Abstract
For most negotiations we can assume that participants or parties like to establish results more favourable than attainable without communication. In this survey it is assumed that all parties meet at one place to freely discuss how to establish cooperation by coalition formation and how to share the gains of cooperation. The formal analysis of the incentive structure of such settings is based on game theoretical methods including the field of cooperative game theory. Observations from a variety of experimental scenarios are compiled and evaluated. The experimental scenarios considered include characteristic function scenarios and matrix scenarios. For matrix scenarios we distinguish the binding agreement environment and the non-binding agreement environment.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Albers, Wulf (1988). Revealed aspirations and reciprocal loyalty in apex games. In R. Tietz, W. Albers, & R. Selten (Eds.), Bounded Rational Behavior in Experimental Games and Markets (pp. 303–316). Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems 314. Berlin: Springer.
Albers, Wulf (1994). Ten rules of bargaining sequences. In U. Schulz, W. Albers, U. Muller (eds.): Social Dilemmas and Cooperation (pp. 429–467). Berlin: Springer.
Albers, Wulf (1996). Adaptation of aspiration levels. Theory and experiment. In W. Girth et al. (eds.): Understanding Strategic Interaction. Essays in Honor to Reinhard Selten (pp. 345–385). Berlin: Springer.
Albers, W. (1997). Foundations of a Theory of Prominence in the Decimal System. Part I - Part V. University of Bielefeld, Institute of Mathematical Economics, Working Papers No. 265, 266, 269–271.
Albers, W. & Laing, J.D. (1991). Prominence, competition, learning and the generation of offers in a computer aided experimental spatial games. In R. Selten (ed.): Game equilibrium models III. Strategic bargaining (pp. 141–185). Berlin: Springer.
Antonides, G. (1991). Psychological Variables in negotiations. Kyklos 44, 347–362.
Aumann, R.J. (1961). A survey on cooperative games without side payments. In Shubik, M. (ed.): Essays in mathematical economics in honour of Oskar Morgenstern (pp. 3–27). Princeton University Press.
Aumann, R.J. & Dreze, J.H. (1974). Cooperative games with coalition structures. International Journal of Game Theory 3, 217–287.
Brune, S. (1976). On the regions of linearity for the nucleolus and their computation. IMW Working Paper 47. University of Bielefeld.
Brune, S. (1976). Computation of the nucleolus for superadditive 4-person games. IMW Working Paper 48. University of Bielefeld.
Buckley, J.J. & Westen, T.E. (1973). The symmetric solution to a five-person constant-sum game as a description of experimental game outcomes. Journal of Conflict Resolution 17, 703–718.
Buckley, J.J. & Westen, T.E. (1974). Discriminatory solutions to committee decision: some four-and five-person game experiments. Experimental Study of Politics 3, 58.
Buckley, J.J. & Westen, T.E. (1975). The majority rule game. International Journal of Game Theory 4, 105–112.
Buckley, J.J. & Westen, T.E. (1976). Bargaining set theory and the majority rule. Journal of Conflict Resolution 20, 481–496.
Carroll, J.S., Bazerman, M.H., & Maury, R. (1988). Negotiator Cognitions. A descriptive approach to negotiators’ understanding of their opponents. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 41, 352–370.
Chertkoff, J.K. & Esser, J.K. (1976). A review of experiments in explicit bargaining. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 12, 464–486.
Crott, H.W. & Albers, W. (1981). The equal division kernel: an equity approach to coalition formation and payoff division in n-person games. European Journal of Social Psychology 11, 285–305.
Davis, M. & Maschler, M. (1965). The kernel of a cooperative game. Naval Research Logistics Quarterly 12, 223–65
Funaki, Y. & A. Okada (1982). Equity core of cooperative games, Working Paper, Tokyo Center for Game Theory.
Funk, S., Rapoport, Am., & Kahan, J.P. (1980). Quota vs. positional power in four-person apex games. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 16, 77–93.
Gamson, W.A. (1961). A theory of coalition formation. American Sociological Review 26, 373–382.
Gamson, W.A. (1964). Experimental studies of coalition formation. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.): Advances in Experimental Psychology I. New York
Hennig-Schmidt, H. (1996). Behavior or groups as players in a bargaining experiment. Some results on negotiation processes from a video experiment. Universitat Bonn, Sonderforschungsbereich 303. Discussion Paper B-355
Hennig-Schmidt, H. (1996). How do player groups behave in a bargaining experiment? Some Results on formation and adaptation of aspiration levels. Universitat Bonn, Sonderforschungsbereich 303. Discussion Paper B-356e
Henss, R. (1986). Bargaining strength in three-person characteristic function games with v(i)>0. A reanalysis of Kahan and Rapoport (1977). Theory and Decision 21, 267–282.
Horowitz, A.D. & Rapoport, Am. (1974). Test of the kernel and two bargaining set models in four-and five-person games. In An. Rapoport (Ed.): Game Theory as a Theory of Conflict Resolution (pp. 161–192). Dordrecht: Reidel.
Jentzsch, G. (1984). Some thoughts on the theory of cooperative games. Annals of Mathematical Studies 52, 407–442
Kahan, J.P. & Rapoport, A. (1977). When you don’t need to join: the effects of guaranteed payoffs on bargaining in three-person cooperative games. Theory and Decision 8, 339–362.
Kahan, J.P. & Rapoport, A. (1981). Matrix experiments and theories of n-person games. Journal of Conflict Resolution 25, 725–732
Kahan, J.P., Rapoport, A. (1984). Theories of Coalition Formation. Hillsdale: Erlbaum.
Kalisch, G.K., Milnor, J.W., Nash, J.F., & Nering, E.D. (1952). Some experimental n-person games. In R.M. Thrall, C.H. Coombs, & R.L. Davis (eds.): Decision processes (pp. 301–327). New York: Wiley.
Kaufmann, M. & Tack, W. (1975). Koalitionsbildung and Gewinnaufteilung bei strategisch aquivalenten 3-Personen-Spielen. Zeitschrift fiir Sozialpsychologie 6, 227–245.
Kelley, H.H. & Arrowood, A.J. (1960). Coalitions in the triad. Sociometry 23, 231–244.
Kravitz, D.A. (1987). Size of smallest coalition as a source of power in coalition bargaining, European Journal of Social Psychology 17, 1987, 1–21
Kravitz, D.A. & Iwaniscek, J. (1984). Number of coalitions and resources as sources of power in coalition bargaining. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 47, 534–48.
Komorita, S.S. (1977). Negotiating from strength and the concept of bargaining strength. Journal of Theory of Social Behaviour 7, 65–79
Komorita, S.S. (1978). Evaluating coalition theories: some indices. Journal of Conflict Resolution 22, 691–706.
Komorita, S.S. (1979). An equal excess model of coalition formation. Behavioral Science 24, 369–81.
Komorita, S.S. (1984). Coalition bargaining. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.): Advances in Experimental Psychology Vol.18 (pp.186–242). New York
Komorita, S.S. & Chertkoff, J.M. (1973). A bargaining theory of coalition formation. Psychological Review 80, 149–162.
Leopold-Wildburger, U. (1985). Effects of essential offers in 3-person characteristc function games. In M.J. Beckmann et al. (eds.): Methods of Operation Research 54 (pp. 403–413). Munchen: Hain
Leopold-Wildburger, U. (1992). Payoff divisions on coalition formation in a 3-person characteristc function experiment. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 17, 183–193.
Leopold-Wildburger, U. (1996). The influence of monetary rewards within a three-person experiment. Central European Journal of Operations Research 4, 103–116.
Maschler, M. (1965). Playing an n-person game. Econometric Research Memo Nr.73. Princeton University. (Later version in H. Sauermann (ed., 1978): Coalition forming behavior. Contributions to experimental economics, vol. 8 (pp.231–328). Tubingen: Mohr.)
McGrath, J.E., & Kravitz, D.A. (1982). Group Research. Annual Review of Psychology 33, 195–230.
Medlin, S.M. (1976). Effects of grand coalition payoffs on coalition formation in three-person games. Behavioral Science 21, 48–61.
Moulin, H. (1981). Deterrence and cooperation. European Economic Review 15, 179–193.
Moulin, H. (1982). Game theory in the social sciences. New York University Press.
Michener, H.A. & Potter, K. (1981). Generalizability of tests in n-person sidepayment games. Journal of Conflict Resolution 25, 733–749.
Michener, H.A., Potter, K., Depies, C.G., & Macheel, G.B. (1984). A test of the core solution in finite strategy non-sidepayment games. Mathematical Social Sciences 8, 141–168.
Michener, H.A., Dettman, D.C., & Choi, Y.C. (1984). The beta-core solution in cooperative non-sidepayment n-person games. Advances in Group Processes 1, 145–181.
Michener, H.A., Ekman, J.M., & Dettman, D.C. (1986). Predictive superiority of the beta-characteristic function in non-sidepayment N-person games. Theory and Decision 21, 99–128.
Michener, H.A. & Salzer, M.S. (1989). Comparative accuracy of value solutions in non-sidepayment games with empty core. Theory and Decision 26, 205–233.
Michener, H.A. & Myers, D.J. (1998). An empirical comparison of probabilistic coalition structure theories in three-person sidepayment games. Theory and Decision 45, 37–82.
Michener, H.A. & Myers, D.J. (1998). Probabilistic coalition structure theories. An empirical comparison in four-person superadditive sidepayment games. Journal of Conflict Resolution 42, 830–860.
Miller, Ch. E. (1985). Coalition behaviour: Effects of coalition values and monetary stakes. British Journal of Social Psychology 24, 249–258.
Miller, Ch. E. & Komorita (1986). Changes in outcomes in coalition bargaining. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51, 721–729.
Murnighan, J.K. (1978). Strength and weakness in four coalition situations. Behavioral Science 23, 195–202
Murnighan, J.K. (1978). Models of coalition behavior: Game theoretic, social psy-chological, and political perspectives, Psychological Bulletin 85, 1978, 1130–53
Murnighan, J.K. & Roth, A.E. (1977). The effects of communication and information availability in an experimental study of a three-person game. Management Science 23, 1336–1348.
Murnighan, J.K. & Roth, A.E. (1978). Large group bargaining in a characteristic function game. Journal of Conflict Resolution 22, 299–317
Murnighan, J.K. & Szwajkowski, E. (1979). Coalition bargaining in four games that include a veto player. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 37, 1933–1946.
Nail, P.R. & Cole, St.G. (1985). A critical comparison of bargaining theory and the weighted probability model of coalition behavior. British Journal of Social Psychology 24, 259–266
Ostmann, A. (1985). Erfahrungen mit der Makler-Serie. Experimentelle Drei-Personen-Spiele mit Seitenzahlungen. FRA 96, Dept. of Psychology. University of Saarbriicken.
Ostmann, A. (1988). Limits of Rational Behaviour in Cooperatively Played Normal Form Games. In R. Tietz, W. Albers, & R. Selten (Eds.)Bounded Rational Behavior in Experimental Games and Markets(pp. 317–332). Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems 314. Berlin: Springer.
Ostmann, A. (1990). On Rationality Issues in the Bargaining Context. Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics/Zeitschrift fur die gesamte Staatswissenschaft 146, 481–92.
Ostmann, A. (1992). The Interaction of Aspiration Levels and the Social Field in Experimental Bargaining. Journal of Economic Psychology 13, 233–61.
Ostmann, A. (1992). On the Relationship Between Formal Conflict Structure and the Social Field. Small Group Research 23, 26–48.
Ostmann, A. (1994). Aspiration Processing in Multilateral Bargaining - Experiment, Theory and Simulation. In U. Schulz, W. Albers, U. Muller (eds.): Social Dilemmas and Cooperation, 469–494. Berlin: Springer.
Ostmann, A. (1996). Determinants of Bargaining Behaviour in Three-Person Characteristic Function Experiments. Central European Journal of Operations Research 4, 85–101.
Ostmann, A. (1996). Representing Interactional Judgements in Multilateral Bargaining. Small Group Research 27, 450–470.
Ostmann, A. (1999). Cooperation in Environmental Commons. This volume (pp. 138–158).
Ostmann, A. & Leopold-Wildburger, U. (1996). On Styles of Relating to Bargaining Partners. In W. Giith et al. (eds.): Understanding Strategic Interaction. Essays in Honor to Reinhard Selten (pp. 430–443). Berlin: Springer.
Peleg, B. (1980). A theory of coalition formation in committees. Journal of Mathematical Economics 7, 115–34.
Peleg, B. (1981). Coalition Formation in Simple Games with Dominant Players. International Journal of Game Theory 10, 11–33
Pruitt, D. & Drews, J.L. (1969). The effect of time pressure, time elapsed and opponents’ concession rate on behavior in negotiation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 5,43–60.
Pruitt, D & Kimmel: 20 years of experimental gaming. Critique, synthesis, and suggestions for the future. Annual Review of Psychology 28, 363–392.
Rapoport, Am. (1987). Comparison of theories for payoff disbursement of coalition values. Theory and Decision 22, 13–47.
Rapoport, An., Frenkel, 0., & Perner, J. (1977). Experiments with cooperative 2x2 games. Theory and Decision 8, 67–92.
Rockenbach (Kuon), Bettina & Uhlich, Gerald: The Negotiation Agreement Area. Universitat Bonn, Sonderforschungsbereich 303. Discussion Paper B-126 (1989).
Selten, R. (1972). Equal share analysis of characteristic function experiments. In H. Sauermann (Ed.): Beitrage zur experimentellen Wirtschaftsforschung, Vol. 3 (pp.130–165). Ttibingen: Mohr.
Selten, R. (1981). A Noncooperative Model of Characteristic Function Bargaining. In V. Bohm & H. Nachtkamp (Eds.): Essays in Game Theory and Mathematical Economics in Honor of Oskar Morgenstern. Gesellschaft, Recht, Wirtschaft, Vol. 4 (pp. 131–151). Mannheim: Bibliographisches Institut
Selten, Reinhard (1983). Equal Division Payoff Bounds for Three-Person Characteristic Function Experiments. In R. Tietz (Ed.): Aspiration Levels in Bargaining and Economic Decision Making. Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems no. 213 (pp. 255–275). Berlin: Springer.
Selten, R. (1987). Equity and coalition bargaining in experimental three-person games. In A.E. Roth (ed.): Laboratory Experimentation in Economics. Six Points of View (pp. 42–98). Cambridge University Press.
Selten, R. (1991). Properties of a Measure of Predictive Success. Mathematical Social Sciences 21, 153–167.
Selten, R. (1992). A Demand Commitment Model of Coalition Bargaining. In R. Selten (Ed.): Rational Interaction (pp. 245–282). Springer.
Selten, R. (1997). Descriptive Approaches to Cooperation. In Sergiu Hart and Andreu Mas-Colell (ed.): Cooperation: Game-Theoretic Approaches, NATO ASI Series, Series F: Computer and Systems Sciences, Vol. 155 (pp. 289–326). Springer.
Selten R. (1998). Aspiration Adaptation Theory. Journal of Mathematical Psychology 42, 191–214.
Selten, R. & Krischker, W. (1983). Comparison of Two Theories for Characteristic Function Experiments. In R. Tietz (Ed.): Aspiration Levels in Bargaining and Economic Decision Making, Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems no. 213, Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, Tokyo, 1983, pp. 259–264.
Selten, R. & Kuon, B. (1993). Demand Commitment Bargaining in Three-Person Quota Game Experiments. International Journal of Game Theory 22, 261–277.
Selten, R. & Schuster, K. (1968). Psychological Variables and Coalition Forming Behavior. In K.Borch & J.Mossin (Eds.): Risk and Uncertainty, Proceedings of a Conference held by the International Economic Association (pp. 221–240). LondonMelbourne-Toronto-New York.
Selten, R. & Schuster, K. (1970). Psychologische Faktoren bei Koalitionsverhandlungen. In H. Sauermann (ed.): Beitrage zur experimentellen Wirtschaftsforschung, Vol. II (pp. 99–135). Tubingen.
Selten, R. & Uhlich, G. (1988). Order of Strength and Exhaustivity as Additional Hypotheses in Theories for 3-Person Characteristic Function Games. In R. Tietz, W. Albers, R. Selten (Eds.): Bounded Rational Behavior in Experimental Games and Markets. Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems no. 314 (pp. 235–250). Berlin: Springer,.
Shenoy, P.P. (1979). On coalition formation: a game-theoretical approach. International Journal of Game Theory 8, 133–164.
Shubik, M. (1986). Cooperative game solutions. Australian, Indian, and U.S. Opinions. Journal of Conflict Resolution 30, 63–76.
Stackelberg, H. (1938). Probleme der unvollkommenen Konkurrenz. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv 48, 95–138.
Tietz, R. (1975). An experimental analysis of wage bargaining behavior. Zeitschrift fUr die gesamte Staatswissenschaft 131, 44–91.
Tietz, R. & Bartos, O.J. (1983). Balancing of aspiration levels as fairness principle in negotiations. In R. Tietz (ed.): Aspiration Levels in Bargaining and Economic Decision Making. Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems no. 213 (pp. 52–66). Berlin: Springer
Uhlich, G. (1988). An area theory for experimental two-person characteristic function games. Discussion paper B-105. SFB 303. University of Bonn.
Wolf, G. & Shubik, M. (1977). Beliefs about coalition formation in multiple resource three-person situations. Behavioral Science 22, 99–106.
Zwick, R. & Rapoport, Am. (1985). Relative Gain Maximization in Sequential 3-Person Characteristic Function Games. Journal of Mathematical Psychology 29, 333–359
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2002 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ostmann, A. (2002). Coalitions in Multilateral Negotiations. In: Bolle, F., Lehmann-Waffenschmidt, M. (eds) Surveys in Experimental Economics. Contributions to Economics. Physica, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-57458-0_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-57458-0_3
Publisher Name: Physica, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-7908-1472-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-57458-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive