Abstract
The management of craniocerebral trauma in the child is, in contrast to the adult, more dependent upon clinical neurological evaluation, fastidious observation and monitoring of neurological and vital signs, and the timely use of diagnostic procedures. The significance of the neurological evaluation, comparison of the Children’s Coma Score (CCS) to the Glasgow Coma Score (GCS), and the discussion of the Children’s Outcome Scale (COS) are presented in this text. The parameters to be observed during the stay on the pediatric neurosurgical floor, or in the pediatric neurointensive care units, are also presented. The same applies for the diagnostic studies, although it is essential at this time for one to review and to analyze critically the diagnostic studies that should be ordered and the value to be attributed to them in the decision-making process: when to operate and what operation to perform.
Article Note
“And yet a mysterious light seemed to show me his boyish head, as if in that moment the youth within him had, for a moment, gleamed and expired.”
Joseph Conrad, Lord Jim
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
References
Raimondi AJ, Hirschauer J (1984) Head injury in the infant and toddler. Coma scoring and outcome scale. Child’s Brain 11:12–35
Henschen K (1912) Diagnostik und Operation der traumatischen Subduraltung. Arch KIM Chir 99:67
Gilles R (1912) Deux observations d’hémorragie méningée chez le nouveau; guérison après ponction décompression dans l’outre; status ulter deux petits malades et considerations thérapeutiques. Rev Mens Gynecol Obstet Peditr 7:465
Peet MM, Kahn EA (1932) Subdural hematoma in infants. JAMA 98:1851–1956
Salmon JH (1971) Subdural hematoma in infants. Clin Pediatr 10:597–599
Ingraham FD, Matson DD (1944) Subdural hematoma in infancy. J Pediatr 24:3–37
Ransohoff J (1957) Chronic subdural hematomas treated by subdural pleural shunt. Pediatrics 20:561–564
Shulman K, Ransohoff J (1961) Subdural hematomas in children. The fate of the child with retained membranes. J Neurosurg 18:175–180
Collins WF, Pucci GL (1961) Peritoneal drainage of subdural hematomas in infants. J Pediatr 58:482–485
McLaurin RL, Isaacs E, Lewis HP (1971) Results of non-operative treatment in 15 cases of subdural hematoma. J Neurosurg 34:753–759
Gutierrez FA, McLone DG, Raimondi AJ (1979) Physiopathology and a new treatment of chronic subdural hematoma in children. Childs Brain 5:216–232
Hahn YS, Raimondi AJ, McLone DG, Yamanouchi Y (1983) Traumatic mechanisms of head injury in child abuse. Childs brain 10:229–241
Morse CW, Sabler OJQ, Freidman SB (1970) A three-year follow-up of abused and neglected children. Am J Dis Child 120:439
Gregg CS, Elmer E (1969) Infant injuries: accident or abuse. Pediatrics 44:434–439
Tardieu A (1860) Etude médico-légale sur les services et mauvais traitements exercés sur des enfants. Anns Hyg. publ. Méd. Lég 13:361–398
Gaffey J (1946) Multiple fractures in the long bones of infants suffering from subdural hematoma. Am J Roentg 56:163–173
Silverman FN (1953) The roentgen manifestations of unrecognized skeletal trauma in infants. Am J Roentg Rad Ther Nucl Med 69:413–427
Wooley PV, Evans WA (1955) Significance of skeletal lesions in infants resembling those of traumatic origin. J Am Med Ass 158:534–543
Kempe CH (1975) Uncommon manifestations of the battered child syndrome. Am J Dis Child 129: 1265
Guthkelch AN (1971) Infantile subdural hematoma and its relationship to whiplash injury. BMJ, p 430
Caffey J (1972) On the theory and practice of shaking infants. Am J Dis Child 124:161
Caffey J (1974) The whiplash shaken infant syndrome. Manual shaking by the extremities with whiplash-induced intracranial and intraocular bleedings, linked with residual permanent brain damage and mental retardation. Pediatrics 54:396–403
Caffey J (1974) Traumatic cupping of the metaphyses of growing bones. Pediatrics 54:396–403. (1970) J Roentg 103:451–460
Akbarnia B, Torg JS, Kirkpatrick J, Sussman S (1974) Manifestations of the battered-child syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg 56:1159–1166
Zimmerman RA, Bilaniuk LT, Bruce D, Schut L, Uzzell B, Goldberg HL (1978) Interhemispheric acute subdural hematoma: a computed tomographic manifestation of child abuse by shaking. Neuroradiology 15:39–40
Zimmerman RA, Bilaniuk LT, Bruce D, Schut L, Uzzell B, Goldber HL (1979) Computed tomography of craniocerebral injury in the abused child. Radiology 130:687–690
Friedman SB, Morse CW (1974) Child abuse: a five-year follow-up of early case findings in the Emergency Department. Pediatrics 54:404–410
Ebbin AJ, Gollub MH, Stein AM, Wilson MG (1969) Battered child syndrome at the Los Angeles County General Hospital. Am J Dis Child 118:660–667
Kempe CH, Silverman FN, Steele BF, Drogenmueller W, Silver HK (1962) The battered child syndrome. J Am Med Ass 181:17–24
Ommaya AK, Hirsh AF (1971) Tolerance of cerebral concussions from head impact and whiplash in primates. J Biomech 4:13
Bacon CJ, Sayer GC, Howe JW (1978) Extensive retinal hemorrhages in infancey - an innocent case. BMJ i:281
Eisenbrey AB (1979) Retinal hemorrhage in the battered child. Child’s Brain 5:40–44
Ober RR (1980) Hemorrhagic retinopathy in infancy: a clinico-pathologic report. J Pediatr Ophthal Strab 17:17–20
Fisher SH (1958) Skeletal manifestations of parent-induced trauma in infants and children. Sth Med J Nashville 51:956–960
Gil DG (1969) Physical abuse of children: findings and implications of a nationwide survey. Pediatrics 44:857–864
Astley R (1953) Multiple metaphyseal fractures in small children. Br J Radiol 26:577–583
Ommaya AK, Faas F, Yarnell P (1968) Whiplash injury and brain damage. An experimental study. J Am Med Ass 204:285
Ellison PH, Tsai FY, Largent JA (1978) Computed tomography in child abuse and cerebral contusion. Pediatrics 62:151–154
Lindenberg R, Freytag E (1969) Morphology of brain lesions from blunt trauma in early infancy. Archs Path 87:298–305
McClelland CQ, Rekate H, Kaufman B, Persse L (1980) Cerebral injury in child abuse: a changing profile. Child’s Brain 7:225–235
Ommaya AK, Yarnell P (1969) Subdural hematoma after whiplash injury. Lancet:237
Miller WL, Kaplan SL, Grumback MM (1980) Child abuse as a cause of post-traumatic hypopituitarism. New Engl J Med 302:724–728
Cullen JD (1975) Spinal lesions in battered babies. J Bone Joint Surg 57:364–366
Dickson RA, Leatherman KD (1978) Spinal injuries in child abuse. Case report. J Trauma 18:811–812
Ellerstein NS (1979) The cutaneous manifestations of child abuse and neglect. Am J Dis Child 133:906–909
Gosnold JK, Sivaloganathan S (1980) Spinal cord damage in a case of non-accidental injury in children. Med Sci Law 20: 54–57
Dandy WE (1944) Intracranial arterial aneurysms. Comstock, Ithaca, NY, p 147
Alpers BJ (1965) Aneurysms of the circle of Willis: morphological and clinical considerations. In: Intracranial aneurysms and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Thomas, Springfield, IL
McCromich WF, Nofzinger JD (1965) Saccular intracranial aneurysms. An autopsy study. J Neurosurg 22:155–159
McDonald CA, Korb M (1939) Intracranial aneurysms. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 42:298–328
Pool JL, Potts DB (1965) Aneurysms and arteriovenous anomalies of the brain. Harper and Row, New York, p 463
Housepian EM, Pool JL (1958) A systematic analysis of intracranial aneurysms from the autopsy file of the Presbyterian Hospital. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 17:409–423
Hamby WB (1952) Intracranial aneurysms. Thomas, Springfield, IL, p 564
Poppen JL (1951) Specific treatment of intracranial aneurysms. Experiences with 143 surgically treated patients. J Neurosurg 8:75–102
Carmichael R (1950) The pathogenesis of non-inflammatory cerebral aneurysms. J Pathol Bacteriol 62:1–19
Forster FM, Alpers BJ (1945) Anatomical defects and pathological changes in congenital cerebral aneurysms. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 4:146–154
Stehbens WE (1959) Medial defects of the cerebral arteries of man. J Pathol Bacteriol 78:179–185
Walker AE (1954) The pathology and pathogenesis of cerebral aneurysms. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 13:248–259
Walker AE, Allégre GE (1953) Histopathologie et pathogénie des aneurysmes artériels cérébraux. Rev Neurol 89:477–490
Wilson G, Riggs HE, Rupp C (1954) The pathologic anatomy of ruptured cerebral aneurysms. J Neurosurg 11:128–134
Nystrom SHM (1963) Development of intracranial aneurysms as revealed by electron microscopy. J Neurosurg 20:329–337
Sawyer PN, Pate JW (1943) Bioelectric phenomena as an etiologic factor in intravascular thrombosis. Am J Physiol 175:103–106
Odom GL, Woodhall B, Tindall GT, Jackson JR (1962) Changes in distal intravascular pressure and size of intracranial aneurysm following common carotid ligation. J Neurosurg 19:41–50
Wright RL, Sweet WH (1956) Intra-arterial pressure determination at the time of carotid occlusion. In: Intracanial aneurysms and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Thomas, Springfield, IL, pp 324–347
Kuhn RA, Kugler H (1964) False aneurysms of middle meningeal artery. J Neurosurg 21:92–96
Araki C, Handa H, Handa J, Yashida K (1965) Traumatic aneurysm of the intracranial extradural portion of the internal carotid artery. J Neurosurg 23:64–67
Birley JL, Trotter W (1928) Traumatic aneurysm of the intracranial portion of the internal carotid artery. Brain 51:184–208
Finkemeyer H (1955) Ein säckchenformiges Aneurysma der A. cerebri media als postoperative Komplikation. Fbl Neurochir 15:302–305
Taylor PE (1961) Delayed post-operative hemorrhage from intracranial aneurysm after craniotomy for tumor. Neurology 11:225–231
Raskind R (1965) An intracranial arterial aneurysm associated with a recurrent meningioma. J Neurosurg 23:622–625
McKissock W (1965) Recurrence of an intracranial aneurysm after excision. J Neurosurg 23:547–548
Bjorkesten GA, Troupp H (1962) Changes in the size of intracranial arterial aneurysms. J Neurosurg 19:583–588
Sadik AR, Budzilovich GN, Schulman K (1965) Giant aneurysm of middle cerebral artery. A case report. J Neurosurg 22:177–181
Allen EV, Barker NW, Hines EA Jr (1962) Peripheral vascular diseases. Saunders, Philadelphia, p 1044
Crompton MR (1962) The pathology of ruptured middle cerebral aneurysms. Lancet 2:421–425
Fabian G (1956) Traumatisches Aneurysma der Carotisinterna in der Keilbeinhohle. HND 6:42–45
Kinmonth JB, Rob CG, Simeone FA (1962) Vascular surgery. Arnold, London, p 501
Sugar O (1951) Pathological anatomy and angiography of intracranial vascular anomalies. J Neurosurg 8:3–22
Cressman MR, Hayes GJ (1966) Traumatic aneurysm on the anterior choroidal artery. J Neurosurg 24:102–104
Goald HJ, Ronderos A (1961) Traumatic perforation of the intracranial portion of the internal carotid artery with eleven day survival. J Neurosurg 18:401–404
Lunn GM (1947) False cerebral aneurysm of the vertebral artery from remote missile injury of the neck. Br J Surg War 1:258–260
Hirsch JR, David M, Sachs M (1962) Les aneurysms artériels traumatiques intracraniens. Neurochirurgie 8:189–201
Overton MC, Calvin TH Jr: (1966) Iatrogenic cerebral cortical aneurysm: case report. J Neurosurg 24:672–675
Pouyanne H, Leman P, Got M, Gouaze A (1959) Aneurysme artériel traumatique de la méningée moyenne gauche. Rupture un mois après l’accident. Hématome intracérébral temporal. Intervention. Neurochirurgie 5:311–315
Vaughn BF (1959) Middle meningeal haemorrhage demonstrated angiographically. Br J Radiol 32:493–494
Taveras JM, Wood EH (1960) Diagnostic neuroradiology. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, p 1958
Blackwood W, McMenemey WH, Meyer A, Norman RM, Russel DS (1963) Greenfield’s neuropathology. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, p 679
Paillas JE, Bonnal J, LaVieille J (1964) Angiographic images of false aneurysmal sac caused by rupture of median meningeal artery in the course of traumatic extradural hematoma: report of 3 cases. J Neurosurg 21:667–671
De Takats G (1959) Vascular surgery. Saunders, Philadelphia, p 726
Krauland W (1949) Zur Entstehung traumatischer Aneurysmen der Schlagadern am Hirngrund. Schweiz Z Pathol Bakteriol 12:113–127
Jane JA (1961) A large aneurysm of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery in one-year-old child. J Neurosurg 18:245–247
Raimondi AJ, Yashon D, Reyes C, Yarzagaray L (1968) Intracranial false aneurysms. Neurochirurgia 11:219–233
Raskind R (1965) An intracranial arterial aneurysm associated with a recurrent meningioma. J Neurosurg 23:622–625
White IC, Sayre GP, Whisnant IP (1961) Experimental destruction of the media for the production of intracranial aneurysms. J Neurosurg 18:741–745
Uncited References
Gutierrez FA, Raimondi AJ (1974) Delayed onset of acute post-traumatic subdural effusion. Em J Dis Child 128:327–331
Gutierrez FA, Raimondi AJ (1975) Acute subdural hematoma in infancy and childhood. Childs Brain 1:269–290
Gutierrez FA, McLone DG, Raimondi AJ (1981) Epidural hematomas in infancy and childhood. In: Hoffman H, Epstein F, Raimondi (eds) Concepts in pediatric neurosurgery I. Karger, Basel, p 188
Hahn Y, Raimondi AJ, McLone DG, Yamanouchi Y (1983) Traumatic mechanisms of head injury in child abuse. Childs Brain 10:229–241
Raimondi AJ (1969) The neuroradiologic evaluation of craniocerebral injury in the newborn and infant. Minerva Pediatr 21:1251–1263
Raimondi AJ, Matsumoto S (1965) Acute head injuries in in-fancy and childhood. Chicago Med School Q 25:60
Wilson EF (1977) Estimation of the age of cutaneous contu-sions in child abuse. Pediatrics 60:750–752
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1998 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Raimondi, A.J. (1998). Trauma. In: Pediatric Neurosurgery. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-58827-3_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-58827-3_13
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-63747-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-58827-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive