Abstract
ADEOS = Advanced Earth Observing Satellite. Japanese (NASDA) satellite mission.591) Objective: Global observation of land, ocean and atmospheric processes (ocean color and sea surface temperature). In addition, communication experiments are planned for the study (feasibility) of interorbit links, called IOCS (Inter-Orbital Communication Subsystem). Launch with H-II launch vehicle from Tanegashima Space Center, Japan, on August 17, 1996592)
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References
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In Japan the ADEOS satellite is also referred to as ‘MIDORI’, meaning ‘green’.
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Aryabhata (476–550) and Bhaskara (1114–1185) were two ancient mathematicians and astronomers of India. Aryabhata is the earliest Hindu mathematician whose work and history are available to modern scholars. He was one of the first known to use algebra. Bhaskara (“The Learned”) was the leading mathematician of the 12th century, who wrote the first work with full and systematic use of the decimal number system.
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Illustration provided by Michael D. King of NASA/GSFC
Note: The availability of Landsat imagery created a lot of interest in the science community. The Hyderabad ground station started receiving Landsat data on a regular basis in 1978. The Landsat program with its design and potentials was certainly a great model and yardstick for the IRS program.
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Note: The satellite designations P1, P2, P3, etc. stand for the launches carried out by PSLV (Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle), the launch vehicle developed by ISRO
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P. S. Desai, H. Honne Gowda, K. Kasturirangan, “Ocean research in India: Perspective from space,” Current Science, Vol. 78 No. 3, Feb. 2000, pp, 268–278
P. S. Desai, H. Honne Gowda, K. Kasturirangan, “Ocean research in India: Perspective from space,” Current Science, Vol. 78 No. 3, Feb. 2000, pp, 268–278
S. S. Rana, “Multifrequency Scanning Microwave Radiometer of IRS-P4,” NNRMS Bulletin-22, May 1998, pp.20–23
Note: ISRO is the only Space Agency anywhere that did not provide any imagery electronically of its spacecraft or of its instruments (in spite of many requests).
The Japanese nickname for JERS-1 is Fuyo-1, the name of a Japanese flower.
Y. Nemoto, et al., “Japanese Earth Resources Satellite-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar,” Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 79, No. 6, June 1991, pp. 800–809
JERS-1 Data User’s Handbook, provided by NASDA/EOC
K. Maeda, M. Nakai, O. Ryuguji, “JERS-1/ERS-1 Verification Program and Future Verification Program,” Advanced Space Research, Vol. 12, No. 7, pp. 327–331, 1992
SK Yoo, S. Lee, et al., “The KITSAT-2 CCD Earth Imaging Experiment,” Proceedings of SPIE Conference on Small Satellite Technology and Applications IV, Vol. 2317, Rome, September 1994
KITSAT-3 brochure provided by Dongseok Shin of SaTReC, Taejon, Republic of Korea
B. J. Kim, H. Lee, S. D. Choi, “Three-Axis Reaction Wheel Attitude Control System for KITSAT-3 Microsatellite,” Pergamon, Space Technology, Vol. 16, No 5/6, pp. 291–296, 1996
J. Seon, K. I. Deon, S. H. Kim, et al., “Brief Reports on KAISTSAT-4 Mission Analysis,” Journal on Astronomy and Space Sciences, Vol. 17, No. 2, 2000, pp. 1–9
J. Seon, H. S. Kim, B. J. Kim, Y. S. Chang, K.-M. Park, et al., “Preliminary results from mission analysis on KAISTSAT-4,” SaTReC paper provided by Woo-Kyung Lee
H.-W. Lee, B. J. Kim, M.-J. Tahk, D.-J. Park, “Attitude Determination and Control of KAISTSAT-4 Satellite,” internal paper of SaTReC provided by Woo-Kyung Lee
Information provided by H. Paik and G. H. Choi of KARI
Y. M. Cho, S. S. Yong, et al, “Ocean Scanning Multispectral Imager (OSMI),” Proceedings Fifth International Conference on Remote Sensing for Marine and Coastal Environments, San Diego, CA, Oct. 5–7, 1998
Y. M. Cho, “Ocean Scanning Multispectral Imager (OSMI), Post-launch Radiometric Responsivity Analysis,” Proceedings of IEEE/IGARSS 2000, Honolulu, HI, July 24–28, 2000
Note: Preference is given to a whiskbroom imager (the older imaging technology) because the optics for push-broom operation must always cover FOV (the total field of view) while the optics for whiskbroom operation deal with IFOV (instantaneous field of view) wnich is much smaller than FOV. Hence, there are less distortions at the swath edge.
Information provided by Young-Min Cho of KARI
Special Issue: 25th Anniversary of Landsat, PE&RS Vol. LXIII, No. 7, July 1997, pp. 829–905
E. J. Sheffner, “The Landsat Program: Recent History and Prospects,” PE&RS, Vol. 60, 1994, pp. 735–744
“Taschenbuch zur Fernerkundung,” F. Strathmann, Wichmann Verlag, 1990
Monitoring Earth’s Ocean, Land, and Atmosphere from Space, Volume 97, AIAA, 1985, Chapter 3
A. F. Goetz, J. B. Wellman, W. L. Barnes, “Optical Remote Sensing of the Earth,” Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 73, No. 6, June 1985, pp. 950–969
S. C. Freden, F. Gordon, “Landsat Satellites,” Chapter 12 of ‘Manual of Remote Sensing,’ 2nd edition, Vol I, published by the American Society of Photogrammetry, 1983, pp. 517–570
A. M. Mika, “Three Decades of Landsat Instruments,” PE&RS, July 1997, pp. 839–852
Note: the line array of six detectors was positioned in the along-track direction, thus providing an instantaneous parallel ground coverage of 336 m in one cross-track scan with the whiskbroom configuration. This wide along-track coverage permits sufficient integration time for all cells in each scan sweep.
“Landsat-4 Data Users Handbook,” USGS/NOAA, 1984
P. N. Slater, “Remote Sensing Optics and Optical Systems,” Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1980
“Satellite Loss Raises Questions for Eosat’s Future,” Space News, October 11–17, 1993, p. 3
EOSAT Landsat Technical Notes, September 1992
K. Dolan, P. Sabelhaus, D. Williams, “Landsat-7 Extending 25 Years of Global Coverage,” Proceedings of Information for Sustainability, 27th International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, Tromsoe, Norway, June 8–12, 1998, pp. 622–625
B. L. Markham, et al., “Radiometric Calibration of the Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus,” Proceedings of IGARSS ′94, Volume IV, pp. 2004–2006
K. Thome, B. Markham, J. Barker, P. Slater, S. Biggar, “Radiometric Calibration of Landsat,” PE&RS, July 1997, pp. 853–858
Note: The detector line arrays (16 for VNIR bands, 32 for PAN, and 8 detectors for TIR) of the whiskbroom scanner are oriented in the along-track direction. This arrangement provides a parallel coverage of 480 m along-track in one scan sweep (cross-track direction). The wide along-track coverage permits sufficient integration time for all cells in each scan sweep.
J. R. Irons, D. L. Williams, B. L. Markham, “Landsat-7 ETM+ On-Orbit Calibration and Data Quality Assessment,” Proceedings IGARSS ′95, Vol. II, pp. 1573–1575
W. C. Draeger, T. M. Holm, D. T. Lauer, R. J. Thompson, “The Availability of Landsat Data: Past, Present and Future,” PE&RS, July 1997, pp. 869–875
R. A. Williamson, “The Landsat Legacy: Remote Sensing Policy and the Development of Commercial Remote Sensing,” PE&RS, July 1997, pp. 877–885
The satellite missions are named in honor of Meriwether Lewis (1774–1809) and William Clark (1770–1838), who headed the first overland expedition of about 40 persons (1804–06) to the Pacific coast and back, starting in St. Louis, Missouri. The expedition was initiated by President Thomas Jefferson, who wanted a first survey (information in the form of maps and diaries) of the territory west of the Mississippi acquired by the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 from France.
Information provided by J. S. Pearlman and S. K. Manlief of TRW, Redondo Beach, CA
P. Parry, “The SSTI Lewis Better, Faster, Cheaper Guidance < Navigation, and Control Subsystem,” Proceedings of the 10th AIAA/USU Conference on Small Satellites, Sept. 16–19, 1996, Logan, UT
Note: The NICMOS3 array is being developed for the next-generation IR instruments for the Hubble Space Telescope.
J. Benton, “Pyramyd Coarse Sun Sensing for NASA SSTI Clark Safe-Hold Mode,” Proceedings of the 10th AIAA/USU Conference on Small Satellites, Sept. 16–19, 1996, Logan, UT
Information provided by J. Jacobi of CTA, McLean, VA and by R. J. Hayduk of NASA/HQ, Washington, DC
A. Lawler, “Faster, Cheaper, Better is Also Harder,” Science, Vol. 29, March 6, 1998
P. G. Weber, B. C. Brock, A. J. Garrett, et al., “Multispectral Thermal Imager Mission Overview,” Proceedings of SPIE, Imaging Spectroscopy V, Vol 3753, Denver, CO, July 19–21, 1999, pp. 340–346
http://nis-www.lanl.gov/nis-projects/mti/
R. Rex Kay, S. C. Bender, T. D. Henson, D. A. Byrd, et al., “Multispectral Thermal Imager (MTI) Payload Overview,” Proceedings of SPIE, Imaging Spectroscopy V, Vol 3753, Denver, CO, July 19–21, 1999, pp. 347–358
T. Henson, S. Bender, W. Rappoport, et al., “Multispectral Thermal Imager Optical Optical Performance and Integration of the Flight Focal Plane Assembly,” SPIE Vol. 3753, Denver, CO, July 19–21, 1999, pp. 359–368
W. B. Clodius, et al., “MTI On-Orbit Calibration,” SPIE Vol. 3753, Denver, CO, July 19–21, 1999, pp. 380–391
F. Fárnik, H. Garcia, A. Kiplinger, “Solar Broad-band Hard X-Ray Spectrometer Onboard the MTI Satellite,” Proceedings of A Crossroads for European Solar & Heliospheric Physics Conference,’ Tenerife, March 23–27, 1998, pp. 305–308, ESA SP-417
H. A. Garcia, F. Fárnik, A. L. Kiplinger, “Hard x-ray spectroscopy for proton flare prediction,” Proceedings of the SPIE Conference on Missions to the Sun II, San Diego, CA, July 1998, Vol. 3442, pp. 210–216
http://www.asu.cas.cz/english/new/HXRS_descr.htm
T. Wilson, C. Davis, “Naval EarthMap Observer (NEMO) Satellite,” Proceedings of SPIE, Vol. 3753, Denver, CO, July 19–21, 1999, pp. 2–11
http://nemo.nrl.navy.mil/public/index.html
C. O. Davis, K. Carder, “Requirements Driven Design of an Imaging Spectrometer System for Characterization of the Coastal Environment,” Proceedings of SPIE, Vol. 3118, San Diego, CA, 1997
C. O. Davis, “The Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Technology (HRST) Program,” NRL White Paper, 1997
C. O. Davis, K. Carder, “Requirements Driven Design of an Imaging Spectrometer System for Characterization of the Coastal Environment,” Proceedings of SPIE, Vol. 3118, San Diego, CA, 1997
M. Corson, “Calibration of the NEMO sensor imaging payload,” SPIE Proceedings, Vol. 3437, 1998
A. Myers, “NEMO satellite sensor imaging payload,” SPIE Proceedings, Vol. 3437, 1998
J. Bowles, et al., “Hyperspectral Data Compression and Science Algorithms for the NEMO Satellite,” Proceedings of 1st EARSeL Workshop on Imaging Spectroscopy, University of Zürich, Switzerland, Oct. 6–8.1998, pp. 183–190
Verbal information provided by B. Kutuza of IRE (Russian Academy of Sciences), Moscow
OKEAN-O Earth Observation Spacecraft, a brochure of RKA and NKAU provided by B. Kutuza of IRE, Moscow
http://www.okean-o.dp.ua/en_satellite.html
Information provided by B. Kutuza of IRE, Moscow, and translated by B. Zhukov of DLR, Oberpfaffenhofen
I. V. Bragin, V. P. Sgibnew, K. A. Pobedonostsev, A. V. Evtushenko, et. al., “Space-Based Remote Sensing Complexes,” Proceedings of the 29th European Microwave Conference, Munich, Sept. 1999, pp. 388–390
Information provided by V. I. Pustovoit, V. E. Pozhar, and V. N. Zhogun of STCUI-RAS
V. I. Pustovoit, V. E. Pozhar, “Acousto-optical spectrometers for Earth remote sensing,” Proceedings of SPIE 44th Annual Meeting, International Symposium on Optical Science, Engineering, and Instrumentation, Denver, CO, July 18–23, 1999
“PRIRODA,” Ein Forschungsmodul der sowjetischen Orbitalstation MIR zur Fernerkundung der Erde, Wissenschaftliche Nutzlast Technische Beschreibung, Institut für Kosmosforschung (IKF), Berlin, 1990
“PRIRODA-Experimente,” Programm zur Beschaffung, Verarbeitung, Bewertung und Anwendung von Daten des Multisensorsystems PRIRODA der sowjetischen Orbitalstation MIR, 1992–94, DARA, Berlin, Mai 1991
“Complex for Remote Sensing of the Earth,” Science Program, DLR paper 1991
Orbital Station MIR, Complex of Remote Sensing of the Earth “PRIRODA,” Scientific Program, IRE brochure, Moscow, 1991
G. Zimmermann, “Mission PRIRODA,” German Proposals to Scientific Program, DARA Bulletin, Dec. 1991
I. V. Bragin, V. P. Sgibnew, et al., “Space-Based Remote Sensing Complexes,” Proceedings of the 29th European Microwave Conference, Munich, Germany, Oct. 5–7, 1999, Vol. 2, pp. 388–390
A. Neumann, “Spaceborne Imaging Spectrometers for Ocean Color Remote Sensing, MOS-Priroda and MOSIRS,” DLR/ISST paper presented at the IOC Ocean Color Workshop, Victoria, BC, September 21–22, 1995
M. L. Chanin, M. Desbois, A. Hauchecorne, “ALISSA a French Russian cooperation in the PRIRODA mission.” Paper of CNRS — Service d’Aeronomie
R. Furrer, H. Rubin, M. Schaale, A. V. Poberovsky, A. V. Mironenkov, Y. M. Timofeyev, “MIRIAM — A Space-borne Sun Occultation Experiment for Atmospheric Trace Gas Spectroscopy,” GeoJournal 32.1, January 1994, pp. 17–27
“MIRIAM 1995–1998 MIR-Infrared Atmospheric Measurements — Untersuchung der Atmosphäre aus der Raumstation MIR,” Institut für Weltraumwissenschaften an der Freien Universität Berlin, 1994
German User Requirements to PRIRODA Mission, Annex 1 of Protocol to MOMS-2 for the PRIRODA Mission, DLR paper of PRIRODA Workshop, May 1991
Protocol of the Meeting of Specialists of USSR and Germany on MOMS-2 for the PRIRODA Mission. DLR paper, May 1991
D. Meißner, et al, “The MOMS-2P Instrument and its Mission on Priroda/MIR Station,” IAF-96-B.4.03, 47th International Astronautical Congress, Oct. 7–11, 1996, Beijing, China
DASA Endbericht, “MOMS-02P auf Priroda/MIR,” Doc. No. M2P-DAS-100-RP-001.0, Dec. 12, 1996
S. Föckersperger, et al., “MOMSNAV: Location of the Russian Space Station MIR with Differential GPS,” Proceedings of the 2nd ESA International Conference on GNC, ESTEC, 12–15 April 1994, pp. 159–165
IKAR-D, -P and MSU-SK with forward look angle (in flight direction) of 40° against nadir
R. K. Raney, A.P. Luscombe, E.J. Langham, S. Ahmed “RADARSAT,” reprint from Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 79, No. 6, June 1991
RADARSAT Annual Review 1997/98, CSA brochure, p. 19
* Nominal: range dependent and processor dependent; ** Nominal: ground range resolution varies with range
http://www.space.gc.ca/csa_sectors/earth_environment/radarsat/default.asp
P. Fox, “The RADARSAT-II Mission,” Proceedings of IGARSS′99, Hamburg, Vol. III, June 28–July 2, 1999, pp. 1500–1502
L. M. Ward, P. Axelrad, “A Combined Filter for GPS-Based Attitude and Baseline Estimation,” Navigation: Journal of The Institute of Navigation, Vol. 44, No. 2, Summer 1997, pp. 195–213
L. M. Ward, P. Axelrad, “Spacecraft attitude estimation using GPS: Methodology and results for RADCAL, .” Navigating the 90s: Technology, Applications, and Policy, Proceedings of The Institute of Navigation, National Technical Meeting, Anaheim, Calif., 18–20 January, The Institute of Navigation, Alexandria, Va., pp. 813–825.
‘Sowjetisches kosmisches System zum Studium der Naturschätze der Erde und zur Umweltkontrolle — der heutige Stand und die Perspektiven für den Zeitraum 1991–1995,’ the paper is a translation of a presentation given by L. Dessinow of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1989.
Interavia Space Directory 1990–91, p. 436
E. L. Lukashevich, “The Space System Resurs-F for the Photographic Survey of the Earth,” Space Bulletin, Vol. 1, No. 4, 1994, pp. 2–4
Information provided by the State Center “PRIRODA,” Moscow
Courtesy of E. L. Lukashevich of State Center Priroda, Moscow
Note: For S/C No. 37 and (39), the orbit was changed from an altitude of 275 km (275 km) to an altitude of 355 km (180 km), respectively
T.M. Wasjuchina, A.M. Wolkow, “Zustand und Perspektiven der Entwicklung Kosmischer Systeme zur Erforschung natürlicher Ressourcen der Erde und der Hydrometeorologie,” Moscow 1988, translated into German by R. Müller, 1989 (IKF)
COSPAR-90-Paper by A. Karpov, USSR State Committee for Hydrometeorology, Moscow. Title of paper: “Hydrometeorological, Oceanographic and Earth-Resources Satellite Systems operated by the USSR.”
Information provided by B. Kutuza of IRE, Moscow, and translated by B. Zhukov of DLR, Oberpfaffenhofen
R. Sparvoli, et al., “Launch in orbit of the telescope NINA for cosmic ray observations: preliminary results,” Proceedings of The Sixth Topical Seminar on ‘Neutrino and Astro -Particle Physics,’ Centro Studi ‘I Cappuccini’ in San Miniato al Todesco, Italy, May 17–21, 1999
http://www.nspo.gov.tw/e40/welcome.htm
http://www.nspo.gov.tw/e-html.v30/welcome.html
W. Ferster, “ROCSat Set to Launch Taiwan’s Space Program,” Space News, Feb. 1, 1999, p. 7
http://tours.oce.ntou.edu.tw/crocsat.htm
H. C. Wang, L. C. Lee, J. Ling, A. M. Wu, “ROCSat-2 Remote Sensing Mission,” Proceedings of the 51st IAF Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Oct. 2–6, 2000, IAF-00-B.1.09
J. S. Chern, A. M. Wu, J. Ling, “Some Aspects of ROCSat-2 System Engineering,” Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium of IAA, Berlin, April 2–6, 2001, pp. 57–60
C. Alonso, “SAC-C Mission,” presented at the Euro-Latin-American Space Days in Mexico DC in November 1997
R. Colomb, C. Alonso, I. Nollmann, “SAC-C Mission and the International AM Constellation for Earth Observation,” Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium of IAA, Berlin, April 2–6, 2001, pp. 433–437
CONAE-NASA Workshop, Volume I and II, Dec. 1–2, 1993 — paper provided by J. L. LaBreque of NASA-HQ
Information provided by Andrea Bacchetta of Alenia Spazio, Torino, Italy
Information provided by Robert Ecoffet of CNES
Lee-Lueng Fu, B. Holt, “Seasat Views Oceans and Sea Ice With Synthetic Aperture Radar,” JPL publication 81–120, February 15, 1982
Ch. Elachi, “Spaceborne Imaging Radar: Geologic and Oceanographic Applications,” Science, Vol. 209, No. 4461,, September 5, 1980, pp. 1073–1082
R. L. Jordan, “The Seasat-A synthetic-aperture radar systems,” IEEE Journal of Oceanic Eng., Vol. OE-5, pp. 154–164, 1980.
E. Njoku, et al., “The Seasat Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR): instrument description and performance,” IEEE Journal of Oceanic Eng., Vol. OE-5, pp. 100–115, 1980
P. N. Swanson, A. L. Riley, “The SeaSAT Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR): Radiometric calibration algorithm development and performance,” IEEE Journal of Ocean Engineering, Vol 5 No.2, 1980, pp. 116–124
W. Townsend, “An initial assessment of the performance achieved by the Seasat-1 radar altimeter,” IEEE Journal of Oceanic. Eng., Vol. OE-5, pp. 80–92, 1980
J. W. Johnson, et al., “Seasat-A satellite scatterometer instrument evaluation,” IEEE Journal of Oceanic Eng., Vol. OE-5, pp. 138–144, 1980
P. McClain, R. Marks, G. Cunningham, A. McCulloch, “Visible and Infrared Radiometer on Seasat-1,” IEEE Journal on Oceanic Engineering, Vol. OE-5, No. 2, April 1980, pp 164–168
P. Silvestrin, M. Berger, Y. H. Kerr, J. Font, “ESA’s Second Earth Explorer Opportunity Mission: The soil Moisture and Ocean salinity Mission — SMOS.” IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Newsletter (118), 2001, pp.11–14
J. Blouvac, B. Lazaed, J. M. Martinuzzi, “ CNES Small Satellites Earth Observation Scientific Future Missions, IAA 2nd International Symposium on Small Satellites for Earth Observation, Berlin, April 12–16, 1999, pp. 11–14
M. Martin-Neira, J. Font, M. Srokosz, I. Corbella, A. Camps, “Ocean Salinity Observations with SMOS Mission,” Proceedings of the IEEE IGARSS 2000 Conference, Honolulu, HI, July 24–28, 2000
Y. H. Kerr, J. Font, P. Waldteufel, M. Berger, “The Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity Mission -SMOS,” ESA Earth Observation Quarterly, No 66, July 2000, pp. 18–26
Y. H. Kerr, P. Waldteufel, J. P. Wigneron, J. Font, “Description of the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity Mission,” COST 712 -WG 3 report, 2001, European Union, Brussels
http://www.cesbio.ups-tlse.fr/indexsmos.html
J. Font, Y. Kerr, M. Berger, “Measuring Ocean Salinity from Space: the European Space Agency’s SMOS Mission,” Backscatter (Alliance for Marine Remote Sensing Association), Vol. 11, No 3, 2000, pp. 17–19
Y. H. Kerr, P. Waldteufel, J.-P. Wigneron, J. Font, “The Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity Mission: The Science Objectives of an L-band 2-D Interferometer,” Proceedings of the IEEE IGARSS 2000 Conference, Honolulu, HI, July 24–28, 2000
Y. Kerr, J. Font, et al., “Next Generation Radiometers: SMOS — A Dual Pol L-band 2-D Apertures Synthesis Radiometers,” 2000 IEEE Aerospace Conference, March 2000, Montana, USA
J. P. Wigneron, A. Chanzy, P. Waldteufel, J. C. Calvet, O. Marloie, J. P. Hanocq, Y. H. Kerr, “Retrieval capabilities of L-Band 2-D interferometric radiometry over land surfaces (SMOS Mission), VSP, Netherlands, 2000
J. P. Wigneron, P. Waldteufel, A. Chanzy, J. C. Calvet, Y. H. Kerr, “Two-D microwave interferometer retrieval capabilities of over land surfaces (SMOS Mission),” Remote Sensing Environment, Vol. 73, No 3, 2000, pp. 270–282
Note: SSS is defined in practical salinity units (1 PSU = 0.1%) and ranges from 32 to 37 PSU
P. Waldteufel, E. Anterrieu, J. M. Goutoule, Y. H. Kerr, “Field of view characteristics of a 2-D interferometric antenna, as illustrated by the MIRAS/SMOS L-band concept, VSP, 2000
Y. H. Kerr, J. Font, P. Waldteufel, A. Camps, J. Barâ, et al., “Next Generation Radiometers: SMOS A dual pol L-band 2-D Aperture Synthesis Radiometer,” IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky, Montana, March 18–25, 2000
I. Corbella, F. Torres, et al., L-band Aperture Synthesis Radiometry: Hardware Requirements and System Performance,” Proceeding of the IEEE IGARSS 2000 Conference, Honolulu, HI, July 24–28, 2000
CNES viewgraphs of 1991
Jane’s Spaceflight Directory 1988–89, Fourth Edition, pp. 22–23
Note: SPOT-1 was retired from normal operations in Sept. 1990. Both of its recorders are defect. SPOT Image wants to reactivated SPOT-1 to meet increased demand for satellite imagery. See Space News Dec. 4, 1991, p. 4
Note: The board of inquiry investigating the failure of SPOT-3 reported that the successive failure of three of the spacecraft’s six gyroscopes caused the satellite to lose attitude control, ran out of power and then shut down within a period of hours.
R. M. Bevilacqua, et al., “Polar Stratospheric Studies with the Polar Ozone and Aerosol Measurement Experiment (POAM-II),” Proceedings of the American Meteorological Society, Eighth Conference on Atmospheric Radiation, January 23–28, 1994, Nashville, TN
F. Achard, J. P. Malingreau, T. Phulpin, G. Saint, B. Saugier, B. Segun, D. Vidal-Madjar, “The Vegetation Instrument on Board SPOT-4 — A Mission for Global Monitoring of the Continental Biosphere, “ LERTS brochure, Toulouse, 1990
Information provided by T. Genet of CNES, Toulouse
http://www.cnes.fr/WEB_UK/activites/programmes/Vegetation/VEGETATION.html
R. H. Frazer, Z. Li, R. Landry, “SPOT VEGETATION for characterizing boreal forest fires,” International Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 21, No 18, 2000, pp. 3525–3532
T. Tolker-Nielsen, J. C. Guillen, “SILEX: The First European Optical Communication Terminal in Orbit,” ESA Bulletin 96, Nov. 1998, pp. 42–44
A. F. Popescu, B. Furch, “Status of the European developments for laser intersatellite communications,” SPIE, Vol. 1866, 1993, pp. 10–20
R. L. Lucke, D. R. Korwan, et al., “The Polar Ozone and Aerosol Measurement (POAM-III) instrument and early validation results,” Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 104, D15, Aug. 20, 1999, pp. 18, 785–18, 799
A. Ammar, A. Baudoin, D. Assemat, M. Arnaud, “The SPOT Programme, An Operational Earth Observation System,” Proceedings 45th Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, October 9–14, 1994, Israel
A. Baudoin, “The Current and Future SPOT Program,” Proceedings of the ISPRS Joint Workshop ‘Sensors and Mapping from Space 1999,’ Sept. 27–30, 1999, Hannover, Germany
SPOT 5 brochure, “Supermode,” of CNES and SPOT Image, May 1999
P. Lier, G. Moury, C. Latry, F. Cabot, “Selection of the SPOT-5 Image Compression Algorithm,” Proceedings of SPIE, Vol. 3439, 70, 1998
H. Carvalho, J. Kono, M. M. Quintino, C. E. Santana, “The Amazon Rainforest Monitoring Satellite — SSR,” Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium of IAA, Berlin, April 2–6, 2001, pp. 19–21
C. H. Santana, C. E. Kono, M. M. Quintino, “SSR Amazon Rainforest Observation System,” IAA 2nd International Symposium on Small Satellites for Earth Observation, Berlin, April 12–16, 1999, pp. 49–52
“The first Brazilian Earth Observation Satellite (SSR),” paper by C. E. Santana and J. Kono of INPE
“Satellite Launch to Advance Brazilian Space Program,” Space News Aug. 31-Sept. 6, 1992, p. 43
R. Dubayah, B. Blair, J. Bufton, D. Clarke, et al., “The Vegetation Canopy Lidar Mission,” presented at ASPRS, Washington, D.C., 1997
http://essp.gsfc.nasa.gov/vcl.html
Information provided by Nick Chrissotimos of NASA/GSFC
Information provided by E. Milton and M. Fouquet of SSTL
URL address — http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/CSER/UOSAT
J. W. Ward, “Microsatellites for global electronic mail networks,” Electronics and Communications Engineering Journal, December 1991, Vol. 3, No. 6, pp. 267–272
J. W. Ward, H. E. Price, “The UoSAT-2 Digital Communications Experiment,” Journal of the Institute of Electronic and Radio Engineers, 1986
UoSAT internet home page
J. W Ward, Ada S. C, “An Evolutionary Approach to Small Satellite Technology Development.” Proceedings of the 9th AIAA/USU Conference on Small Satellites, Sept. 18–21, 1995, Logan, UT
UoSAT-1: Special issue of The IERE Journal, Vol. 52, No. 8/9, August 1982
J. M. Radbone, “The UoSAT-2 Spacecraft CCD Imaging and Digital Store/Read-out Experiments,” The IERE Journal, Vol. 57, No. 5, September 1987, ISSN 0267–1689
M. N. Sweeting, “UoSAT microsatellite missions,” Electronics & Communication Engineering Journal, IEE, June 1992
M. N. Allery, J. J. Sellers, M. N. Sweeting, “Results of University of Surrey on-orbit microsatellite experiments,” Proceedings of the International Symposium on Small Satellite Systems and Services, Biarritz, France, June 27–30, 1994
M. Fouquet, “The UoSAT-5 Earth Imaging System — in-orbit results,” 2nd Conference on Small Satellite Technologies and Applications, SPIE Symposium on Aerospace Sensing, Orlando, FL, April 20–22, 1992
I. Lee, D. K. Sung, S. D. Choi, “Experimental Multimission Microsatellites — KITSAT Series,” Proceedings of the 7th AIAA/USU Conference on Small Satellites, Set. 13–16, 1993
Information provided by J. Radbone of SSTL, University of Surrey, UK
“First PoSAT images,” Space, Vol. 9, No. 9, December 1993, p. 6
M. Fouquet, A. Brewer, “The Role of Microsatellites for Earth Observation, Eight years of orbital experience at the University of Surrey,” in Small Satellites for Remote Sensing, Proceedings of Space Congress, Bremen, Germany, May 24–25, 1995, pp. 133–144
“Space Debris Damages French Defense Satellite,” Space News, August 26 — September 1, 1996, p. 4 and p. 19
J. Ward, M. Sweeting, “First In-Orbit Results from the UoSAT-12 Minisatellite,” Proceedings of 13th Annual AIAA/USU Conferences on Small Satellites, Logan, Utah, Aug. 23–26, 1999, SSC-99-I-2
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Kramer, H.J. (2002). Earth Observation/Monitoring Missions. In: Observation of the Earth and Its Environment. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56294-5_5
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