Skip to main content
  • 232 Accesses

Zusammenfassung

Infertilität und Hypogonadismus stellen Symptome unterschiedlicher Erkrankungen mit zahlreichhen möglichen Ursachen dar. Beide Symptome sind das Erscheinungsbild einer Unterfunktion der Gonaden. Hypogonadismus geht regelmäßig mit einer Infertilität einher, wohingegen eine Infertilität isoliert vorkommen kann. Die Gründer der männlichen Infertilität und des liegen auf unterschiedlichen Niveaus des Organismus. Ursächlich kommen Störungen des Hodens, der Hypophyse oder des Hypothalmus in Betracht, der z. B. durch genetische, endokrine, entzüundliche,altersassoziierte oder umweltbedingte Vorgänge zurgrunde liegen können.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Literatur

Literatur zu Abschn. 6.1

  • Drews U. (1995) Morphologische Entwicklung der Sexualorgane. Gynäkologe 28(1):5–11

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ergün S., Stingl J., Holstein A.F. (1994) Segmental angioarchitecture of the testicular lobule in man. Andrologia 26: 143–150

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gustafson M.L., Donahoe P.K. (1994) Male sex determination: current concepts of male sexual differentiation. Ann Rev Med 45: 505–524

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thews G., Mutschier E., Vaupel P. (1989) Fortpflanzungsorgane und Schwangerschaft. In: Thews G., Mutschier E., Vaupel P. (Hrsg) Anatomie, Physiologie, Pathophysiologie des Menschen, Wissenschaftliche Verlags gesellschaft mbH, Stuttgart, S 581–603

    Google Scholar 

Literatur zu Abschn. 6.2

  • Anwar R., Gilbey S.G., New J.P., Markharn A.F. (1997) Male pseudohermaphrodltlsm resultmg from a novel mutation in the human steroid 5 alpha-reductase type 2 gene (SRD5A2). Mol Pathol 50: 51–52

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Behre H.M., Kliesch S., Leifke E., Link T.M., Nieschlag E. (1997) Long-term effect of testosterone therapy on bone mineral density in hypogonadal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82: 2386–2390

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Behre H.M., Young C-H., Holstein A.F., Weinbauer G.F. Gassner P., Nieschlag E. (2000) Diagnostik der Infertilität und des Hypognadismus. In: Nieschlag E., Behre H.M. (Hrsg) Andrologie: Grundlagen und Klinik der reproduktiven Gesundheit des Mannes (2. Aufl.). Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, pp 96–135

    Google Scholar 

  • Carani C., Qin K., Simoni M., Faustini-Fustini M., Serpente S., Boyd J., Korach K.S., Simpson E.R. (1997) Effect of testosterone and estradiol in a man with aromatase deficiency. N Engl J Med 337: 91–95

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Christiansen K. (1998) Behavioural correlates of testosterone. In: Nieschlag E., Behre H.M. (Hrsg) Testosterone: Action-Deficiency-Substitution. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, pp 107–142

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Clark P.A., Iranmanesh A., Veldhuis J.D., Rogol A.D. (1997) Comparison of pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion between prepubertal children and young adults: evidence for a mass/amplitude-dependent difference without gender or day/night contrasts. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82: 2950–2955

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Conn P.M., Crowley W.F. Jr. (1994) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone and its analogs. Annu Rev Med 45: 391–405

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Von Eckardstein A. (1998) Androgens: cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis. In: Nieschlag E., Behre H.M. (Hrsg) Testosterone: Action-Deficiency-Substitution. Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, pp 229–258

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Evans R. (1988) The steroid thyroid hormone receptor superfamily. Science 240: 889–895

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gharib S.D., Wierman M.E., Shupnik M.A., Chin W.W. (1990) Molecular biology of the pituitary gonadotropins. Endocr Rev 11: 177–199

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Randall V.A. (1998) Androgens and hair. In: Nieschlag E., Behre H.M. (Hrsg) Testosterone, Action-Deficiency-Substitution.Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, pp 169–186

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Redmond G.P., Olson W.H., Lippman J.S., Kafrissen M.E., Jones T.M., Jonzzo J.L. (1997) Norgestimate and ethinyl estradiol m the treatment of acne vulgaris: a randomized, placebocontrolled trial. Obstet Gynecol 89: 615–622

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schlatt S., Meinhardt A., Nieschlag E. (1997) Paracrine regulation of cellular interactions m the testis: factors in search of a function. Eur J Endocrinol 137: 107–117

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shupnik M.A., Schreihofer D.A. (1997) Molecular aspects of steroid hormone action in the male reproductive axis. J Androl 18: 341–344

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simoni M., Gromoll J., Nieschlag E. (1997) The follicle-stimulating hormone receptor: biochemistry, molecular biology, physiology, and pathophysiology. Endocr Rev 18: 739–773

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith E.P., Boyd J., Frank G.R. et al. (1994) Estrogen resistance caused by a mutation m the estrogen-receptor gene in a man. N Engl J Med 331: 1056–1061

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thiboutot D., Harris G., Iles V., Cimis G., Gilliland K., Hagari S. (1995) Activity of the type 1 5 alpha-reductase exhibits regional differences in isolated sebaceous glands and whole skin. J Invest Dermatol 105: 209–214

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang C., Alexander G., Berman N., Salehian B., Davidson T., McDonald V., Steiner B., Hull L., Callegari C., Swerdloff R.S. (1996) Testosterone replacement therapy improves mood m hypogonadal men-a clinical research center study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81: 3578–3583

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weinbauer G.F., Gromoll J., Simoni M., Nieschlag E. (2000) Physiologie der Hodenfunktion. In: Nieschlag E., Behre H.M. (Hrsg) Andrologie. Grundlagen und Klinik der reproduktiven Gesundheit des Mannes. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, pp 27–67

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu F.C.W., Farley T.M.M., Peregoudov A., Waites G.M. (1996) Effects of testosterone enanthate in normal men: experience from a multicenter contraceptive efficacy study, Fertil Steril 65: 626–636

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Literatur zu Abschn. 6.3

  • Handelsman D.J. (2000) Hypogonadismus und Infertilität bei systemischen Erkrankungen. In: Nieschlag E., Behre H.M. (Hrsg) Andrologie: Grundlagen und Klinik der reproduktiven Gesundheit des Mannes. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, pp 267–278

    Google Scholar 

  • Nieschlag E., von zur Mühlen A., Sippel W.G. (1993) Männliche Gonaden. In: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Endokrinologie (Hrsg) Rationale Diagnostik m der Endokrinologie. Thieme, Stuttgart, pp 186–212

    Google Scholar 

  • Salzbrunn A., Benson D.M., Holstein A.F., Schulze W. (1996) A new concept fur the extraction of testicular spermatozoa as a tool for assisted fertilization (ICSI). Hum Reprod 11: 752–755

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simoni M. Gromoll J., Dworniczak R. et al. (1997) Screening for deletions of the Y chromosome involving the DAZ (Veleted in Azoospermia) gene in azoospermia and severe oligozoospermia. Fertil Steril 67: 542–547

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • WHO:Laborhandbuch zur Untersuchung des menschlichen Ejakulates und der Spermien-Zervikalschleim-Interaktion. (1999) 4. Aufl, übersetzt von Nieschlag E et al., Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo

    Google Scholar 

Literatur zu Abschn. 6.4 bis 6.73

  • Arbeitsgemeinschaft gynäkologische Endokrinologie und Fortpflanzungsmedizin (Hrsg) (1999) Deutsches IVF-Register. Jahrbuch 1998. Bad Segeberg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Behre, H.M., Bohmeyer J., Nieschlag E.. (1994) Prostate volume in testosterone-treated and untreated hypogonadal men in comparison to age-matched normal eontrols. Clin Endocrinol 40: 341–349

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Behre H.M., S. Kliesch, E. Leifke, T.M. Link, P.E. Peters, E. Nieschlag (1997) Long-term effect of testosterone therapy on bone mineral density in hypogonadal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 82: 2386–2390

    Google Scholar 

  • Biller B.M., Molitch M.E., Vanee M.L. et al. (1996) Treatment of prolactin-seereting macroadenomas with the once-weekly dopamine agonist cabergoline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81: 2338–2343

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brocks D.R.., Meikle A.W., Boike S.C., Mazer N.A., Zariffa N., Audet P.R., Jorkasky D.K. (1996) Pharmacokinetics of testosterone in hypogonadal men after transdermal delivery: influenee of dose. J Clin Pharmacol 36: 732–739

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Büchter D., Behre H.M., Kliesch S., Nieschlag E. (1998) Pulsatile GnRH or human ehorionic gonadotropin/human menopausal gonadotrop in as effective treatment for men with hypo gonadotrop in hypogonadism: a review of 42 eases. Eur J Endocrinol 139: 298–303

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • von Eckardstein S., Nieschlag E. (1998) Substititionstherapie mit Testosteron. Der Kassenarzt 8: 39–41

    Google Scholar 

  • Fukuda M., Fukuda K., Shimizu T., Yomura W., Shimizu S. (1996) Kobe earthquake and redueed sperm motility. Hum Reprod 11: 1244–1246

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glenn C.C., Driseoll D.J., Yang T.P., Nieholls R.D. (1997) Genomic imprinting: potential funetion and meehanisms revealed by the Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes. Mol Hum Reprod 3: 321–332

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Handelsman D.J. (2000) Hypogonadismus und Infertilität bei systemischen Erkrankungen. In: Nieschlag E., Behre H.M. (Hrsg) Andrologie: Grundlagen und Klinik der reproduktiven Gesundheit des Mannes, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo (2. Aufl.) S 267–278

    Google Scholar 

  • Hauffa B.P. (1997) One-year results of growth hormone treatment of short stature in Prader-Willi syndrome. Acta Paediatr Suppl 423: 63–65

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoorweg-Nijman J.J.G., Harvers H.M., Delemarre-van de Waal H.A. (1994) Effeet of human chorionic gonadotrop in (hCG)/ follide-stimulating hormone treatment vs. hCG alone on testicular descent: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Eur J Endocrinol 130: 60–64

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hutson J.M., Hasthorpe S., Heyns C.F. (1997) Anatomical and functional aspects of testicular descent and cryptorchidism. Endocr Rev 18: 259–280

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kamisehke A., Behre H.M., Bergmann M., Simoni M., Schäfer T., Nieschlag E. (1998) Recombinant human FSH for treatment of male idiopathic infertility: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dinical trial. Hum Reprod 13: 596–603

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nieschlag E., Behre H.M. (Hrsg) (2000) Andrologie: Grundlagen und Klinik der reproduktiven Gesundheit des Mannes (2. Aufl.) Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo

    Google Scholar 

  • Nieschlag E., Lerchl A. (1996) Dedining sperm counts in European men-faet or fiction? Andrologia 28: 305–306

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nieschlag E., Brabant G., Schopohl J., Sippell W. (1997) Männliche Gonaden: Hypogonadismus, Infertilität, Pubertätsstärungen. In: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Endokrinologie (Hrsg), Rationelle Therapie in der Endokrinologie. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 317–340

    Google Scholar 

  • Nieschlag E., Behre H. M., Fischedick A., Hertle L. (1998) Varikozelenbehandlung im Zeitalter der Evidence-based Medicine: Arztliche Beratung so erfolgreich wie interventionelle Behandlung (Ligatur oder Embolisation). Urologe A 27: 263–269

    Google Scholar 

  • Nieschlag (1998) Pharmacology and dinical use of testosterone. In: Nieschlag E., Behre H.M. (Hrsg) Testosterone, Action-Deficiency-Substitution. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, S 293–328

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Palermo G.D., Schlegel P.N., Sills E.S., Veeek L.L., Zaninovic N., Menendez S., Rosenwaks Z. (1998) Births after intracytoplasmic injection of sperm obtained by testicular extraction from men with nonmosaie Klinefelter’s syndrome. N Engl J Med 338: 588–590

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson C.M., Hatasaka J.J., Jones K.P. (1994) Ovulation in duction with gonadotropins and intrauterine insemination compared with in vitro fertilization and not therapy: a prospective, nonrandomized, cohort study and meta-analysis. Fertil Steril 62: 535–544

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de Roux N., Young J., Misrahi M., Genet R., Chanson P., Schaison G., Milgrom E. (1997) A family with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and mutations in the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor. N Engl J Med 337: 1597–1602

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sasco A.J., Lowenfels A.B., Pasker-de Jong P. (1993) Review artide: epidemiology of male breast cancer. A meta-analysis of published case-control studies and discussion of selected aetiological factors. Int J Cancer 53: 538–549

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sorahan T., Lancashire R.J., Hulten M.A., Peck I., Stewart A.M. (1997) Childhood cancer and parental use of tobacco: deaths from 1953–1955. Br J Canc Res 75: 134–138

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vine M.F. (1996) Smoking and male reproduction: a review. Int J Androl 19: 323–337

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang C., Alexander G., Berman N., Salehian B., Davidson T., McDonald V., Steiner B., Hull L., Callegari C., Swerdloff R.S. (1996) Testosterone replacement therapy improves mood in hypogonadal men-a dinical research center study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81: 3578–3583

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Literatur zu Abschn. 6.74

  • Bals-Pratsch M., Schweikert H.U., Nieschlag E. (1990) Androgen receptor dis order in three brothers with bifid prepenile seroturn and hypospadias. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 123: 271–276

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown T.R. (1995) Human androgen insensitivity syndrom. J Androl 16: 299–303

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quigley C.A. (1998) The androgen receptor: physiology and pathophysiology. In: Testosterone, Action-Deficiency-Substitution. In: Nieschlag E., Behre H.M. (Hrsg). Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, S 33–106

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kremer H., Kraaij R., Toledo S.P. et al. (1995) Male pseudohermaphroditism due to a homozygous missense mutation of the luteinizing hormone receptor gene. Nat Genet 9: 160–164

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meschede D., Behre H.M., Nieschlag E. (2000) Stärungen im Bereich der Androgenzielorgane. In: Nieschlag E., Behre H.M. (Hrsg) Andrologie: Grundlagen und Klinik der reproduktiven Gesundheit des Mannes (2. Aufl.) Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, S 247–265

    Google Scholar 

  • van Niekerk W.A. (1976) True hermaphroditism: an analytic review with areport of 3 new cases. Am J Obstet Gynecol 126: 890–907

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Literatur zu Abschn. 6.75

  • Abel A., Danek A., Borasio G.D., Witt T.N. (1996) X chromosomal bulbospinal neuropathy (X-BSN, Kennedy syndrome): an illness with repetitive triplet sequences. Case report, differential diagnosis and molecular genetics aspects. Nervenarzt 67: 1011–1019

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adler R.A. (1992) Clinical review 33: Clinically important effects of alcohol on endocrine function. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 74: 957–960

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Braunstein G.D. (1993) Gynecomastia. N Engl J Med 328: 490–495

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Casanova D., Magalon G. (1997) Surgical treatment of gynecomastia. J Chir (Paris) 134: 76–79

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee K.O., Chua D.Y., Cheah J.S. (1990) Oestrogen and progesterone receptors in men with bilateralor unilateral pubertal macromastia. Clin Endocrinol 32: 101–105

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mathur R., Braunstein G.D. (1997) Gynecomastia: pathomechanisms and treatment strategies. Horm Res 48: 95–102

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riemel A., Grzeszczak W., Koziak H., Moczulski D. (1996) Circadian rhythm of lutropin and follitropin in patients with chronic renal failure. Pol Arch Med Wewn 95: 313–322

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sasco A.J., Lowenfels A.B., Pasker-de-Jong P. (1993) Review artide: epidemiology of male breast cancer. A meta-analysis of published case-control studies and discussion of selected aetiological factors. Int J Cancer 53: 538–549

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Literatur Abschn. 6.16

  • Purvis K., Christiansen E. (1993) Infection in the male reproductive tract. Impact, diagnosis and treatment in relation to male infertility. Int J Androl 16: 1–13

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Literatur zu Abschn. 6.17

  • van Ahlen H., Hertle L. (2000) Störungen der Samendeposition. In: Nieschlag E., Behre H.M. (Hrsg) Andrologie: Grundlagen und Klinik der reproduktiven Gesundheit des Mannes (2. Aufl.) Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, S 211–245

    Google Scholar 

  • Boolell M., Allen M.J., Ballard S.A. et al. (1996) Sildenafil: an orally active type 5 cyclic GMP-specific phosphodiesterase inhibitor for the treatment of penile erectile dysfunction. Int J Impot Res 8: 47–52

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diemont W.L., Meuleman E.J. (1997) Neurological testing in erectile dysfunction. J Androl 18: 345–350

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Granata A.R., Rochira V., Lerchl A., Marrama P., Carani C. (1997) Relationship between sleep-related erections and testosterone levels in men. J Androl 18: 522–527

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta R., Kirschen J., Barrow R.C. 2nd, Eid J.F. (1997) Predictors of success and risk factors for attrition in the use of intracavernous injection. J Urol 157: 1681–1686

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis R.W., Witherington R. (1997) External vacuum therapy for erectile dysfunction: use and results. World J Urol 15: 78–82

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Munoz M.M., Bancroft J., Marshall I. (1993) The performance of the Rigiscan in the measurement of penile tumescence and rigidity. Int J Impot Res 5: 69–76

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Padma-Nathan H., Hellstrom W.J., Kaiser F.E. et al. (1997) Treatment of men with erectile dysfunction with trans urethral alprostadil. Medicated Urethral System for Erection (MUSE) Study Group. N Engl J Med 336: 1–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rampin O., Bernabe J., Giuliano F. (1997) Spinal control of penile erection. World J Urol 15: 2–13

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rolf C., Nieschlag E. (1998) Sildenafil (Viagra) bei erektiler Dysfunktion. Effektive Behandlung mit beachtenswerten Wechselwirkungen. Dtsch Med Wochensehr 123: 1356–1361

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vogt H.J., Brandl P., Kockott G., Schmitz J.R., Wiegand M.H., Schadrack J., Gierend M. (1997) Double-blind, placebo-controlled safety and efficacy trial with yohimbine hydrochloride in the treatment of nonorganic erectile dysfunction. Int J Impot Res 9: 155–161

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weinbauer G.F., Gromoll J., Simoni M., Nieschlag E. (2000) Physiologie der Hodenfunktion. In: Nieschlag E., Behre H.M. (Hrsg) Andrologie: Grundlagen und Klinik der reproduktiven Gesundheit des Mannes (2. Aufl.) Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, S 27–67

    Google Scholar 

  • Stravynski A., Gaudette G., Lesage A., Arbel N., Petit P., Clerc D., Fabian J., Lamontagne Y., Langlois R., Lipp O., Sidoun P. (1997) The treatment of sexually dysfunetional men without partners: a eontrolled study of three behavioural group approaches. Br J Psychiatry 170: 338–344

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Literatur zu Abschn. 6.18

  • Merke D.P., Cutler G.B. Jr. (1996) Evaluation and management of precoeious puberty. Arch Dis Child 7: 269–271

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nieschlag E., Brabant G., Schopohl J., Sippel W. (1997) Männliche Gonaden: Hypogonadismus, Infertilität, Pubertätsstörungen. In: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Endokrinologie (Hrsg) Rationale Therapie in der Endokrinologie einschließlich Diabetologie und Stoffwechsel. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 317–341

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosen D., Kelch R.P. (1995) Precocious and delayed puberty. In: Becker K.L. (eds) Principles and practiee of endocrinology and metabolism. Lippincott, Philadelphia, S 830–842

    Google Scholar 

  • Gromoll J., Partsch C.J., Simoni M., Nordhoff V., Sippell W.G., Nieschlag E., Saxena B.B. (1998) A mutation in the first transmembrane domain of the lutropin receptor causes male precoeious puberty. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83: 476–480

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sippell W.G., German/Dutch Central Precoeious Puberty Study Group. (1994) Diagnosis and treatment of central precocious puberty-can final height be improved? Horm Res 41 Suppl 2: 14–15

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Literatur zu Abschn. 6.19

  • Bosl G.J., Motzer R.J. (1997) Testicular germ-cell cancer. N Engl J Med 337: 242–253

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buetow S.A. (1995) Epidemiology of testicular cancer. Epidemiol Rev 17: 433–449

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dieckmann K.P., Loy V. (1995) Testikuläre intraepitheliale Neoplasie-die Präkanzerose der germinalen Hodentumoren. In: Schnorr D., Loening S., Weißbaeh L. (Hrsg) Hodentumoren. Blackwell, Berlin, S 27–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Farkas L., Baki M., Pusztai C. (1995) Therapy of gonadal stromal cell testieular tumours. Int J Nephrol 27: 597–601

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Giwercman A., von der Maase H., Shakkebaeek N.E. (1993) Epidemiological and clinical aspects of carcinoma in situ of the testis. Eur Urol 23: 104–114

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horwich A., Sleijfer D.T., Fossa S.D. et al. (1997) Randomized trial of bleomyein, etoposide, and cisplatin compared with bleomycin, etoposide, and carboplatin in good-prognosis metastatic nonseminomatous germ cell cancer: a Multiinstitutional Medical Research Council/European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Trial. J Clin Oncol 15: 1844–1852

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mene M.P., Finkelstein L.H., Manfrey S.J., Belkhoff L.H. (1996) Metastatic Sertoli cell carcinoma of the testis. J Am Osteopath Assoc 96: 612–614

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meng F.J., Zhou Y., Skakkebaek N.E., Marks A., Giwercman A. (1996) Detection and enrichment of carcinoma-in-situ cells in semen by an immunomagnetic method using monoclonal antibody M2 A. Int J Androl 19: 365–370

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mostofi F.K. (1979) Comparison of various clinical and pathological classifications of tumors of the testes. Semin Oncol 6: 26–30

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh S.D., Lansing A.M. (1996) Familial cardiac myxoma-a comprehensive review of reported cases. J Ky Med Assoc 94: 96–104

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Young S., Gooneratne S., Straus F.H. 2nd, Zeller W.P., Bulun S.E., Rosenthal I.M. (1995) Feminizing Sertoli eell tumors in boys with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Am J Surg Pathol 19: 50–58

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Literatur zu Abschn. 6.20

  • Bordson B.L., Leonardo V.S. (1991) The appropriate upper age limit for semen donors: a review of thc genetic effects of paternal age. Fertil Steril 56: 397–401

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gooren L.I. (1996) The age-related decline of androgen levels in men: clinically signifieant? Br J Urol 78: 763–768

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gray A., Feldman H.A., MeKinlay J.E., Longeope C. (1991) Age, disease, and changing sex hormone levels in middleaged men: results of the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 73: 1016–1025

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hajjar R.R., Kaiser F.E., Modey J.E. (1997) Outcomes of longterm testosterone replacement in older hypogonadal males: a retrospective analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82: 3793–3796

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Handelsman D.J., Staraj S. (1985) Testicular size: the effects of aging, malnutrition, and illness. J Androl 6: 144–151

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lagiou P., Mantzoros C.S., Tzonou A., Signorello L.B., Lipworth L., Trichopoulos D. (1997) Serum steroids in relation to benign prostatic hyperplasia. Oncology 54: 497–501

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McIntosh G.C., Olshan A.F., Baird P.A. (1995) Patemal age and the risk of birth defects in offspring. Epidemiology 6: 282–288

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meston C.M. (1997) Aging and sexuality. West J Med 167: 285–290

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nieschlag E., Lammers U., Freischem C.W., Langer K., Wickings E.J. (1982) Reproductive functions in young fathers and grandfathers. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 55: 676–681

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rolf C., Behre H.M., Nieschlag E. (1996) Reproductive parameters of older compared to younger men of infertile couples. Int J Androl 19: 135–142

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rolf C., Nieschlag E. (2000) Seneszenz. In: Nieschlag E., Behre H.M. (Hrsg) Andrologie: Grundlagen und Klinik der reproduktiven Gesundheit des Mannes (2. Autl.) Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, S 465–479

    Google Scholar 

Literatur zu Abschn. 6.27

  • Amichai B., Grunwald M.H., Sobel R. (1997) 5 α-reductase inhibitors-a new ho pe in dermatology? Int J Dermatol 36: 182–184

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bergfeld W.F. (1995) Androgenetic alopecia: an autosomal dominant disorder. Am J Med 98(1 A):95S–98S

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Demark-Wahnefried W., Lesko S.M., Conaway M.R., Robertson C.N., Clark R.V., Lobaugh B., Mathias B.J., Strigo T.S., Paulson D.F. (1997) Serum androgens: associations with prostate cancer risk and hair patterning. J Androl 18: 495–500

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drake L.A., Dinehart S.M., Farmer E.R. et al. (1996) Guidelines of care for androgenetic alopecia. American Academy of Dermatology. J Am Acad Dermatol 35(3 Pt 1):465–469

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton J.B. (1942) Male hormone stimulation is prerequisite and an incitement in common baldness. Am J Anat 71: 451

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman K.D. (1996) Androgen metabolism as it affects hair growth in androgenetic alopecia. Dermatol Clin 4: 697–711

    Google Scholar 

  • Norwood O.T. (1975) Male pattern baldness: classification and incidence. South Med J 68: 1359–1365

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rubin M.B. (1997) Androgenetic alopecia. Battling a losing proposition. Postgrad Med 102: 129–131

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sawaya M.E., Price V.H. (1997) Different levels of 5a-reductase type land II, aromatase, and androgen receptor in hair follicles of women and men with androgenetic alopecia. J Invest Dermatol 109: 296–300

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shrank A.B. (1995) Minoxidil over the counter. BMJ 311: 526

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Literatur Abschn. 6.22

  • Schlatterer K., von Werder K., Stalla G.K. (1996) Multistep treatment concept of transsexual patients. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 104: 413–419

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benjamin (1953) Transvestism and transsexualism. Int J Sexol 7: 12–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakker A., van Kersten P.J.M., Gooren L.J.G., Bezemer P.D. (1993) The prevalence of transsexualism in the Netherlands. Acta Psychiatr Scand 87: 237–238

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bosinski H.A.G., Sohn M., Löffler D., Wille R., Jakse G. (1994) Aktuelle Aspekte qer Begutachtung und Operation Transsexueller. Dtsch Arztebl 91: 552–555

    Google Scholar 

  • Diederichs P. (1993) Der eigene Körper als Fremder. In: Streek U. (Hrsg) Das Fremde in der Psychoanalyse. Pfeiffer, München, S 324–336

    Google Scholar 

  • Eicher W. (1995) Operative Therapie bei intersexuellem, weiblichen Genitale und bei Transsexualismus. Gynäkologe 28: 40–47

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gooren L.J. (1998) Androgen treatment of female-to-male transsexuals. In: Nieschlag E., Behre H.M. (Hrsg) Testosterone: Action-Deficiency-Substitution. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, pp 529–544

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Hage J.J., Haumann G. (1995) Maskulinisierende Techniken bei intersexuellem männlichen Genitale und bei Frau-zuMann-Transsexualismus. Gynäkologe 28: 48–53

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ratzel R. (1995) Juristische Aspekte bei Intersexualität und Transexualismus. Gynäkologe 28: 59–61

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sigusch V. (1995) Leitsymptome transsexueller Entwicklung. Dtsch Arztbl 91: 1085–1088

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou J.N., Hofman M.A., Gooren L.J., Swaab D.F. (1995) A sex difference in the human brain and its relation to transsexuality. Nature 378: 68–70

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • van Kesteren P.J., Gooren L.J., Megens J.A. (1996) An epidemiological and demographic study of transsexuals in The Netherlands. Arch Sex Behav 25: 589–600

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Kesteren P.J., Asscheman H., Megens J.A., Gooren L.J. (1997) Mortality and morbidity in trans sexual subjects treated with cross-sex hormones. Clin Endocrinol 47: 337–342

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elbers J.M., Asscheman H., Seidell J.C., Frolich M., Meinders A.E., Gooren L.J. (1997) Reversal of the sex difference in serum leptin levels upon cross-sex hormone administration in transsexuals. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82: 3267–3270

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2001 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ochsenkühn, R., Nieschlag, E. (2001). Männliche Gonaden. In: Nawroth, P.P., Ziegler, R. (eds) Klinische Endokrinologie und Stoffwechsel. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56784-1_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56784-1_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-62970-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-56784-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics