Abstract
There is a long history of comparison of dock labor in Antwerp, Rotterdam and Le Havre, not only as three among several European or world ports, but also as three ports of the northern range. The reasons must be sought first in the comparability of the geographic sites. Like Hamburg and Bremen, all three ports are located in the estuary of major rivers, the Rhine, Maas, Scheldt and Seine, flowing from the center of the continent northwestward toward the busy waters of the Channel and North Sea. For dock labor, this means transshipment between river and maritime navigation, as well as similar tides, turn-around times, and silting and dredging problems.
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Barzman, J. (2003). Commentary on the papers of Vanfraechem and Nijhof. In: Loyen, R., Buyst, E., Devos, G. (eds) Struggling for Leadership: Antwerp-Rotterdam Port Competition between 1870 –2000. Contributions to Economics. Physica, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-57485-6_20
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-57485-6_20
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