Abstract
Congenital anomalies of the female genital tract result from müllerian duct anomalies and/or abnormalities of the urogenital sinus or cloaca. Failure of fusion of the müllerian ducts results in a wide variety of fusion abnormalities of the uterus, cervix, and vagina (Gruenwald 1941). Müllerian duct abnormalities may occur alone or in association with urogenital sinus or cloacal malformations. Persistence of the cloaca is believed to be caused by an abnormal development of the dorsal part of the cloaca and the urorectal septum (Stephens 1983b; Nievelstein et al. 1998). Urogenital sinus malformations occur after the cloaca has been organized into the urogenital sinus and the anus (Williams and Bloomberg 1976). Early and complete assessment of the patients, including radiological and biochemical examinations, is mandatory to provide an optimal basis for treatment that will have a great influence on the quality of the patient’s later life. Due to the close embryologic relationship between the urinary and the genital tract, malformations involving both organ systems are very common. Understanding the development of the urogenital system is necessary to comprehend the full spectrum of congenital anomalies of the female genitalia.
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Aaronson IA (1992) Sexual differentiation and intersexuality. In: Kelalis, King, Belman (eds) Clinical pediatric urology, 3rd edn. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 977–1014
Aslam A, Wong C, Haworth JM, Nobelett HR (1995) Autoamputation of ovarian cyst in infant. J Pediatr Surg 30: 1609–1610
Balk SJ, Dreyfus NG, Harris P (1982) Examination of genitalia in children: the remaining taboo. Pediatrics 70: 751–753
Barkovich AJ (1999) Pediatric neuroimaging, 3rd edn. Lippin-cott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp 648–653
Blask AR, Sanders RC, Gearhart JP (1991a) Obstructed uterovaginal anomalies: demonstration with sonography. I. Neonates and infants. Radiology 179: 79–83
Blask AR, Sanders RC, Rock JA (1991b) Obstructed uterovaginal anomalies: demonstration with sonography. II. Teenagers. Radiology 179: 84–88
Brant ML, Luks FI, Filiatrault D, Garel L, Desjardins JG, Youssef S (1991) Surgical indications in antenatally diagnosed ovarian cysts. J Pediatr Surg 26: 276–282
Buttram VC, Gibbons WE (1979) Müllerian anomalies: a proposed classification (an analysis of 144 cases). Fertil Steril 32: 40–46
Ceballos R, Hicks GM (1979) Plastic peritonitis due to neonatal hydrometrocolpos: radiologic and pathologic observations. J Pediatr Surg 5: 63–70
Chan-Cua S, Freidenberg G, Jones KL (1989) Occurrence of male phenotype in genotypic females with congenital virilizing adrenal hyperplasia. Am J Med Genet 34: 406–410
Currarino G (1982) Single vaginal ectopic ureter and Gartner’s duct cyst with ipsilateral renal hypoplasia and dysplasia (or agenesis) J Urol 128: 988–993
Currarino G (1986) Large prostatic utricles and related structures, urogenital sinus and other forms of urethrovaginal confluence. J Urol 136: 1270–1279
Fielding JR (1996) MR imaging of Miillerian anomalies: impact on therapy. AJR 167: 1491–1495
Gharagozloo AM, Lebowitz RL (1994) Detection of poorly functioning malpositioned kidney with single ectopic ureter in girls with urinary dribbling. AJR 164: 957–961
Gilsanz V, Cleveland RH (1982) Duplication of the Müllerian ducts and genitourinary malformations. Part I: the value of excretory urography. Radiology 144: 793–796
Gilsanz V, Cleveland RH, Reid BS (1982) Duplication of the Miillerian ducts and genitourinary malformations. Part II: analysis of malformations. Radiology 144: 797–801
Godfrey H, Abernethy L, Boothroyd A (1998) Torsion of an ovarian cyst mimicking enteric duplication cyst on transabdominal ultrasound: two cases. Pediatr Radiol 28: 171–173
Gruenwald P (1941) The relation of the growing Müllerian ducts to the Wolffian duct and its importance for the genesis of malformations. The Anatomical Record 81: 1–19
Hartwig NG (1992) Pathoembryology: developmental processes and congenital malformations. Thesis, State University Leiden, The Netherlands
Hassink EAM, Rieu PNMA, Hamel BCJ, Severijnen RSVM, vd Staak FHJ, Festen C (1996) Additional congenital defects in anorectal malformations. Eur J Pediatr 155: 477–482
Hendren H (1998) Cloaca, the most severe degree of imperforate anus. Ann Surg 228: 331–346
Jaramillo D, Lebowitz RL, Hendren WH (1990) The cloacal malformation: radiologic findings and imaging recommendation. Radiology 177: 441–448
Jarcho J (1946) Malformation of the uterus: review of the subject, including embryology, comparative anatomy, diagnosis and report of cases. Am J Surg 71: 106–166
Karrer FM, Flannery AM, Nelson MD, McLone DG, Raffensperger JG (1988) Anorectal malformations: evaluation of associated spinal dysraphic syndromes. J Pediatr Surg 3: 45–48
Kluth D, Hillen M, Lambrecht W (1995) The principles of normal and abnormal hindgut development. J Pediatr Surg 30: 1143–1147
Knight HML, Phillips NJ, Mouriquand PDE (1995) Female hypospadias: a case report. J Pediatr Surg 30: 1738–1740
Lindsay AN, Voorhess ML, MacGillivary MH (1983) Multicystic ovaries in primary hypothyroidism. Obstet Gynecol 61: 433–437
MacGillivary MH, Morishimo A, Conte F, Grumbach M, Smith EP (1998) Pediatric endocrinology update: an overview. The essential roles of estrogens in pubertal growth, epiphyseal fusion and bone turnover: lessons from mutations in the gene for aromatase and the estrogen receptor. Horm Res 49: 2–8
Marshall FF, Jeffs RD, Sarafyan WK (1979) Urogenital sinus abnormalities in the female patient. J Urol 122: 568–572.
McLorie GA, Sheldon CA, Fleisher M, Churchill BM (1987) The genitourinary system in patients with imperforate anus. J Pediatr Surg 22: 1100–1104
Merguerian PA, McLorie GA (1992) Disorders of the female genitalia In: Kelalis, King, Belman (eds) Clinical pediatric urology, 3rd edn. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 1084–1105
Metts JC, Kotkin L, Kasper S, Shyr Y, Adams MC, Brock JW (1997) Genital malformations and coexistent urinary tract or spinal anomalies in patients with imperforate anus. J Urol 158: 1298–1300
Moor KL (1990) Embryologie: Lehrbuch und Atlas der Entwicklungsgeschichte des Menschen, 3rd edn. Schattauer, Stuttgart
Müller-Leisse C, Bick U, Paulussen K, Tröger J, Zachariou Z, Holzgreve W, Schumacher R, Horovitz A (1992) Ovarian cysts in the neonate-changes in sonographic pattern in the follow-up and their management. Pediatr Radiol 22: 395–400
Nidecker AC, Humphry A (1978) Peritoneal calcification in a neonate with imperforate hymen. J Can Assoc Radiol 29: 277–279
Nievelstein RAJ, Van der Werff JFA, Verbeek FJ, Valk J, Vermeij-Keers C (1998) Normal and abnormal embryonic development of the anorectum in human embryos. Teratology 57: 70–78
Pellerito JS, McCarthy SM, Doyle MB, Glickman MG, DeCher-ney AH (1992) Diagnosis of uterine anomalies: relative accuracy of MR imaging, endovaginal sonography, and hysterosalpingography. Radiology 183: 795–800
Pena A, Kessler O (1998) Posterior cloaca: a unique defect. J Pediatr Surg 33: 407–412
Rathke H (1882) Abhandlung zur Bildungsgeschichte der Tiere. Leipzig
Retterer E (1890) Sur l’origine et l’évolution de la région anogénitale des mammifères. J Anat Physiol 26: 126–216
Rich MA, Brock WA, Pena A (1988) Spectrum of genitourinary malformations in patients with imperforate anus. Pediatr Surg Int 3: 110–113
Rieth KG, Comité F, Shawker TH, Cutler GB (1981) Pituitary and ovarian abnormalities demonstrated by CT and ultrasound in children with features of McCune-Albright syndrome. Radiology 153: 389–393
Rosenberg HK, Sherman NH, Tarry WF, Duckett JW, McCrum Snyder H (1986) Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome: US aid to diagnosis. Radiology 161: 815–819
Rosenblatt M, Rosenblatt R, Kutcher R, Coupey SM, Kleinhaus S (1991) Utero-vaginal hypoplasia. Pediatr Radiol 21: 536–537
Rosenfeld DL, Lis E (1993) Gartner’s duct cyst with single vaginal ectopic ureter and associated renal dysplasia or agnesis. J Ultrasound Med 12: 775–778
Shozu M, Akasofu K, Harda T, Kubota Y (1991) A new cause of female pseudohermaphrodism: placental aromatase deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 72: 560–566
Siegel MJ (1995) Pediatric sonography, 2nd edn. Raven Press, New York, pp 441–442
Silverman FN, Kuhn JP (1993) Caffey’s pediatric X-ray diagnosis: an integrated imaging approach, 9th edn. Mosby, St Louis
Stephens FD (1983a) Normal embryology of the cloaca. In: Stephens FD (ed) Congenital malformation of the urinary tract. Praeger, New York, pp 1–14
Stephens FD (1983b) Abnormal Embryology — Cloacal dysgenesis. In: Stephens FD (ed) Congenital malformation of the urinary tract. Praeger, New York, pp 15–52
Taybi H, Lachman RS (1996) Radiology of syndromes, metabolic disorders, and skeletal dysplasias, 4th edn. Mosby, St. Louis
Teele RL, Share JC (1991) Ultrasonography of infants and children. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 240–244
Teele RL, Share JC (1992) Ultrasonography of the female pelvis in childhood and adolescence. Radiol Clin North Am 30: 743–758
Teele RL, Share JC (1997) Transperineal sonography in children. AJR 168: 1263–1267
Tolete-Velcek F, Hansbrough F, Kugaczewski J, Coren CV, Klotz DH, Price AF, Laungani G, Kottmeier PK (1989) Uterovaginal malformations: a trap for the unsuspecting surgeon. J Pediatr Surg 24: 736–740
Topaloglu AK, Vade A, Zeller WP (1997) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia and bilateral ovarian cysts in a neonate. Clin Pediatr 36: 719–720
Tourneux F (1888) Sur les premiers développements du cloaques du tubercule génital et de l’anus chez l’embryon de mouton. J Anat 24: 503–517
Unsinn KM, Neu N, Krejci A, Posch A, Menardi G, Gassner I (1995) Pallister-Hall syndrome and McKusick-Kaufmann syndrome: one entity? J Med Genet 32: 125–128
Van Bogaert LJ (1992) Surgical repair of hypospadias in women with symptoms of urethral syndrome. J Urol 147: 1263–1264
Van der Putte SCJ (1986) Normal and abnormal development of the anorectum. J Pediatr Surg 24: 434–440
Wagner BJ, Woodward P (1994) Magnetic resonance evaluation of congenital uterine anomalies. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 15: 4–17
Williams DJ, Bloomberg S (1976) Urogenital sinus in the female child J Pdiatr Surg 11: 51–56
Wilson JD, Goldstein JL (1975) Classification of hereditary disorders of sexual development. Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser 11: 1–16
Woolf RB, Allen WM (1953) Concomitant malformations: the frequent simultaneous occurrence of congenital malformations of the reproductive and urinary tracts. Obstet Gynecol 2: 236–265
Wu A, Siegel MJ (1987) Sonography of pelvic masses in children: diagnostic predictability. AJR 148: 1199–1202
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2001 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Geley, T.E., Gassner, I. (2001). Lower Urinary Tract Anomalies of Urogenital Sinus and Female Genital Anomalies. In: Fotter, R. (eds) Pediatric Uroradiology. Medical Radiology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59428-1_22
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59428-1_22
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-43557-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-59428-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive