Abstract
Tree damage in the field is judged primarily by visual inspection (Forschungsbeirat Waldschäden 1989; Chappelka and Chevone 1992) using needle and leaf discoloration, premature abscission and crown transparency as the principle and rather nonspecific symptoms. A diagnostic field guide is available for distinguishing “novel” decline symptoms from known mineral deficiencies and frost or insect damage (Hartmann et al. 1988).
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Langebartels, C., Ernst, D., Heller, W., Lütz, C., Payer, HD., Sandermann, H. (1997). Ozone Responses of Trees: Results from Controlled Chamber Exposures at the GSF Phytotron. In: Sandermann, H., Wellburn, A.R., Heath, R.L. (eds) Forest Decline and Ozone. Ecological Studies, vol 127. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59233-1_6
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