Zusammenfassung
Die optimale Funktionsfähigkeit des menschlichen Körpers setzt u.a. die Homöothermie voraus, die über hypothalamische Regelzentren gesteuert wird. Die physiologischen Temperaturgrenzen sind extrem eng und liegen zwischen 36,5 und 37 °C (Petersdorf 1991; Jelkmann 2000). Extreme Veränderungen zwischen 25°C auf der einen Seite und 42–43°C auf der anderen Seite sind zwar mit dem Leben noch vereinbar, führen jedoch zu erheblichen Funktionseinbußen und sind lebensgefährlich. Temperaturen über diese Grenzen hinaus sind - mit Ausnahmen - praktisch immer tödlich (Brinkmann u. Schaefer 1982; Bonlaut 1991).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Literatur
Andrews C J, Eadie M, ten Duis H J etal. (1992) Pathophysiology of lightning injury. In: Andrews C J, Cooper M A, Darveniza M, Mackerras D (eds) Lightning injuries: electrical, medical and legal aspects. CRC, Boca Raton/FL, pp 71–114
Aström K E, Bell E, Ballantine H T Jr, Heidensleben E (1961) An experimental neuropathological study of the effects of high frequency focused ultrasound on the brain of the cat. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 20: 484–520
Bach W (1950) Hirnorganische Dauerfolgen nach Verletzung durch Blitzschlag. Nervenarzt 21: 16–20
Barnes G R, Madie P, Blackmore D K (1996) Assessment of the human aspects of electric lancing of whales by measurement of current densities in the brain and heart of dead animals. Med Biol Eng Comput 34: 436–440
Barratt-Boyes B G, Neutze J M, Clarkson P M, Shardey G C, Brandt P W T (1976) Repair of ventricular septal defect in the first two years of life using profound hypothermia-circulatory arrest techniques. Ann Surg 184: 376–390
Blount B W (1990) Lightning injuries. Am Fam Physician 42: 405–415
Boulant J A (1991) Thermoregulation. Raven, New York, pp 1–21
Brinkmann K, Schaefer H (1982) Der Elektrounfall. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, S 139–202
Büchner F (1962) Allgemeine Pathologie, 4. Aufl. Urban amp; Schwarzenberg, München
Chan Y L, Yeung D K, Leung S F, Cao G (1999) Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of late delayed radiation-induced injury of the brain. J Magn Reson Imaging 10: 130–137
Cherington M, Wachtel H, Yarnell P R (1998) Could lightning injury be magnetically induced? Lancet 351: 1788
Cooper G J, Dudley H A E, Gann D S, Little R A, Maynard R L (1997) Scientific foundations of trauma. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford
D’Avella D, Cicciarello R, Cagliardi M E, Albiero F, Mesiti M, Russi E, D’Aquino A, Tomasello F (1994) Progressive pertubations in cerebral energy metabolism after experimental whole-brain radiation in the therapeutic range. J Neurosurg 81: 774–779
Davies J W L (1997) Interactions of heat with tissues. In: Cooper G J, Dudley H A F, Gann D S, Little R A, Maynard R L (eds) Scientific foundations of trauma. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, pp 389–409
Dotzauer G (1974) Zum Problem des sog. Brandhämatoms. Z Rechtsmed 75: 21–24
Dotzauer G, Jacob H (1952) Über Hirnschäden unter akutem Verbrennungstod. Dtsch Z Gerichtl Med 41: 129–146
Farrell D F, Starr A (1968) Delayed neurological sequelae of electrical injuries. Neurology 18: 601–606
Fröscher W (1976) Die Strahlenschädigung des Rückenmarks. Fortschr Neurol Psychiat 44: 94–135
Gerling I, Meißner, C, Reiter A, Oehmichen M (2000) Tod durch thermische Einwirkung. In: Oehmichen M (Hrsg) Hyperthermie, Brand und Kohlenmonoxid. Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck (Research in legal medicine, vol 21, pp 241–264 )
Hagedorn M, Pfrime B, Mittermayer C, Sandritter W (1975) Intravitale und pathologisch-anatomische Beobachtungen beim Verbrennungsschock des Kaninchens. Beitr Pathol 155: 398–409
Hassin G B (1933) Changes in the brain in legal electrocution. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 30: 1046–1060
Heyck H, Höpker W (1952) Hirnveränderungen bei der Ratte nach Ultraschall. Monatsschr Psychiat Neurol 123: 42–64
Hiss J, Kahana T, Kugel C (1994) Fatal classic and exertional heat stroke - report of four cases. Med Sci Law 34: 339–343
Hock L, Leithäuser R, Beneke R (1994) Physiologische Veränderungen beim Tauchen - Bedeutung für die Tauchtauglichkeit. In: Oehmichen M, van Laak U, Püschel K, Birkholz M (Hrsg) Der Tauchunfall. Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck (Research in legal medicine, vol 6, pp 21–27 )
Hopewell J W (1979) Late radiation damage to the central nervous system: a radiobiological interpretation. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 5: 329–343
I E C (1987) International Electrotechnical Commission. Effect of current pathing through the human body - Part 2: Special aspects. Technical Report IEC 479–482
I E C (1994) International Electrotechnical Commission. Effect of current on human beings and life stock - Part 1: General aspects. Technical Report IEC 479–481
Jacob H (1955) Wärme und Kälteschädigungen des Zentralnervensystems. In: Lubarsch O, Henke F, Rössle R (Hrsg) Handbuch der speziellen pathologischen Anatomie und Histologie, Bd XII/3. Springer, Berlin Göttingen Heidelberg, S 288–326
Jaffe R H (1928) Electropathology: a review of the pathologic changes produced by electrical currents. Arch Pathol 5: 837–870
Janssen W (1967) Zur Pathogenese und forensischen Bewertung von Hirnblutungen nach cerebraler Luftembolie. Dtsch Z Gerichtl Med 61: 62–80
Jelkmann W (2000) Physiologische Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Wärmeabwehr. In: Oehmichen M (Hrsg) Hyperthermie, Brand und Kohlenmonoxid. Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck (Research in legal medicine), vol 21, pp 63–77 )
Kelley K M, Tkachenko T A, Pliskin N H, Fink J W, Lee R C (1999) Life after electrical injury. Ann NY Acad Sci 888: 356–363
Klein H (1975) Körperschäden und Tod durch Hitze. In: Mueller B (Hrsg) Gerichtliche Medizin, 2. Aufl. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, S 504–533
Koeppen S (1953) Erkrankungen der inneren Organe und des Nervensystems nach elektrischen Unfällen. Springer, Berlin Göttingen Heidelberg ( Hefte zur Unfallheilkunde, Bd 34 )
Koeppen S, Pranse F (1955) Klinische Elektropathologie. Thieme, Stuttgart
König H G, Pedal I (1983) Analyse eines Blitzunfalls. In: Barz J, Bösche J, Frohberg H, Joachim H, Käppner R, Mattern R (Hrsg) Fortschritte der Rechtsmedizin. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, S 77–88
Kornberger E, Mair P (1996) Important aspects in the treatment of severe accidental hypothermia: the Innsbruck experience. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 8: 83–87
Koslowski L, Krause F (1970) Kälte und Wärme. In: Siegenthaler W (Hrsg) Klinische Pathophysiologic. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 970–982
Kureshi S A, Hofman F M, Schneider J H, Chin LS, Apuzzo M L, Hinton D R (1999) Cytokine expression in radiation-induced delayed cerebral injury. Neurosurgery 35: 822–829
Lahl R (1974) Hirngefäße und Insolation. In: Schulze HAF (Hrsg) Zerebrovaskuläre Insuffizienz. Fischer, Jena
Larach MG (1995) Accidental hypothermia. Lancet 345: 493–498
Lee RC (1997) Injury by electrical forces: pathophysiology, manifestations, and therapy. Curr Probl Surg 34: 677–764
Levine N S, Atkins A, McKee D W, Peck S D, Pruitt B A (1975) Spinal cord injury following electrical accidents: case reports. J Trauma 15: 459–464
Lifschultz B D, Donoghue M D, Donoghue E R (1993) Deaths caused by lightning. J Forens Sci 38: 353–358
Lizzi F L, Ostromogilsky M (1987) Analytical modelling of ultrasonically induced tissue heating. Ultrasound Med Biol 13: 707–718
Locher T, Walpoth B H, Pfluger D, Althaus U (1991) Kasuistik und prognostische Faktoren. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 121: 1020–1028
Mackerras D (1992) Occurrence of lightning death and injury. In: Andrews CJ, Cooper MA, Darveniza M, Mackerras D (eds) Lightning injuries: electrical, medical and legal aspects. CRC, Boca Raton/FL, pp 39–46
Mellen P F, Weedn V W, Kao G (1992) Electrocution: a review of 155 cases with emphasis on human factors. J Forensic Sci 37: 1016
Messmer B J, Schallberger U, Gattiker R, Senning A (1976) Psychomotor and intellectual development after deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest in early infancy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 72: 495–502
Morgan Z V, Headly R N, Alexander E A, Sawyer C G (1958) Atrial fibrillation and epidural hematoma associated with lightning stroke. N Engl J Med 259: 956–959
Mork S J, Morild I, Brubakk A O, Eidsvik S, Nyland H (1994) A histopathologic and immunocytochemical study of the spinal cord in amateur and professional divers. Undersea Hyperb Med 21: 391–402
Novomesky F (1994) Histopathologic features of severe decompression shock: an animal model. In: Oehmichen M, van Laak U, Püschel K, Birkholz M (Hrsg) Der Tauchunfall. Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck (Research in legal medicine, vol 6, pp 51–59)
O’Connor M M, Mayberg MR (2000) Effects of radiation on cerebral vasculature: a review. Neurosurgery 46: 138–151
Oehmichen M (2000) Hyperthermie, Brand und Kohlenmonoxid im rechtsmedizinischen Aufgabenspektrum. In: Oehmichen M (Hrsg) Hyperthermie, Brand und Kohlenmonoxid. Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck (Research in legal medicine, vol 21, pp 15–25)
Oehmichen M, van Laak U (1994) Der tödliche Tauchunfall und seine Begutachtung. In: Oehmichen M, van Laak U, Püschel K, Birkholz M (Hrsg) Der Tauchunfall. Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck (Research in legal medicine, vol 6, pp 195–204)
Palmer A C, Calder I M, Yates P O (1992) Cerebral vasculopathy in divers. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 18: 113–124
Panse F (1975) Electrical trauma. In: Braakman (ed) Handbook of clinical neurology, vol 23/1. North-Holland, Amsterdam, pp 683–729
Patel A, Lo R (1993) Electric injury with cerebral venous thrombosis. Case report and review of the literature. Stroke 24: 903–905
Pedal I (1994) Autopsie und Histologie nach Todesfällen beim Sporttauchen. In: Oehmichen M, van Laak U, Püschel K, Birkholz M (Hrsg) Der Tauchunfall. Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck (Research in legal medicine, vol 6, pp 129–147)
Peters G (1970) Klinische Neuropathologie. Thieme, Stuttgart
Petropoulos EA, Timiras PS (1974) Biological effects of high altitude as related to increased solar radiation, temperature fluctuations and reduced partial pressure of oxygen. Prog Biometeorol 1: 295–311
Petty CP, Parkin G (1986) Electrical injury to the central nervous system. Neurosurgery 19: 282–284
Pliskin N H, Capelli-Schellpfeffer M, Law R T, Malina A C, Kelley K M, Lee R C (1998) Neuropsycological symptom presentation after electrical injury. J Trauma 44: 709–715
Pliskin N H, Fink J, Malina A, Moran S, Kelley K M, Capelli-Schellpfeffer M, Lee R (1999) The neuropsychological effects of electrical injury. Ann NY Acad Sci 888: 140–149
Rosomoff H L (1964) Pathophysiology of the central nervous system during hypothermia. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien) 13: 540–546
Rössle R (1944) Über die Luftembolie der Capillaren des großen und kleinen Kreislaufs. Virchows Arch Pathol Anat 313: 1–27
Rössle R (1948) Über die ersten Veränderungen des menschlichen Gehirns nach arterieller Luftembolie. Virchows Arch Pathol Anat 315: 461–480
Schaller M D, Fischer A P, Perret C H (1990) Hyperkalemia: a prognostic factor during acute severe hypothermia. JAMA 264: 1842–1845
Schmitt H P (1983) Die physikalischen Schäden des ZNS und seiner Hüllen. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York (Pathologie des Nervensystems II, S 657–902)
Scholz W, Ducho E G, Breit A (1959) Experimentelle Röntgenschäden am Rückenmark des erwachsenen Kaninchens. Psychiatr Neurol Jap 61: 417–441
Schwab W (1925) Über Hirnveränderungen bei Sonnenstich. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 6: 33–38
Semenza J C, Rubin C H, Falter K H, Selanikio J D, Flanders W D, Howe H L, Wilhelm J L (1996) Heat-related deaths during the july 1995 heat wave in Chicago. New Engl J Med 335: 84–90
Sharma H S, Westman J (2000) Pathophysiology of hyperthermic brain injury. Current concepts, molecular mechanisms and pharmacological strategies. In: Oehmichen M (Hrsg) Hyperthermie, Brand und Kohlenmonoxid. Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck (Research in legal medicine, vol 21, pp 79–120)
Sherman R, Copes R, Stewart R K, Dowling G, Guidotti T L (1989) Occupational death due to heat stroke: report of two cases. CMAJ 140: 1057–1058
Shibolet S, Coll R, Gilat T, Sohar E (1967) Heat stroke: its clinical picture and mechanism in 36 cases. Q J Med 36: 525–548
Silversides J (1964) The neurological sequelae of electrical injury. Can Med Assoc J 91: 195–204
Sohal R S, Sun S C, Colcolough H L, Burch G E (1968) Heat stroke. An electron microscopic study of endothelial cell damage and disseminated vascular coagulation. Arch Intern Med 122: 43–47
Somogyi E, Tedeschi C G (1977) Injury by electrical force. In: Tedeschi CG, Eckert W G, Tedeschi L G (eds) Forensic medicine: a study in trauma and environmental hazards. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 645–676
Stanley L D, Suss R A (1985) Intracerebral hematoma secondary to lightning stroke: case report and review of the literature. Neurosurgery 16: 686–688
Stevenson L D (1942) Electrical injuries to the nervous system. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 48: 179–186
Strauss R H, Prockop L D (1973) Decompression sickness among scuba divers. J Am Med Assoc 223: 637–640
Sundaresan N, Guiterrez F A, Larsen M B (1978) Radiation myelopathy in children. Ann Neurol 4: 47–50
Sure U, Kleihues P (1997) Intracerebral venous thrombosis and hematoma secondary to high-voltage brain injury. J Trauma 42: 1161–1164
Tedeschi C G, Eckert W G, Tedeschi L G (eds) (1977) Forensic medicine: Study in trauma und environmental hazzards. Saunders, Philadelphia
Tetzlaff K, Friege L, Hutzelmann A, Reuter M, Holl D, Leplow B (1999) Magnetic resonance signal abnormalities and europsyhcological deficits in elderly compressed-air divers. Eur Neurol 42: 194–199
Tipton M, Eglin C, Genser M, Golden F (1999) Immersion deaths and deterioration in swimming performance in cold water. Lancet 354: 626–629
Tsong T Y, Su Z-D (1999) Biological effects of electric shock and heat denaturation and oxidation of molecules, membranes, and cellular functions. Ann NY Acad Sci 888: 211–232
Visser M, Gallagher D (1999) Age-related change in body water and hydration in old age. Curr Cont 42: 117
Walpoth B H, Walopoth-Asian B N, Mattle H P etal. (1997) Outcome of survivors of accidental deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest treated with extracorporeal blood warming. N Engl J Med 337: 1500–1505
Wetli C V (1996) Keraunopathology. An analysis of 45 fatalities. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 17: 89–98
Winkelman M D, Galloway P G (1992) Central nervous system complications of thermal burns: a postmortem study of 139 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 71: 271–283
Wolf H K, Moon R E, Mitchell P R, Burger P C (1990) Barotrauma and air embolism in hyperbaric odygen therapy. Am J Forens Med Pathol 11: 149–153
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2002 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Oehmichen, M. (2002). Nichtmechanische physikalische Traumen. In: Peiffer, J., Schröder, J.M., Paulus, W. (eds) Neuropathologie. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59371-0_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59371-0_15
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-63951-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-59371-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive