppI1):49–53
Brewster D, Jones RS, Symons AM (1977)Effects of neomycin on the biliary excretion and enterohepatic circulation of mestranol and 17,B-oestradiol.Biochem Pharmacol 26:943–946
Brody SA, Turkes A, Goldzieher JW(1989)Pharmacokinetics of three bioequivalent norethindrone/mestranol-50μ and three norethindrone/ethinyl estradiol-35μ oc formulations: are “low-dose” pills really lower?Contraception 40: 269–284
Bourget C, Flood C, Longcope C(1984)Steroid dynamics in the rabbit. Steroids 43:225–233
Cargill DI, Steinetz BG, Gosnell E, Beach VL, Mell A, Fujimoto GI, Reynolds BM(1969)Fate of ingested radiolabeled ethynylestradiol and ist 3-cyclopentyl ether in patients with bile fistulas. J Clin Endocr Metab 29:1051–1061
Boyd RA, Yang BB, Abel RB, Eldon MA, Sedman AJ, Forgue ST(1996)Pharmacokinetics of a 7 -day 17,B-estradiol transdermal delivery system: Effect of applicationsite and repeated applications on serum concentrations of estradiol and estrone. J Clin Pharmacol 36:998–1005
Carlstrom K, Pschera H, Lunell N-O(1988)Serum levels of estrogens, progesterone, FSH and SHBG during simultaneous vaginal administration of 17 f3-oestradiol and progesterone in the pre- and postmenopause. Maturitas 10:307–316
Carlstrom K(1996)Low endogenous estrogen levels - analytical problems. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand (Suppl) 163:11–15
Cassidenti DL, Vijod AG, Vijod MA, Stanczyk FZ, Lobo RA.(1990)Short-term effects of smoking on the pharmacokinetic profiles of micronized estradiol in postmenopausal women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 163:1953–1960
Castagnetta LA, Granata OM, Casto ML, Calabro Met al. (1991)Simple approach to measure metabolic pathways of steroids in living cells.J Chromatogr 572:25–39
Combalbert J, Fabre I, Fabre G, Dalet I, Derancourt J, Cano Jp, Maurel P(1989)Metabolism of cyclosporin A. IV. Purification and identification of the rifampicininducible human liver cytochrome P450 (cyclosporin A oxidase) as a product of P450IIIA gene subfamily.Drug Metab Disp 17:197–207
Chandrasekaran, A, Osman, M, Adelman, SJ et al. (1996)Determination of 17adihydroequilenin in rat, rabbit and monkey plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with fiuorimetric detection.J Chromatogr B 676:69–75
Cook NJ, Read GF(1995)Oestradiol measurement in women on oral hormone replacement therapy: the validity of commercial test kits. Br J Biomed Sci 52:97–101
Crawford P, Chadwick DJ, Martin C, Tjia J, Back DJ, Orme M(1990)The interaction of phenytoin and carbamazepine with combined oral contraceptives. Br J Clin Pharmacol 30:892–896
Crewe KH, Ellis SW, Lennard MS, Tucker GT(1997)Variable contribution of cytochromes P450 2D6, 2C9 and 3A4 to the 4-hydroxylation of tamoxifen by human liver microsomes. Biochem PharmacoI53:171–178
D’Arcy PF(1986) Drug interactions with oral contraceptives. Drug Intell Clin Pharmacy 20:353–362
Dehal SS, Kupfer D (1997)CYP2D6 catalyzes tamoxifen 4-hydroxylation in human liver. Cancer Re 57:3402–3406
de Hertogh R, Ekka E, Vanderhayden I, Hoet II(1970)Metabolic clearance rates and the interconversion factors of estrone and estradiol-17 f3in the immature and adult female rat. Endocrinology 87:874–880
Desta B(1988) Complete separation of nine equine estrogens by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr 435:385–390
Dibbelt L, Knuppen R, Jutting G, Heimann S, Klipping CO, Parikka-Olexik H(1991)Group comparison of serum ethinyl estradiol, SHBG and CBG levels in 83 women using two low-dose combinationoral contraceptives for three months. Contraception 43:1–21
DeVos D, Mould G, Stevenson D(1989)The bioavailability of tamoxifen:new findings and their clinical implications. Current Therapeutic Res 46:703–708
DeVos D, Slee PHTJ, Stevenson D, Briggs RJ (1992) Serum elimination half-life of tamoxifen and its metabolites in patients with advanced breast cancer, Cancer Chemother PharmacoI31:76–78
Dusterberg B, Nishino Y(1982) Pharmacokinetic and pharmacological features of oestradiol valerate. Maturitas 4:315–324
Dusterberg B, Schmidt-Gollwitzer M, Humpel M(1985) Pharmacokinetics and Biotransformation of estradiol valerate in ovarectomized women. Horm Res 21:145–154
Dusterberg B, Kuhne G, Tauber U(1986) Half-lives in plasma and bioavailability of ethinylestradiol in laboratory animals. Drug Res 36:1187–1190
Dyas J, Turkes A, Read GF, Riad-Fahmy D(1981) A radioimmunoassay for ethinyl oestradiol in plasma incorporating an immunosorbent, pre-assay purification procedure. Ann Clin Biochem 18:37–41
Eisenfeld AJ, Gardner WU, vanWagenen G (1971) Radioactive estradiol accumulation in endometriosis of the rhesus monkey. Am J Obstet Gynecol109:124–130
Elger W, Schwarz S, Hedden AM, Reddersen G and Schneider B (1995) Sulfamates of various estrogens are prodrugs with increased systemic and reduced hepatic estrogenicity at oral application. J Steroid Biochem Mol BioI 55:395–-403
Elsaesser F, Stickney K, Foxcroft G(1982) A comparison of metabolic clearance rates of oestradiol-17 βin immature and peripubertal female pigs and possible implications for the onset of puberty. Acta EndocrinollOO:506–512
EI Yazigi A, Legayada E (1997) Direct liquid chromatographic micro-measurement of tamoxifen in plasma of cancer patients. J Chromatogr B 691:457–-462
Englund D, Heimer G, Johansson EDB(1984) Influence of food on oestriol blood levels. Maturitas 6:71–75
Englund DE, Elamsson KB, Johansson EDB(1982) Bioavailability of oestriol. Acta EndocrinoI99:136–140
Englund DE, Johansson ED (1981) Oral versus vaginal absorption in oestradiol in postmenopausal women. Effects of different particles sizes. Ups J med Sci 86:297–307
Englund DE, Victor A, Johansson ED(1981) Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of vaginal oestradiol administration from silas tic rings in postmenopausal women. Maturitas 3:125–133
Erdelyi-Toth V, Pap E, Kralovanszky J, Bojti E, Klebovich I (1994) Determination of panomifene in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 668:419–-425
Erdelyi-Toth V, Gyergyay F, Szamel I, Pap E, Kralovanszky J, Bojti E, Csorgo M, Drabant S, Klebovich I (1997) Pharmacokinetics of panomifene in healthy volunteers at phase I1a study. Anti-Cancer Drugs 8:603–609
Eugster HP, Probst M, Wurgler FE, Sengstag C(1993) Caffeine, estradiol, and progesterone interact with human CYPIA1 and CYPIA2. Evidence from cDNAdirected expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Drug Metab Dispos 21:43–49
Fernandez N, Garcia 11, Diez MJ, Teran MT, Sierra M(1993)Rapid high-performance liquid chromatographic assay of ethynyloestradiol in rabbit plasma. J Chromatogr Biomed Appl 619:143–147
Fernandez N, Sierra M, Diez MJ, Teran T, Sahagun AM, Garcia 11(1996) Pharmacokinetics of ethinyloestradiol in rabbits after intravenous administration. Contraception 53:307–312
Fernandez N, Sierra M, Diez MJ, Teran T, Pereda P, Garcia 11 (1997) Study of the pharmacokinetic interaction between ethinylestradioi and amoxicillin in rabbits. Contraception 55:47–52
Fishman J, Goldberg S, Rosenfeld RS, Zumoff B, Hellman L, Gallagher TF (1969) Intermediates in the transformation of oral estradiol. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 29:41–46
Forgue ST, Rudy AC, Knadler MP, Basson RP, Nelson JE, Henry DP, Allerheiligen SR (1996) Raloxifene pharmacokinetics in healthy postmenopausal women. Pharm Res 13 No.9 (Suppl):S429
Fotherby K(1973) Metabolism of synthetic steroids by animals and man. Acta endor (Copenh Suppl) 185:119–147
Fotherby K, Akpoviroro JO, Siekmann L, Breuer H (1981) Measurement of ethynylestradiol by radioimmunoassay and by isotope dilution-mass spectrometry. J Steroid Biochem 14:499–500
Fotherby K (1991) Intrasubject variability in the pharmacokinetics of ethynyloestradiol. J Steroid Biochem Molec BioI 38:733–736
Fournier S, Kuttenn F, de Cicco F, Baudot N, Malet C, Mauvais Jarvis P (1982) Estradiol 17 f3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in human breast fibroadenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 55:428–-433
Fraser IS, Challis JRG, Thorburn GD (1976) Metabolic clearance rate and production rate of oestradiol in conscious rabbits. J Endocrinol 68:313–320
Frey BM, Frey FJ (1985) The effect of altered prednisolone kinetics in patients with the nephrotic syndrome and in women taking oral contraceptive steroids on human mixed lymphocyte cultures. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 60:361–369
Fried KM, Wainer IW (1994) Direct determination of tamoxifen and its four major metabolites in plasma using coupled column high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B 655:261–268
Fridriksdottir H, Loftsson T, Gudmundsson JA, Bjarnason GJ, Kjeld M, Thorsteinsson T (1996) Design and in vivo testing of 17 fi-estradiol-HP beta CD sublingual tablets. Pharmazie 51:39–42
Fromson JM, Pearson S, Bramah S (1973a) The metabolism of tamoxifen (ICI 46474) Part I: In laboratory animals. Xenobiotica 3:693–709
Fromson JM, Pearson S, Bramah S (1973b) The metabolism of tamoxifen (ICI 46474) Part II: In female patients. Xenobiotica 3:711–714
Fuchs WS, Leary WP, van der Meer MJ, Gay S, Witschital K, von Nieciecki A(1996)Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of tamoxifen in postmenopausal healthy women. Arzneim ForschlDrug Res 46:418–422
Fullerton FR, Greenman DL, Young JF (1987) Influence of a purified diet and route of administration on the metabolism and disposition of estradiol in B6C3F1 mice. Drug Metab Dispos BioI Fate Chern 15:602–607
Gabrielsson J, Wallenbeck I, Larsson G, Birgerson L, Heimer G (1995) New kinetic data on estradiol in light of the vaginal ring concept. Maturitas 22:S35–S39
Galbraith RA, Michnovicz 11 (1989) The effects of cimetidine on the oxidative metabolism of estradiol. N Engl J Med 321:269–274
Galbraith RA, Michnovicz 11 (1993) Omeprazole Fails to Alter the Cytochrome-P450-Dependent 2-Hydroxylation of Estradiol in Male Volunteers. Pharmacology 47:8–12
Ginsburg ES, Mello NK, Mendelson JHet al. (1996) Effects of alcohol ingestion on estrogens in postmenopausal women. JAMA 276:1747–1751
Ginsburg ES, Walsh BW, Shea BF, Gao X, Gleason RE, Barbieri RL (1995) The effects of ethanol on the clearance of estradiol in postmenopausal women. Fertil Steril 63:1227–1230
Goebelsmann U, Mashchak A, Mishell DR (1985) Comparison of hepatic impact of oral and vaginal administration of ethinyl estradiol. Am J Obstet GynecoI151:868–877
Goldzieher JW(1989)Pharmacology of contraceptive steroids: a brief review. Am J Obstet Gyneco1160:1260–1264
Goldzieher JW (1990) Selected aspects of the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of ethinyl estrogens and their clinical implications. Am J Obstet GynecoI163:318–322
Gomez-Benitez J, Sosa-Gonzales A, Diaz-Chico BN (1984) Relations between 3H_ estradiol uptake and receptor content of estrogen responsive tissues of castrated female rats. Revista Espanola de Fisiologia 40:311–318
Goldzieher JW, Brody SA (1990) Pharmacokinetics of ethinyl estradiol and mestranol. Am J Obstet GynecoI163:2114–2119
Ghosh SK (1988) Production of monoclonal antibodies to estriol and their application in the development of a sensitive nonisotopic immunoassay. Steroids 52:1–14
Grill HJ, Pollow K (1991) Pharmacokinetics of droloxifene and its metabolites in breast cancer patients. Am J Clin Oncol14 (SuppI2):S21–S29
Grimmer SFM, Back DJ, Orme MLE, Cowie A, Gilmore I, Tjia J (1986) The bioavailability of ethinyloestradiol and levonorgestrel in patients with an ileostomy. Contraception 33:51–59
Guengerich FP (1988) Oxidation of 17a-ethynylestradiol by human liver cytochrome P-450. Mol Pharmacol 33:500–508
Guengerich FP (1990) Mechanism-based inactivation of human liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 IIIA4 by gestodene. Chern Res Toxicol 3:363–371
Gupta RC, Nityanand S, Asthana OP, Lal J (1996) Pharmacokinetics of centchroman in nursing women and passage into breast milk. Clin Drug Invest 11:305–309
Gustavson LE, Legler UF, Benet LZ (1986) Impairment of prednisolone disposition in women taking oral contraceptives or conjugated estrogens. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 62:234–-237
Haaf H, Metzler M, Li 11 (1988) Influence of a-naphthoflavone on the metabolism and binding of ethinylestradiol in male syrian hamster liver microsomes: possible role in hepatocarcinogenesis. Cancer Res 48:5460–5465
Hammerstein J, Daume E, Simon A, Winkler UH, Schindler AE, Back DJ, Ward S, Neiss A (1993) Influence of gestodene and desogestrel as components of low-dose oral contraceptives on the pharmacokinetics of ethinyl estradiol (EE2), on serum CBG and on urinary cortisol and 6f3-hydroxycortisol. Contraception 47:263–281
Han X, Liehr JG(1992)Induction of covalent DNA adducts in rodents by tamoxifen. Cancer Res 52:1360–1363
Harris RZ, Tsunoda SM, Mroczkowski P, Wong H, Benet LZ (1996) The effects of menopause and hormone replacement therapies on prednisolone and erythromycin pharmacokinetics. Clin Parmacol Ther 59:429–435
Hasman M, Rattel B, Loser R(1994)Preclinical data for droloxifene. Cancer Lett 84:101–116
Heffner LJ (1976) 3H-estradiol uptake and retention by target tissues of light-sterilized rats. Neuroendocrin 20:319–327
Heimer GM (1987) Estriol in the postmenopause. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand (Suppl) 139:1–23
Heimer GM, Englund DE (1984) Enterohepatic recirculation of oestriol studied in cholecystectomized and non-cholecystectomized menopausal women. Upsala J Med Sci 89:107–115
Heimer GM, Englund DE (1986a) Enterohepatic recirculation of oestriol: inhibition by activated charcoal. Acta EndocrinoI113:93–95
Heimer GM, Englund DE (1986b) Plasma oestriol following vaginal administration: morning versus evening insertion and influence of food. Maturitas 8:239–243
Heithecker R, Aedo AR, Landgren BM, Cekan SZ (1991) Plasma estriol levels after intramuscular injection of estriol and two of its esters. Horm Res 35:234–238
Hellriegel ET, Matwyshyn GA, Fei P, Dragnev KH, Nims RW, Lubet RA, Kong A-NT (1996) Regulation of gene expression of various phase I and phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes by tamoxifen in rat liver. Biochem PharmacoI52:1561–1568
Helton ED, Williams EC, Goldzieher JW (1977) Oxidative metabolism and deethynylation of 17 a-ethynyestradiol by baboon liver micro somes. Steroids 30:71–83
Hembree WC, Bardin CW, Lipsett MB (1969) A study of estrogen metabolic clearance rates and transfer factors. J Clin Invest 48:1809–1819
Henderson KM, Camberis M, Hardie AH (1995) Evaluation of antibody- and antigencoated enzymeimmunoassays for measuring oestrone-3-glucuronide concentratios in urine. Clin Chim Acta 243:191–203
Hermens WA, Belder CW, Merkus JM, Hooymans PM, Verhoef J, Merkus FW (1991) Intranasal estradiol administration to oophorectomized women. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Bioi 40:35–41
Herz R, Koelz H, Haemmerli U, Benes I, Blum AL (1978) Inhibition of hepatic de methylation of aminopyrine by oral contraceptive steroids in humans. Eur J Clin Invest 8:27–30
Hirai S, Hussain A, Haddadin M, Smith RB (1981) First-pass metabolism of ethinyl estradiol in dogs and rats. J Pharmac Sci 70:403–406
Holleran WM, Gharbo SA, DeGregorio MW (1987) Quantitation of toremifene and its major metabolites in human plasma by high performance liquid chromatography following fluorescent activation. Anal Lett 20:871–879
Hoon TJ, Dawood MY, Khandawood FS, Ramos J, Batenhorst RL (1993) Bioequivalence of a f3-Hydroxypropyl-f3-Cyclodextrin Complex in Postmenopausal Women. J Clin PharmacoI33:1116–1121
Hu S, He Q, Zhao Z (1992)Determination of trace amounts of estriol and estradiol by adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry. Analyst 117:181–184
Htimpel M, Nieuweboer B, Wendt H, Speck U(1979)Investigations of pharmacokinetics of ethinyloestradiol to specific consideration of a possible first-pass effect in women. Contraception 19:421–432
Htimpel M, Tauber U, Kuhnz W, Pfeffer M, Brill K, Heithecker R, Louton T, Steinberg B(1990)Comparison of serum ethinyl estradiol, sex hormone-binding globulin, corticoid-binding globulin and cortisol levels in women using two low-dose combined oral contraceptives. Horm Res 33:35–39
Hussain MA, Aungst BJ, Shefter E (1988) Prodrugs for improved oral ,B-estradiol bioavailability. Pharm Res 5:44
Iida K, Imai A, Tamaya T (1991) Estriol binding in uterine corpus cancer and in normal uterine tissues. Gen Pharmacol 22:491–493
Jehan Q, Srivasta S, Akhlaq M ETAL Etal. (1982) Kinetics and distribution and retention of 3H -oestradiol-17 ,Bin rat tissues: A comparative study with free oestradiol and after its incorporation into liposomes.Endokrinologie 80:8–12
Jensen RT, Collen MJ, Pandol SJet al. (1983) Cimetidine-induced impotence and breast changes in patients with gastric hypersecretory states. N Engl J Med 308:883–887
Jochemsen R, Van der Graaff M, Boeijinga JK, Breimer DD (1982) Influence of sex, menstrual cycle and oral contraception on the disposition of nitrazepam.Br J Clin Pharmacol 13:319–324
Johnston A (1996) Estrogens - pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics with special reference to vaginal administration and the new estradiol formulation - Estring. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand (Suppl)163:16–25
Joshi JV, Joshi UM, Sankolli GM, Gupta K, Rao AP, Hazari K, Sheth UK, Saxena BN (1980) A study of interaction of a low-dose combination oral contraceptive with anti-tubercular drugs. Contraception 22:643–652
Jordan CV (1982) Metabolites of tamoxifen in animals and man: identification, pharmacology, and significance. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2:123–138
Jung-Hoffmann C, Kuhl H (1989) Interaction with the pharmacokinetics of ethinylestradiol and progestogens contained in oral contraceptives. Contraception 40:299–312
Kall MA, Vang 0, Clausen J (1996) Effects of dietary broccoli on human in vivo drug metabolizing enzymes: Evaluation of caffeine, oestrone and chlorzoxazone metabolism. Carcinogenesis 17:793–799
Kalund-Jensen, H, Myren, CJ (1984) Vaginal absorption of oestradiol and progesterone. Maturitas 6:359–367
Kamyab S, Fotherby K (1969) Metabolism of 4-14C-ethynyl oestradiol in women. Nature 221:360–361
Katayama M, Taniguchi H (1993) Determination of Estrogens in Plasma by HighPerformance Liquid Chromatography After Pre-Column Derivatization with 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole. J Chromatogr 616:317–322
Kaufmann JM, Thiery M, Vermeulen A (1981) Plasma levels of ethinylestradiol (EE) during cyclic treatment with combined oral contraceptives. Contraception 24:589–602
Kazama N, Longcope C (1972) Metabolism of estrone and estradiol-17,B in sheep. Endocrinology 91:1450–1454
Kemp JV, Adam HK, Wakeling AE, Slater R (1983) Identification and biological activity of tamoxifen metabolites in human serum. Biochem Pharmacol 32:2045–2052
Kerlan V, Dreano Y, Bercovici JP, Beaune PH, Floch HH, Berthou F (1992) Nature of cytochromes P450 involved in the 2-/4-hydroxylations of estradiol in human liver microsomes. Biochem Pharmacol44:1745–1756
Kholkute SD, Kumar TCA, Puri CP (1987) Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies on estradiol-17,B administered sublingually or intramuscularly to adult male marmosets. Adv Contra Delv Sys 3:195–204
Klein KO, Baron J, Colli MJ, Mcdonnell DP, Cutler GB (1994) Estrogen levels in childhood determined by an ultrasensitive recombinant cell bioassay. J Clin Invest 94:2475–2480
Knadler MP, Lantz RJ, Gillespie TA, Allerheiligen SRB, Henry DP (1995) The disposition and metabolism of 14C-Iabeled raloxifene in humans. Pharm-Res 12 No.9 (Suppl):S372
Kohler PC, Hamm JT, Wiebe VJ, DeGregorio MW, Shemano I, Tormey DC (1990) Phase I study of the tolerance and pharmacokinetics of toremifene in patients with cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 16 (Suppl):S19–S26
Kuhnz W, Putz B (1989) Pharmacokinetic interpretation of toxicity tests in rats treated with oestradiol valerate in the diet. Pharmacol Toxicol 65:217–222
Kuhnz W, Hiimpel M, Schiitt B, Louton T, Steinberg B, Gansau C (1990a) Relative bioavailability of ethinyl estradiol from two different oral contraceptive formulations after single oral administration to 18 women in an intraindividual cross-over design. Horm Res 33:40–44
Kuhnz W, Pfeffer M, AI-Yacoub G (1990b) Protein binding ofthe contraceptive steroids gestodene, 3-ketodesogestrel and ethinylestradiol. J Steroid Biochem 35:313–318
Kuhnz W, Back DJ, Power J, Schiitt B, Louton T (1991) Concentration of ethinyl estradiol in the serum of 31 young women following a treatment period of three months with two low-dose oral contraceptives in an intraindividual cross-over design. Horm Res 36:63–69
Kuhnz W, Gansau C, Fuhrmeister A (1992a) Pharmacokinetics of gestodene in 12 women who received a single oral dose of 0.075 mg gestodene and, after a washout phase, the same dose during a treatment cycle. Contraception 46:29–40
Kuhnz W, AI-Yacoub G, Fuhrmeister A (1992b) Pharmacokinetics of levonorgestrel in 12 women who received a single oral dose of 0.15 mg levonorgestrel and, after a wash-out phase, the same dose during a treatment cycle. Contraception 46:443–454
Kuhnz W, Gansau C, Mahler M (1993a) Pharmacokinetics of Estradiol, Free and Total Estrone, in Young Women Following Single Intravenous and Oral Administration of 17 f3-Estradiol. Arzneimittelforsch 43-2:966–973
Kuhnz W, Louton T, Back DJ, Michaelis K (1993b) Radioimmunological analysis of ethinylestradiol in human serum. Validation of the method and comparison with a gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric assay. Arzneim Forsch/Drug Res 43:16–21
Kuhnz W, Baumann A, Staks T, Dibbelt L, Knuppen R, Jiitting G (1993c) Pharmacokinetics of gestodene and ethinylestradiol in 14 women during three months of treatment with a new tri-step combination oral contraceptive: serum protein binding of gestodene and influence of treatment on free and total testosterone levels in the serum. Contraception 48:303–322
Kuhnz W, Blode H (1994) Pharmacokinetics of selected contraceptive steroids in various animal species. In:Goldzieher J(ed)Pharmacology of the contraceptive steroids.Raven Press, New York, pp 41–51
Kuhnz W, Staks T, Jiitting G (1994) Pharmacokinetics of levonorgestrel and ethinylestradiol in 14 women during three months of treatment with a tri-step combination oral contraceptive: serum protein binding of levonorgestrel and influence of treatment on free and total testosterone levels in the serum. Contraception 50:563–579
Kuhnz W, Hiimpel M, Biere H, Gross D (1996) Influence of repeated oral doses of ethinyloestradiol on the metabolic disposition of [13C2]-ethinyloestradiol in young women. Eur J Clin PharmacoI50:231–235
Kulkarni BD(1970)Metabolism of [14C)ethynylestradiol in the baboon. J Endocrinol 48:91–98
Kulkarni BD, Goldzieher JW (1970) Urinary excretion pattern and fractionation of radioactivity after injection of 4-14C-mestranol in women. Contraception 1:131–136
Kulkarni BD (1976) Steroid contraceptives in non-human primates (I). Metabolic fatew of synthetic estrogens in the baboon before exposure to oral contraceptives. Contraception 14:611–623
Kvorning I, Christensen MS (1981) Bioavailability of four oestradiol suspensions with different particle-sizes - in vivo/in vitro correlation. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 7:289–303
Lal J, Paliwal JK, Grover PK, Gupta RC (1994) Simultaneous liquid chromatographic determination of centchroman and its 7 -demethylated metabolite in serum and milk. J Chromatogr B 658:193–197
Lal J, Asthana OP, Nityanand S, Gupta RC (1995) Pharmacokinetics of centchroman in healthy female subjects after oral administration. Contraception 52:297–300
Lal J, Nityanand S, Asthana OP, Gupta RC (1996) Comparative bioavailability of two commercial centchroman tablets in healthy female sUbjects. Indian J Pharmacol 28:32–34
Lantz RJ, Knadler MP (1993) HPLC Determination of raloxifene before and after hydrolysis of human plasma. Pharm Res 10 No. 10 (Suppl):S50
Lamer JM, Hochberg RB (1985) The clearance and metabolism of estradiol and estradiol-17-esters in the rat. Endocrinology 117:1209–1214
Lee GJL, Oyang MH, Bautista J, Kushinsky S (1987) Determination of ethinylestradiol and norethindrone in a single specimen of plasma by automated highperformance liquid chromatography and subsequent radioimmunoassay. J Liquid Chromatogr 10:2305–2318
Lee YS, Lorenzo BJ, Koufis T, Reidenberg MM (1996) Grapefruit juice and its flavonoids inhibit 11j3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Clin Pharmacol Ther 59:62–71
Leroux Y, Borg ML, Sibille M et a1. (1995) Bioavailability study of Menorest®, a new estrogen trans dermal delivery system, compared with a transdermal reservoir system. Clin Drug Invest 10:172–178
Levrant SG, Barnes RB (1994) Pharmacology of estrogens. In:Lobo RA (ed) Treatment of the postmenopausal woman. Basic and clinical aspects.Raven Press, New York, pp 57–68
Lichtenberg V, Chulte-Baukloh A, Lindner C and Braendle W (1992) Die Bestimmung von 17 -j3-0stradiol (E2) im Serum von Frauen unter einer Ostrogen-Substitutionstherapie liefert diskrepante Ergebnisse mit verschiedenen Immunoassay-Kits. Lab Med 16:412–-418
Lien EA, Anker G, Lonning PE, Solheim E, Ueland PM (1990) Decreased serum concentrations of tamoxifen and ist metabolites induced by amino glutethimide. Cancer Res 50:5851–5857
Lien EA, Solheim E, Ueland PM (1991a) Distribution of tamoxifen and ist metabolites in rat and human tissues during steady-state treatment. Cancer Res 51:4837–4844
Lien EA, Wester K, Lonning PE, Solheim E, Ueland PM (1991b) Distribution of tamoxifen and metabolites into brain tissue and brain metastases in breast cancer patients. Br J Cancer 63:641–645
Lien EA, Anker G, Lonning PE, Ueland PM (1995a) Determination of droloxifene and two metabolites in serum by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Ther Drug Monit 17:259–265
Lien EA, Anker G, Ueland PM (1995b) Pharmacokinetics of tamoxifen in premenopausal and postmenopausal women with breast cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Bioi 55:229–231
Longcope C, Williams KIH (1977) Ethynylestradiol and mestranol: their pharmacodynamics and effects on natural estrogens. In:Garattini S, Berendes HW (eds)Pharmacology of steroid contraceptive drugs.Raven Press, New York, pp 89–98
Lim CK, Chow LCL, Yuan Z-X, Smith LL (1993) High performance liquid chromatography of tamoxifen and metabolites in plasma and tissues. Biomed Chromatogr 7:311–314
Lim CK, Yuan Z-X, Ying K-C, Smith LL (1994a) High performance liquid chromatography of toremifene and metabolites. J Liquid Chromatogr 17:1773–1783
Lim CK, Yuan Z-X, Lamb JH, White INH, DeMatteis F, Smith LL (1994b) A comparative study of tamoxifen metabolism in female rat, mouse and human liver microsomes. Carcinogenesis 15:589–593
Lim CK, Yuan Z-X, Jones RM, White INH, Smith LL (1997) Identification and mechanism of formation of potentially genotoxic metabolites of tamoxifen: study by LC-MS/MS. J Pharmaceut Biomed Anal 15:1335–1342
Lindstrom TD, Whitacker NG, Whitacker GW (1984) Disposition and metabolism of a new benzothiophene antiestrogen in rats, dogs and monkeys. Xenobiotica 14:841–847
Littleton GK, Anderson RR (1972) Characterization of 17 f3-estradiol-3H single injection disappearance curves in rat plasma and red cells (36602). Proc Soc Exp Bioi Med 140:1015–1020
Lobo RA, Brenner P, Mishell DR, Jr (1983) Metabolic parameters and steroid levels in postmenopausal women receiving lower doses of natural estrogen replacement. Obstet Gynecol 62:94–98
Lobo RA, Cassidenti DL(1992)Pharmacokinetics of oral 17 f3-estradiol. J Reprod Med 37:77–84
Lobo RA, Ettinger B, Hutchinson KA, Knopp RH, Lindsay R, Nachtigall LE, Santoro N, Studd J, Hutchinson KA et al. (1996) Estrogen replacement. The evolving role of transdermal delivery. J Reprod Med 41:781–796
Lodwick R, McConkey B, Brown AM (1987) Life threatening interaction between tamoxifen and warfarin. Br Med J 295:141
Lokind KB, Lorenzen FH, Bundgaard H (1991) Oral Bioavailability of 17f3-Estradiol and Various Ester Prodrugs in the Rat. Int J Pharmaceut 76:177–182
Longcope C, Flood C, Tast J (1994) The metabolism of estrone sulfate in the female rhesus monkey. Steroids 59:270–273
Longcope C, Gorbach S, Goldin Bet al. (1985) The metabolism of estradiol; oral compared to intravenous administration.J Steroid Biochem 23:1065–1070
Longcope C, Gorbach S, Goldin Bet al. (1987) The effect of a low fat diet on estrogen metabolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 64:1246
Longcope C, Williams KIH (1974) The metabolism of estrogens in normal women after pulse injections of 3H-estradiol and 3H-estrone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 38:602–607
Lonning PE, Ekse D (1995) A sensitive assay for measurement of plasma estrone sulphate in patients on treatment with aromatase inhibitors. J Steroid Biochem Mol Bioi 55:409–412
Lonning PE, Kvinnsland S, Thorsen T, Ekse D (1986) Aminoglutethimide as an inducer of microsomal enzymes. Part 2: Endocrine aspects.Breast Cancer Res Treat 7 (Suppl):S77–S82
Lonning PE, Kvinnsland S, Thorsen T, Ueland PM (1987) Alterations in the metabolism of estrogens during treatment with aminoglutethimide in breast cancer patients. Clin Pharmacokinet 13:393–406
Lonning PE, Lien EA, Lundgren S, Kvinnsland S (1992) Clinical pharmacokinetics of endocrine agents used in advanced breast cancer. Clin Pharmacokinet 22:327–358
Lonning PE, Lien EA (1993) Pharmacokinetics of anti-endrocrine agents.In:Workman P, Graham MA(guest eds)Cancer Surveys, Volume 17, Pharmacokinetics and cancer chemotherapy.Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory Press, pp 343–370
Loock W, Nau H, Schmidt Gollwitzer M, Dvorchik BH (1988) Pregnancy-specific changes of antipyrine pharmacokinetics correlate inversely with changes of estradiol/ progesterone plasma concentration ratios. J Clin Pharmacol 28:216–221
Lorkowski G, Lucker PW, Petersen G, Schnitzler M, Wetzelsberger N (1994) Bioequivalence of two commercially available tamoxifen tablet formulations in healthy male volunteers. Meth Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 16:443–447
Luttge WG, Whalen RE (1972) The accumulation, retention and interaction of oestradiol and oestrone in central neural and peripheral tissues of gonadectomized female rats. J Endocrinol 52:379–395
MacCallum J, Cummings J, Dixon JM, Miller WR (1996) Solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of tamoxifen and its major metabolites in plasma. JChromatogr B 678:317–323
Mackinnon M, Sutherland E, Simon FR (1977) Effects of ethinyl estradiol on hepatic microsomal proteins and the turnover of cytochrome P-450. 1 Lab Clin Med 90:1096–1106
Maggs LL, Grabowski PS, Rose ME, Park BK(1982)The biotransformation of 17aethynyl [ 3H]estradiol in the rat: irreversible binding and biliary metabolites. Xenobiotica 12:657–668
Maggs LL, Grimmer SFM, Orme MLE, Breckenridge AM, Park BK (1983a) The biliary and urinary metabolites of 3H-17a-ethynylestradiol in women. Xenobiotica 13:421–431
Maggs LL, Grabowski PS, Park BK (1983b) The enterohepatic circulation of the metabolites of 17 a-ethynyWH]estradiol in the rat. Xenobiotica 13:619–626
Maggs LL, Park BK (1985) A comparative study of biliary and urinary 2-hydroxylated metabolites of [6,7-3H] 17 a-ethynylestradiol in women. Contraception 32:173–182
Mani C, Gelboin HV, Park SS, Pearce R, Parkinson A, Kupfer D (1993a) Metabolism of the antimammary cancer antiestrogenic agent tamoxifen I.Cytochrome P-450-catalyzed N-demethylation and 4-hydroxylation. Drug Metab Dispos 21:645–656
Mani C, Hodgson E, Kupfer D (1993b) Metabolism of the antimammary cancer antiestrogenic agent tamoxifen II. Flavin-containing monooxygenase-mediated Noxidation. Drug Metab Dispos 21:657–661
Mani C, Kupfer D (1991) Cytochrome P450 mediated action and irreversible binding of the anti estrogen tamoxifen to proteins in rat and human liver: possible involvement of the flavin-containing monooxygenases in tamoxifen activation. Cancer Res 51:6052–6058
Martinsen A, Gynther 1 (1996) Liquid chromatography-thermospray mass spectrometry of toremifene and its derivatives. 1 Chromatogr A 724:358–363
Martucci CP, Fishman 1 (1993) P450 Enzymes of Estrogen Metabolism. Pharmacol Ther 57:237–257
Marynick SP, Havens WW, Ebert MHet al. (1976) Studies on the transfer of steroid hormones across the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier in the rhesus monkey. Endocrinology 99:400–405
MeffinPl, Wing LMH, Sallustio BC, Brooks PM (1984) Alterations in prednisolone disposition as a result of oral contraceptive use and dose. Br 1 Clin Pharmac 17:655–664
Mattsson LA, Cullberg G (1983) Vaginal absorption of two estriol preparations. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 62:393–396
Meltzer NM, Stang P, Sternson LA (1984) Influence of tamoxifen and its N-desmethyl and 4-hydroxy metabolites on rat liver microsomal enzymes. Biochem Pharmacol 33:115–123
Meyer FP, Walther H, Canzler E, Giers H (1989) EinfluB der oralen Kontrazeptiva MinisistonlTrisiston auf die Pharmakokinetik von Coffein - ein intraindividueller Langzeitversuch. Z Klin Mrd 44:239–240
Middeke M, Remien C, Lohmtiller G, Holzgreve H, Zollner N (1986) Interaction between tamoxifen and digitoxin? Klin Wschr 64:1211
Mikkelsen AL, Borggaard B, Lebech PE (1996) Results of serial measurement of estradiol in serum with six different methods during ovarian stimulation. Gynecol Obstet Invest 41:35–40
Mills TM, Lin TJ, Hernandez-Ayup S, Greenblatt RB, Ellegood 10, Mahesh VB (1974) The metabolic clearance rate and urinary excretion of oral contraceptive drugs. Am 1 Obstet GynecoI120:773–778
Muller P, Botta L, Ezzet F (1996) Bioavailability of estradiol from a new matrix and a conventional reservoir-type transdermal therapeutic system.Eur 1 Clin Pharmacol 51:327–330
Murugesan K, Vij U, Lal B, Farooq A(1989)Effect of progestins, estradiol, and coenzymes NAD and NADPH on the interconversion of estradiol and estrone in rabbit uterus in vitro. Steroids 53:695–712
Musey PI, Kirdani RY, Bhanalaph T, Sandberg AA (1973) Estriol metabolism in the baboon: Analysis of urinary and biliary metabolites. Steroids 22:795–817
Nash HA, Brache V, Alvarez-Sanchez F, Jackanicz TM, Harmon TM (1997) Estradiol delivery by vaginal rings: Potential for hormone replacement therapy. Maturitas 26: 27–33
Newburger J, Castracane VD, Moore PH, Williams MC, Goldzieher JW (1983) The pharmacokinetics and metabolism of ethynyl estradiol and its three sulfates in the baboon. Am J Obstet GynecoI146:80–87
Newburger J, Goldzieher JW (1985) Pharmacokinetics of ethynyl estradiol: a current view. Contraception 32:33–44
Ni L, Allerheiligen SRB, Basson R, Knadler MP, Latz J, Geiser J, Lantz R, Rash J, Henry DP (1996) Pharmacokinetics of raloxifene in men and postmenopausal women volunteers: Pharm Res 13 No.9 (Suppl):S430
Nickerson DF, Tess DA, Toler SM (1997) First-pass metabolism and biliary recirculation of droloxifene in the female Sprague-Dawley rat: Xenobiotica 27:257–264
Noma J, Hayashi N; Sekiba K (1991) Automated direct high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for estetrol, estriol, cortisone and cortisole in serum and amniotic fluid. J Chromatogr A 568:35–44
Notelovitz M, Tjapkes J, Ware M (1981) Interaction between estrogen and dilantin in a menopausal women. N Engl J Med 304:788
Nozaki 0, Ohba Y, Imai K (1988) Determination of serum estradiol by normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence detection. Anal Chim Acta 205:255–260
Nuwaysir EF, Dragan YP, Jefcoate CR, Jordan VC, Pitot HC (1995) Effects of tamoxifen administration on the expression of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in rat liver. Cancer Res 55:1780–1786
O’Connell, MB (1995) Pharmacokinetic and pharmacologic variation between different estrogen products. J Clin Pharmacol 35:S18–S24
Orme MLE, Back DJ, Ball S (1989) Interindividual variation in the metabolism of ethynylestradiol. Pharmacol Ther 43:251–260
Oriowo MA, Landgren BM, Stenstrom B, Diczfalusy E (1980) A comparison of the pharmacokinetic properties of three estradiol esters. Contraception 21:415–424
Orme M, Back DJ, Ward S, Green S (1991) The pharmacokinetics of ethinylestradiol in the presence and absence of gestodene and desogestrel. Contraception 43:305–316
Ortiz de Montellano PR, Kunze K, Yost GS, Mico BA (1979) Self-catalized destruction of cytochrome P-450: covalent binding of ethynyl sterols to prosthetic heme. Proc Nat’l Acad Sci USA 76:746–749
Pazzucconi F, Malavasi B, Galli G, Franceschini G, Calabresi L, Sirtori CR (1991) Inhibition of antipyrine metabolism by low-dose contraceptives with gestodene and desogestrel. Clin Pharmacol Ther 49:278–284
Paliwal JK, Gupta RC, Grover PK,Asthana OP, Srivastava JS, Nityanand S (1989) High performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) determination of centchroman in human serum and application to single-dose pharmacokinetics. Pharmaceut Res 6:1048–1051
Paliwal JK, Gupta RC (1996) Tissue distribution and pharmacokinetics of centchroman. A new nonsteroidal postcoital contraceptive agent and ist 7-desmethyl metabolite in female rats after single oral dose. Drug Metab and Dispos 24:148–155
Patel J, Katovich MJ, Sloan KB, Curry SH, Prankerd RJ (1995) A prodrug approach to increasing the oral potency of a phenolic drug. 2. pharmacodynamics and preliminary bioavailability of an orally administered o(imidomethyl) derivative of 17f3-estradiol. J Pharm Sci 84:174–178
Peden NR, Cargill J, Browning MCet al. (1979) Male sexual dysfunction during treatment with cimetidine.Br Med J 1:659
Peyrade F, Frenay M, Etienne M-C, Ruch F, Guillemare C, Francois E, Namer M, Ferrero J-M, Milano G (1996) Age-related difference in tamoxifen disposition. Clin Pharmacol Ther 59:401–410
Podesta A, Smith CJ, Villani C, Montagnoli G (1996) Shared reaction in solid-phase immunoassay for estriol determination. Steroids 61:622–626
Potischman N, Falk RT, Laiming VA, Siiteri PK, Hoover RN (1994) Reproducibility of laboratory assays for steroid hormones and sex hormone-binding globulin. Cancer Res 54:5363–5367
Powers MS, Schenkel L, Darley PE, Good WR, Balestra JC, Place VA (1988) Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of transdermal formulations of estradiol. Munch Med Wochenschr 130:7–14
Price TM, Blauer KL, Hansen M, Stanczyk F, Lobo R, Bates GW(1997)Single-dose pharmacokinetics of sublingual versus oral administration of micronized 17 f3-estradiol. Obstet Gynecol 89:340–345
Pschera H, Hjerpe A, Carlstrom K (1989) Influence of the maturity of the vaginal epithelium upon the absorption of vaginally administered estradiol-17 f3 and progesterone in postmenopausal women. Gynecol Obstet Invest 27:204–207
Purba HS, Maggs JL, Orme MLE, Back DJ, Park BK (1987) The metabolism of 17aethinyloestradiol by human liver microsomes: formation of catechol and chemically reactive metabolites. Br J Clin Pharmac 23:447–453
Raitano LA, Slikker W, Hill DE, Hadd HE, Cairns T, Helton ED (1981) Ethynyl cleavage of 17a-ethynylestradiol in the rhesus monkey. Drug Metab Disp 9:129–134
Ratna S, Roy SK, Ray S, Kole PL, Salman M, Madhusudan KP, Sircar, KP, Anand N (1986) Centchroman: In vitro metabolism by rat liver homogenate. Drug Develop Res 7:173–178
Ratna S, Mishra NC, Ray S, Roy SK (1994) Centchroman: tissue distribution and excretion profile in albino rats after oral and intravenous administration. J Basic Appl Biomed 2:31–36
Rauramo L, Pun non en R, Kaihola H-L, Grónroos M (1978) Serum oestriol, oestrone and and oestradiol concentrations during oral oestriol succinate treatment in ovariectomized women. Maturitas 1:71–78
Reed MJ, Fotherby K, Steele SJ (1972) Metabolism of ethynyloestradiol in man. J Endocr 55:351–361
Reed MJ, Fotherby K(1975)Metabolism of ethynyloestradiol and oestradiol in the guinea-pig. J Steroid Biochem 6:121–125
Reed MJ, Fotherby K (1979)Intestinal absorption of synthetic steroids. J Steroid Biochem 11:1107–1112
Reed MJ, Lai LC, Ghilchik MW, James VHT (1988) The effects of androgens and cortisol on the in vivo metabolism of oestradiol. J Steroid Biochem 30:489–492
Reid AD, Horobin JM, Newman EL, Preece PE (1992) Tamoxifen metabolism is altered by simultaneous administration of medroxyprogesterone acetate in breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat 22:153–156
Ritchie LD, Grant SMT (1989) Tamoxifen-warfarin interaction: the Aberdeen hospitals drug file. Br Med J 298:1253
Roberts RK, Desmond PV, Wilkinson GR, Schenker S (1979) Disposition of chlordiazepoxide: sex differences and effects of oral contraceptives. Clin Pharmacol Ther 25:826–831
Rogers SM, Back DJ, Orme MLE (1987a) Intestinal metabolism of ethinyloestardiol and paracetamol in vitro: studies using Ussing Chambers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 23:727–734
Rogers SM, Back DJ, Stevenson PJ, Grimmer SFM, Orme MLE (1987b) Paracetamol interaction with oral contraceptive steroids: increased plasma concentrations of ethinyloestradiol. Br J Clin Pharmacol 23:721–725
Rohr UD, Nauert C, Ehrly AM (1995) Kinetics of a new patch for transdermal administration of 17 f3-estradiol. Zbl Gynakol 117:531–539
Ruenitz PC, Bai X (1995) Acidic metabolites of tamoxifen. Aspects of formation and fate in the female rat. Drug Metab Dispos 23:993–998
RuoffWL, Dziuk PJ (1994) Absorption and metabolism of estrogens from the stomach and duodenum of pigs. Dom Anim Endocrinol11:197–208
Sandberg AA, Slaunwhite WR (1957) Studies on phenolic steroids in human subjects. II. The metabolic fate and hepatobiliary-enteric circulation of 14C-estrone and 14C_ estradiol in women. J Clin Invest 36:1266–1278
Sanders JM, Burka LT, Shelby MD, Newbold RR, Cunningham ML (1997) Determination of tamoxifen and metabolites in serum by capillary electrophoresis using a nonaqueous buffer system J Chromatogr B 695:181–185
Sato H, Mochizuki H, Tomita Y, Kanamori T (1996) Enhancement of the sensitivity of a chemiluminescent immunoassay for estradiol based on hapten heterology. Clin Biochem 29:509–513
Scavone JM, Greenblatt DJ, Blyden GT (1988) Antipyrine pharmacokinetics in women receiving conjugated estrogens. J Clin Pharmacol 28:463–466
Schiff I, Tulchinsky D, Ryan KJ (1977) Vaginal absorption of estrone and 17 f3-estradiol. Fertil SteriI28:1063–1066
Schiff I, Tulchinsky D, Ryan KJet al. (1980) Plasma estriol and its conjugates following oral and vaginal administration of estriol to postmenopausal women: correlations with gonadotropin levels.Am J Obstet Gynecol138:1137–1141
Schmid SE, Au WYW, Hill DE, Kadlubar FF, Slikker W (1983) Cytochrome P-450-dependent oxidation of the 17 a-ethynyl group of synthetic steroids. Drug Metab Dispos 11:531–536
Schmider J, Greenblatt DJ, von Moltke LL, Karsov D, Vena R, Friedman HL, Shader RI (1997) Biotransformation of mestranol to ethynyl estradiol in vitro: the role of cytochrome P-450 2C9 and metabolic inhibitors. J Clin Pharmacol 37:193–200
Schmidt G, Andersson SB, Nordle 0, Johansson CJ, Gunnarsson PO (1994) Release of 17 f3-oestradiol from a vaginal ring in postmenopausal women: pharmacokinetic evaluation. Gynecol Obstet Invest 38:253–260
Schneider J, Kinne D, Fracchia Aet al. (1982) Abnormal oxidative metabolism of estradiol in women with breast cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79:3047–3051
Schubert W, Eriksson U, Edgar B, Cullberg G, Hedner T (1995) Flavonoids in grapefruit juice inhibit the in vitro hepatic metabolism of 17 f3-estradiol. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 20:219–224
Schubert W, Cullberg G, Edgar B, Hedner T (1994) Inhibition of 17 f3-estradiol metabolism by grapefruit juice in ovariectomized women. Maturitas 20:155–163
Schubert W, Cullberg G, Hedner T (1993) Pharmacokinetic evaluation of oral 17f3-oestradiol and two different fat soluble analogues in ovariectomized women. Eur J Clin PharmacoI44:563–568
Schwenk M, Schiemenz C, Del Pino VL, Remmer H (1982) First pass biotransformation of ethinylestradiol in rat small intestine in situ. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Arch Pharmacol 321:223–225
Scott RT, Ross B, Anderson C, Archer DF (1991) Pharmacokinetics of percutaneous estradiol: A crossover study using a gel and a transdermal system in comparison with oral micronized estradiol. Obstet Gynecol 77:758–764
Shenfield GM (1993) Oral contraceptives are drug interactions of clinical significance?Drug Safety 9:21–37
Shou M, Korzekwa KR, Brooks EN, Krausz KW, Gonzales FJ, Gelboin HV (1997) Role of human hepatic cytochrome P450 1A2 and 3A4 in the metabolic activation of estrone. Carcinogenesis 18:207–214
Siekmann L, Siekmann A, Breuer H (1980) Measurement by isotope dilution mass spectrometry of 17 a-ethinyl-estradiol-17 f3 and norethisterone in serum of women taking oral contraceptives. Biomed Mass Spectrometry 7:511–514
Siiteri PK, Murai JT, Hammond GL, Nisker JA, Raymoure WJ, Kuhn RW (1982) The serum transport of steroid hormones. Recent Prog Horm Res 38:457–510
Sipila H, NantO V, Kangas L, Anttila M, Halme T (1988) Binding of toremifene to human serum proteins. Pharmacol Toxicol 63:62—64
Sipila H, Kangas L, Vuorilehto L, Kalapudas A, Eloranta M, Sodervall M, Toivola R, Anttila M(1990)Metabolism of toremifene in the rat. J Steroid Biochem 36:211–215
Slikker W, Bailey JR, Newport GD, Lipe GW, Hill DE (1982) Placental transfer and metabolism of 17 a-ethynylestradiol-17 {3 and estradiol-17 {3 in the rhesus monkey. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 223:483–489
Slikker W, Lipe GW, Newport GD (1981) High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of estradiol-17 and metabolites in biological media. J Chromatogr 224:205–219
Soe L, Wurz GT, Maenpaa JU, Hubbard GB, Cadman TB, Wiebe VJ, Theon AP, DeGregorio MW (1997) Tissue distribution of transdermal toremifene. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 39:513–520
Sotaniemi EA, Anttila MI (1997) Influence of age on toremifene pharmacokinetics. Cancer Chemother PharmacoI40:185–188
Speck U, Wendt H, Schulze PE, Jentsch D (1976) Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of cyproterone acetate-14C and ethinyloestradiol-3H after oral administration as a coated tablet (SHB209 AB). Contraception 14:151–163
Spink DC, Lincoln II DW, Dickermann HW, Gierthy JF (1990) 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin causes an extensive alteration of 17 {3-estradiol metabolism in MCF-7 breast tumor cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:6917–6921
Srivastava AK, Agnihotri A, Kamboj VP(1984)Binding of centchroman - a nonsteroidal antifertility agent to human plasma proteins. Experientia 40:465–466
Stadel BV, Sternthal PM, Schiess Elmann, Douglas MB, Dallas Hall W, Kaul L, Ahluwalia B (1980) Variation of ethinylestradiol blood levels among healthy women using oral contraceptives. Fertil Steril 33:257–260
Stanczyk FZ, Gale JA, Goebelsmann U, Nerenberg C, Matin S (1980) Radioimmunoassay of plasma ethinylestradiol in the presence of circulating norethindrone. Contraception 22:457–470
Studd JWW Smith RNJ (1993) Oestradiol and testosterone implants. Bailliere’S Clin Endocrinol Metab 7:203–223
Stumpf PG (1990) Pharmacokinetics of estrogen. Obstet Gynecol 75:9S–14S
Suhonen SP, Allonen HO, Lahteenmaki P (1993) Sustained-release subdermal estradiol implants: A new alternative in estrogen replacement therapy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 169: 1248–1254
Taioli E, Garte SJ, Trachman JETAL Etal. (1996) Ethnic differences in estrogen metabolism in healthy women. J Natl Cancer Inst 88:617
Takikawa H, Sano N, Tadokoro K, Yamanaka M (1996) Biliary excretion of estrone metabolites in the rat. Int Hepatol Commun 5:251–258
Tanaka Y, Sekiguchi M, Sawamoto T, Hata T, Esumi Y, Sugai S, Ninomiya S (1994) Pharmacokinetics of droloxifene in mice, rats, monkeys, premenopausal and postmenopausal patients. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokin 19:7–58
Tannenbaum SR (1997) Comparative metabolism of tamoxifen and DNA adduct formation and invitro studies on genotoxicity. Seminars in Oncology 24 (Suppl 1 ):Sl–81-S1-86
Tamate K, Charleton M, Gosling JPETAL Etal. (1997) Direct colorimetric monoclonal antibody enzyme immunoassay for estradiol-17 {3 in saliva. Clin Chern 43:1159–1164
Tenni P, Lalich DL, Byrne MJ(1989)Life threatening interaction between tamoxifen and warfarin. Br Med J 298:93
Tepper R, Goldberger S, Cohen IETAL Etal. (1994) Estrogen replacement in postmenopausal women: are we currently overdosing our patients?Gynecol Obstet Invest 38:113–116
Tess DA, Cole RO, Toler SM (1995) Sensitive method for the quantitation of droloxifene in plasma and serum by high-performance liquid chromatography employing fluorimetric detection. J Chromatogr B 674:253–260
Tetsuo M, Axelson M, Sjovall J (1980) Selective isolation procedures for GC/MS analysis of ethinylsteroids in biological material. J Steroid Biochem 13:847–860
Thomas CMG, van den Berg RJ, Segers MFGet a1. (1993) Inaccurate measurement of 17 ~ Estradiol in serum of female volunteers after oral administration of milligram amounts of micronized 17~Estradio1.Clin Chern 39:2341–2342
Timmer CJ, Apter D, Voortman G (1990) Pharmacokinetics of 3-keto-desogestrel and ethinyletradiol released from different types of contraceptive vaginal rings. Contraception 42:629–642
Tolino A, Ronsini S, Granata P, Gallo FP, Riccio S, Montemagno U (1990) Topical treatment using estriol of post-menopausal atrophic vaginitis. (Franz).Rev Fr Gynecol Obstet 85:692–697
Tominaga T, Abe 0, Izuo M, Nomura Y(1990)A phase I study of toremifene. Breast Cancer Res Treat 16 (Suppl):S27–S29
Tornatore KM, Kanarkowski R, McCarthy TL, Gardner MJ, Yurchak AM, Jusko WJ (1982) Effect of chronic oral contraceptive steroids on theophylline disposition. Eur J Clin PharmacoI23:129–134
Townsend RW, Keuth V, Embil Ket a1. (1988) High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of conjugated estrogens in tablets. J Chromatogr 450:414–419
Troy SM, Hicks DR, Parker VD, Jusko WJ, Rofsky HE, Porter RJ (1994) Differences in pharmacokinetics and comparative bioavailability between Premarin® and Estratab® in healthy postmenopausal women. Curr Ther Res 55:359–372
Tseng L, Gurpide E (1975) Induction of human endometrial estradiol dehydrogenase by progestins. Endocrinology 97:825–833
Turkes A, Dyas J, Read GF, Riad-Fahmy D (1981) Enzyme immunoassay for specific determination of the synthetic estrogen ethynyl estradiol in plasma. Clin Chern 27:901–905
Vanluchene E, Vandekerckhove D, Jonckheere Jet a1. (1983) Steroid profiles of body fluids other than urine, obtained by capillary gas chromatography. J Chromatogr 279:573–580
Van Look PF, Top Huisman M, Gnodde HP(1981)Effect of ampicillin or amoxycillin administration on plasma and urinary estrogen levels during normal pregnancy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Bioi 12:225–233
Warren RJ, Fotherby K (1973) Plasma levels of ethynylestradiol after administration of ethynylestradiol or mestranol to human subjects. J Endocrinol 59:369–370
Wasser SK, Monfort SL, Southers Jet a1. (1994) Excretion rates and metabolites of oestradiol and progesterone in baboon (Papio cynocephalus cynocephalus) faeces. J Reprod Fertil 101:213–220
Watanabe N, Irie T, Koyama M, Tominaga T (1989) Liquid chromatographicatmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometric analysis of toremifene metabolites in human urine. J Chromatogr 497:169–180
Weber A, Jager R, Borner A, Klinger G, Vollanth R, Matthey K, Balogh A (1996) Can grapefruit juice influence ethinylestradiol bioavailability? Contraception 53:41–47
Webster LK, Crinis NA, Stokes KH, Bishop JF (1991) High-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of toremifene and its major human metabolites. J Chromatogr Biomed Appl 565:482–487
White I, Muller-Eberhard H (1977) Decreased liver cytochrome PA50 in rats caused by norethindrone or ethynylestradio1. Biochem J 166:57–64
White INH, Martin EA, Styles J, Lim C-K, Carthew P, Smith LL (1997) The metabolism and genotoxicity of tamoxifen. In:Aldaz CM, Gould MN, McLachlan J, Slaga TJ (eds)Etiology of breast and gynecological cancers. Wiley-Liss Inc., New York Chichester Weinheim Brisbane Singapore Toronto, pp 257–270
Wiebe V, Benz CC, Shemano I, Cadman TB, DeGregorio MW (1990) Pharmacokinetics of toremifene and its metabolites in patients with advanced breast cancer. Cancer Chern other Pharmacol 25:247–251
Wiemeyer JC, Fernandez M, Moguilevsky JA, Sagasta CL (1986) Pharmacokinetic studies of estradiol enanthate in menopausic women. Arzneimittelforsch 36:1674–1677
Williams JG, Williams KIH(1975)Metabolism of 2_3H- and 4_14C-17 a-ethynylestradiol 3-methyl ether (mestranol) by women. Steroids 26:707–720
Williams JG, Longcope C, Williams KIH (1975) Metabolism of 4-3H_ and 4_14C-17aethynylestradiol 3-methyl ether (mestranol) by women. Steroids 25:343–354
Williams MC, Helton ED, Goldzieher JW (1975) Chromatographic profiling and identification of ethynyl and non-ethynyl compounds. Steroids 25:229–246
Williams MC, Goldzieher JW (1980) Chromatographic patterns of urinary ethynyl estrogen metabolites in various popUlations. Steroids 36:255–282
Wiseman LR, Goa KL (1997) Toremifene A review of ist pharmacological properties and clinical efficiency in the management of advanced breast cancer. Drugs 54:141–160
Woolley DE, Holinka CF, Timiras PS (1969) Changes in 3H-estradiol distribution with development in the rat. Endocrinology 84:157–161
Yamamoto T, Honjo HETAL Etal. (1979) The metabolic fate of estradiol benzoate in female dog. J Steroid Biochem 11:1287–1294
Zamah NM, Humpel M, Kuhnz W, Louton T, Rafferty J, Back DJ (1993) Absence of an effect of high vitamin C dosage on the systemic availability of ethinyl estradiol in women using a combination oral contraceptive. Contraception 48:377–391
Zimmermann H, Koytchev R, Mayer 0, Borner A, Mellinger U, Breitbarth H (1998a) Pharmacokinetics of orally administered estradiol valerate. Results of a singledose cross-over bioequivalence study in postmenopausal women. Arzneimittelforsch 48(11):941–947
Zimmermann H ETAL Etal. (1998b) Single and multiple dose pharmacokinetics of a sequential estradiol valerate / chlormadinone acetate preparation for hormone replacement therapy. (publication in preparation)
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1993 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kuhnz, W., Blode, H., Zimmermann, H. (1993). Pharmacokinetics of Exogenous Natural and Synthetic Estrogens and Antiestrogens. In: Estrogens and Antiestrogens II. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 135 / 2. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60107-1_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60107-1_15
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-64261-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-60107-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive