Skip to main content
  • 342 Accesses

Abstract

Lung cancer has long been the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in men and, beginning in the late 1980s, lung cancer exceeded breast cancer as the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in women. An estimated 171,500 new cases of lung cancer will be diagnosed in the United States in 1998 [1] Approximately 80% will be non-smallcell lung cancer (NSCLC). Over 70% of patients will present with advanced disease at diagnosis, and fewer than 5% of those with metastatic disease will be alive at 5 years. In the United States, 1 of every 14 deaths from any cause is due to lung cancer. Worldwide, lung cancer is the most common cancer in males, accounting for 17.6% of all cancers in men, and the fifth most common cancer in women. The worldwide mortality rate associated with lung cancer is 86% [2]. Over the last decade, the incidence of lung cancer in men has leveled off to approximately 70 per 1,000,000. However, there has been a sharp rise in the incidence of lung cancer in women [3].

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Landis SH, Murray T, Bolden S, Wingo IA (1998) Cancer statistics, 1998. CA Cancer J Clin 48:6–29

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Parkin DM, Pisani P, Ferlag J (1993) Estimates of the worldwide incidence of eighteen major cancers in 1985. Int J Cancer 54:594–606

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Garfinkel L, Silverberg E (1991) Lung cancer and smoking trends in the United States over the past 25 years. CA Cancer J Clin 41:137–146

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Hecht S, Hoffmann D (1988) Tobacco-specific nitrosa-mines, an important group of carcinogens in tobacco and tobacco smoke. Carcinogenesis 9:97–91

    Google Scholar 

  5. Mossman B, Bignon J, Corn M (1990) Asbestos: scientific developments and implications for public policy. Science 247:294–301

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Harley N, Samet J, Cross F (1986) Contribution of radon and radon daughters to respiratory cancer. Environ Health Perspect 70:17–21

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Minna J (1993) The molecular biology of lung cancer pathogenesis. Chest 103:449–454

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Richardson GE, Johnson BE (1993) The biology of lung cancer. Semin Oncol 20:105–127

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Doyle LA, Marby M, Stahel RA (1991) Modulation of neuroendocrine surface antigens in oncogene-activated small cell lung cancer lines. Br J Cancer Suppl 14:39–42

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Perez-Soler R, Donato NJ, Shin DM (1994) Tumor epidermal growth factor receptor studies in patients with non-small cell lung cancer or head and neck cancer treated with monoclonal antibody RG83852. J Clin Oncol 12:730–739

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Prevost G, Bourgeois Y, Mormoni C (1994) Characterization of somatostatin receptors and growth inhibition by the somatostatin analogue BIM 23014 in small cell lung carcinoma xenograft SCLC-6. Life Sci 55:155–162

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Maneckjee R, Minna JD (1991) Nonconventional opioid binding sites mediate growth inhibitory effects of methadone on human lung cancer cell lines. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:1169–1173

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Lee JS, Ro JY, Sahin AA (1991) Expression of blood group antigen A: a favorable prognostic factor in non-small cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 324:1084–1090

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Zaman GJR, Versantvoort CHM, Smit JM (1993) Analysis of the expression of MRP, the gene for a new putative transmembrane drug transporter in human multidrug resistant lung cancer cell lines. Cancer Res 53:1747–1750

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Popp W, Rauscher H, Tischka L (1991) Diagnostic sensitivity of different techniques in the diagnosis of lung tumors with the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope. Cancer 67:72–75

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Ledermann JA (1994) Serum neuron specific enolase and other neuroendocrine makers in lung cancer. Eur J Cancer 30:574–576

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Skarin AT (1993) Analysis of long term survivors with small cell lung cancer. Chest 103:440–444

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Morstyn G, Ihde DC, Lichter S (1984) Small cell lung cancer 1973–1983: early prognosis and recent obstacles. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 10:515–539

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Haggar AM, Pearlberg JL, Froelich JW, Hearshen DO, Beute GH, Lewis JW, Schkudor GW, Wood C, Gniewek P (1987) Chest wall invasion by carcinoma of the lung: detection by MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol 148:1075–1078

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Cantoni S, Ropolo F, Serrano J, Loria F, Frola C (1995) MR enhancement of pleural effusions on MRI after I.V. administration of Gd-DTPA in patients with bronchogenic carcinoma. Eur Radiol 5[Suppl]:286–291

    Google Scholar 

  21. Webb WR (1988) MR imaging in the evaluation and staging of lung cancer. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 9:53–66

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Glazer GM, Orringer MB, Chenevert TL, Borrello JA, Penner MW, Quint LE, Li KC, Aisen AM (1988) Mediastinal lymph nodes: relaxation time/pathologic correlation and implications in staging of lung cancer with MR imaging. Radiology 168:429–431

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Sazon DA, Santiago SM, Soo Hoo GW, Khonsary A, Brown C, Mandelkern M, Blahd W, Williams AJ (1996) Fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography in the detection and staging of lung cancer. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 153:417–421

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Duhaylongsod FG, Lowe VJ, Patz EF Jr, Vaughn AL, Coleman RE, Wolfe WG (1995) Detection of primary and recurrent lung cancer by means of F-18 fluoro-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET). J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 110:130–139

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Kubota K, Matsuzawa T, Fujiwara T et al. (1990) Differential diagnosis of lung tumor with positron emission tomography. A prospective study. J Nucl Med 31:1927–1933

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Hoh CK, Schiepers C, Seltzer MA, Gambhir SS, Silverman DH, Czernin J, Maddahi J, Phelps ME (1997) PET in oncology: will it replace the other modalities? Semin Nucl Med 27:94–106

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Minn H, Zasadny KR, Quint LE, Wahl RL (1995) Lung cancer: reproducibility of quantitative measurements for evaluating 2-[F-18]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose uptake at PET. Radiology 196:167–173

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Keys JW (1995) SUV: standard uptake or silly useless value? J Nucl Med 36:1836–1839

    Google Scholar 

  29. Hamberg LM, Hunter GJ, Alpert NM, Choi NC, Babich JW, Fischman AJ (1994) The dose uptake ratio as an index of glucose metabolism: useful parameter or oversimplification. J Nucl Med 35:1308–1312

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Kim CK, Gupta NC, Chandramouli B, et al. (1994) Standardized uptake values of FDG: body surface area correction is preferable to body weight correction. J Nucl Med 35:164–167

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Zasadny KR, Wahl RL (1993) Standardized uptake values of normal tissues at PET with 2-[fluorine-18]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose: variations with body weight and a method for correction. Radiology 189:847–850

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Miyauchi T, Wahl RL (1996) Regional 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose uptake varies in normal lung. Eur J Nucl Med 23:517–523

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Tisi GM, Friedman PH, Peters RM, et al. (1983) American Thoracic Society. Medical Section of the American Lung Association: clinical staging of primary lung cancer. Am Rev Respir Dis 127:659–664

    Google Scholar 

  34. Webb WR, Gatsonis C, Zerhouni EA, Heelan RT, Glazer GM, Francis IR, McNeil BJ (1991) CT and MR imaging in staging non-small cell bronchogenic carcinoma: report of the Radiologic Diagnostic Oncology Group. Radiology 178:705–713

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Valk PE, Pounds TR, Hopkins DM, Haseman MK, Hofer GA, Greiss HB, Myers RW, Lutrin CL (1995) Staging non-small cell lung cancer by whole-body positron emission tomographic imaging. Ann Thorac Surg 60:1573–1581

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Bury T, Dowlati A, Paulus P, Hustinx R, Radermecker M, Rigo P (1996) Staging of non-small-cell lung cancer by whole-body fluorine-18 deoxyglucose positron emission tomography. Eur J Nucl Med 23:204–206

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Hoh CK, Hawkins RA, Glaspy JA, Dahlbom M, Tse NY, Hoffman EJ, Schiepers, Choi Y, Rege S, Nitzsche E, et al. (1993) Cancer detection with whole-body PET using 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose. J Comput Assist To-mogr 17:582–589

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Boland GW, Goldberg MA, Lee MJ, Mayo-Smith WW, Dixon J, McNicholas MM, Mueller PR (1995) Indeterminate adrenal mass in patients with cancer: evaluation at PET with 2-[F-18]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose. Radiology 194:131–134

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Engel H, Steinert H, Buck A, Berthold T, Böni RAH, von Schulthess GK (1996) Whole-body PET: physiological and artifactual fluorodeoxyglucose accumulations. J Nucl Med 37:441–446

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Thompson CJ, Ranger N, Evans AC, Gjedde A (1991) Validation of simultaneous PET emission and transmission scans. J Nucl Med 32:154–160

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Xu EZ, Mullani NA, Gould KL, Anderson WL (1991) A segmented attenuation correction for PET. J Nucl Med 32:161–165

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Meikle SR, Eberl S, Hooper PK, Fulham MJ (1997) Simultaneous emission and transmission (SET) scanning in neurological PET studies. J Comput Assist Tomogr 21:487–497

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Langer KJ, Braun U, Kops ER, et al. (1993) The influence of plasma glucose levels on fluorine-18-fluoro-deoxyglucose uptake in bronchial carcinoma. J Nucl Med 34:355–359

    Google Scholar 

  44. Glazer HS, Lee JKT, Levitt RG, Heiken JP, Ling D, Totty WG, Balfe DM, Emani B, Wasserman TH, Murphy WA (1985) Radiation fibrosis: differentiation from recurrent tumor by MR imaging. Radiology 156:721–726

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Inoue T, Kim EE, Komaki R, Wong FC, Bassa P, Wong WH, Yang DJ, Endo K, Podoloff DA (1995) Detecting recurrent or residual lung cancer with FDG-PET. J Nucl Med 36:788–793

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Frank A, Lefkowitz D, Jaeger S, Gobar L, Sunderland J, Gupta N, Scott W, Mailliard J, Lynch H, Bishop J, et al. (1995) Decision logic for retreatment of asymptomatic lung cancer recurrence based on positron emission tomography findings. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 32:1495–1512

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Duhaylongsod FG, Lowe VJ, Patz EF Jr, Vaughn AL, Coleman RE, Wolfe WG (1995) Lung tumor growth correlates with glucose metabolism measured by fluoride-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. Ann Thorac Surg 60:1348–1352

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Kubota K, Yamada S, Ishiwata K, Ito M, Fujiwara T, Fukuda H, Tada M, Ido T (1993) Evaluation of the treatment response of lung cancer with positron emission tomography and L-[methyl-11C]methionine: a preliminary study. Eur J Nucl Med 20:495–501

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Knopp MV, Bischoff H, Rimac A, Oberdorfer F, van Kaick G. (1996) Bone marrow uptake of fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose following treatment with hematopoietic growth factors: initial evaluation. Nucl Med Biol 23:845–849

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Rasey JS, Koh WJ, Evans ML, Peterson LM, Lewellen TK, Graham MM, Krohn KA (1996) Quantifying regional hypoxia in human tumors with positron emission tomography (PET) after injection of hypoxia-binding radiopharmaceutical [18F]fluoromisonidazole ([18FMISO]). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 36:417–428

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Yang DJ, Wallace S, Cherif A, Li C, Gretzer MB, Kim EE, Podoloff DA (1995) Development of F-18-labeled fluoroerythronitroimidazole as a PET agent for imaging tumor hypoxia. Radiology 194:795–800

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Slosmon DO, Spiliopoulos A, Couson F, et al. (1993) Satellite PET and lung cancer: a prospective study in surgical patients. Nucl Med Commun 14:955–961

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Rege SD, Hoh CK, Glaspy JA, et al. (1993) Imaging of pulmonary mass lesions with whole-body positron emission tomography and fluorodeoxyglucose. Cancer 72:82–90

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Dewan NA, Gupta NC, Redepenning LS, et al (1993) Diagnostic efficacy of PET-FDG imaging in solitary pulmonary nodules. Potential role in evaluation and management. Chest 104:997–1002

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Dewan NA, Reeb SD, Gupta NC, et al (1995) PET-FDG imaging and transthoracic needle lung aspiration biopsy in evaluation of pulmonary lesions. A comparative risk-benefit analysis. Chest 108:441–446

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Gupta NC, Maloof J, Gunel E (1996) Probability of malignancy in solitary pulmonary nodules using fluorine-18-FDG and PET. J Nucl Med 37:943–948

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Knight SB, Delbeke D, Stewart JR, et al (1996) Evaluation of pulmonary lesions with FDG-PET. Comparison of findings in patients with and without a history of prior malignancy. Chest 109:982–988

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Patz EF Jr, Lowe VJ, Hoffman JM, et al (1993) Focal pulmonary abnormalities: evaluation with F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose PET scanning. Radiology 188:487–490

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Guhlmann A, Storck M, Kotzerke J, Moog F, Sunder PL, Reske SN (1997) Lymph node staging in non-small cell lung cancer: evaluation by [18F]FDG positron emission tomography (PET). Thorax 52:438–441

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Steinert HC, Hauser M, Allemann F, Engel H, Berthold T, von Schulthess GK, et al (1997) Non-small cell lung cancer: nodal staging with FDG PET versus CT with correlative lymphnode mapping and sampling. Radiology 202:441–446

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Sasaki M, Ichiya Y, Kuwabara Y, et al (1996) The usefulness of FDG positron emission tomography for the detection of mediastinal lymph node metastases in patients with non-small cell lung cancer: a comparative study with X-ray computed tomography. Eur J Nucl Med 23:741–747

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Chin R Jr, Ward R, Keyes JW, et al (1995) Mediastinal staging of non-small-cell lung cancer with positron emission tomography. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 152:2090–2096

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Wahl RL, Quint LE, Greenough RL, Meyer CR, White RI, Orringer MB (1994) Staging of mediastinal non-small cell lung cancer with FDG PET, CT, and fusion images: preliminary prospective evaluation. Radiology 191:371–377

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Miyazawa H, Arai T, Inagaki K, Morita T, Yano M, Hara T (1992) Detection of mediastinal lymph node metastasis from lung cancer with positron emission tomography (PET) using 11C-methionine. Nippon-Kyo-bu-Geka-Gakkai-Zasshi 40:2125–2130

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1999 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Inoue, T., Aoki, J., Kim, E.E. (1999). Lung Cancers. In: Molecular Imaging in Oncology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59879-1_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59879-1_9

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-64163-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-59879-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics