Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Epidemiology of Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease

  • Chapter
Pan Vascular Medicine

Abstract

The importance of prevention as a first-line approach in the management of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is becoming increasingly apparent, not only because the disease is all too often lethal by first clinical manifestation, but also because it remains incurable even if the patient survives. Over the past five decades, epidemiologic investigation, the science most relevant to establishing means of prevention, has identified a number of major contributors to the development of atherosclerotic CVD [1,2]. Because these “risk factors” are modifiable, and their treatment reduces the likelihood of developing vascular disease, risk factor assessment has become an important feature of primary and secondary prevention of CVD. Most risk factors for initial vascular events are also predictive of recurrent episodes, although risk of recurrence is dominated by severity of the first event.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Manson JE, Tosteson H, Ridker PM, Satterfield S, Hebert P, O’Connor GT, Buring JE, Hennekens CH (1992) The primary prevention of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 326:1406–1416

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Kannel WB (1990) Bishop lecture. Contribution of the Framingham Study to preventive cardiology. JACC 15:206–211

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Anderson KM, Wilson PWF, Odell PM, Kannel WB (1991) An updated coronary risk profile. A statement for health professionals. Circulation 83:356–362

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Wolf PA, D’Agostino RB, Belanger AJ, Kannel WB (1991) Probability of stroke: a risk profile from the Framingham Study. Stroke 22:312–318

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Wilson PWF, D’Agostino RB, Levy D, Belanger AM, Silbershatz H, Kannel WB (1998) Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories. Circulation 97:1837–1847

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Murabito JM, D’Agostino RB, Silbershatz H, Wilson PWF (1997) Intermittent claudication; a risk profile from the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 96:44–49

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. American Heart Association (2000) Heart and stroke statistical update 1999. American Heart Association, Dallas, Texas

    Google Scholar 

  8. Lloyd-Jones DM, Larson MG, Beiser A, Levy D (1999) Lifetime risk of developing coronary heart disease. Lancet 353:89–92

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Benson V, Marano MA (1998) Current estimates from the National Health Interview Survey. US 1995. Vital and Heath Statistics. DHHS Publ no 98–1527. US Government Printing Office

    Google Scholar 

  10. National Institutes of Health NHLaBI (ed) (2000) Morbidity and mortality. Chart book on cardiovascular, lung and blood diseases. US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland

    Google Scholar 

  11. Wolf PA, D’Agostino RB (1998) Epidemiology of stroke. Stroke: pathophysiology, diagnosis and management. Churchill Livingston, New York, p 13

    Google Scholar 

  12. Kannel WB, Sorlie PD, McNamara PM (1979) Prognosis after initial myocardial infarction: the Framingham Study. Am J Cardiol 44: 53–59

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Kannel WB, Wilson PWF (1995) Risk factors that attenuate the female coronary disease advantage. Arch Intern Med 155:57–91

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. NIH Consensus Conference (1993) Triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, and coronary heart disease. NIH consensus development panel on triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, and coronary heart disease. JAMA 269:505–510

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Wilson PWF, Kannel WB (1993) Hypercholesterolemia and coronary risk in the elderly: the Framingham Study. Am J Geriatr Cardiol 2: 52–56

    Google Scholar 

  16. Kannel WB, Dawber TR, McGee DL (1980) Perspectives on systolic hypertension. The Framingham Study. Circulation 61:1179–1182

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Reaven GM (1988) Banting lecture 1988. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes 37:1595–1607

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. McGuire DK, Granger CB (1999) Diabetes and ischemic heart disease. Am Heart J 138 (5, part 1)1366–375

    Google Scholar 

  19. Haffner SM, Lehto S, Ronnemaa T, Pyorala K, Laakso M (1998) Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction (see comments). N Engl J Med 339:229–234

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Dinneen SF, Gerstein HC (1997) The association of microalbuminuria and mortality in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. A systematic overview of the literature (see comments). Arch Intern Med 157:1413–1418

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Ellestad MH (1996) Chronotropic incompetence. The implications of heart rate response to exercise (compensatory parasympathetic hyperactivity?) (editorial; comment). Circulation 93:1485–1487

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Medalie JH, Kahn HA, Neufeld HN, Riss E, Goldbourt U (1973) Five-year myocardial infarction incidence. II. Association of single variables to age and birthplace. J Chronic Dis 26:325–349

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Palatini P, Casiglia E, Julius S, Pessina AC (1999) High heart rate: a risk factor for cardiovascular death in elderly men. Arch Intern Med 159:585–592

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. D’Agostino RB Sr, Grundy S, Sullivan LM, Wilson P (CHD Risk Prediction Group) (2001) Validation of the Framingham coronary heart disease prediction scores: results of a multiple ethnic groups investigation. JAMA 286:180–187

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Kannel WB, McGee DL, Gordon T (1976) A general cardiovascular risk profile: the Framingham Study. Am J Cardiol 38:46–51

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Superko HR, Krauss RM (1994) Coronary artery disease regression. Convincing evidence for the benefit of aggressive lipoprotein management. Circulation 90:1056–1069

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Braunwald E (1997) Shattuck lecture — cardiovascular medicine at the turn of the millennium: triumphs, concerns, and opportunities (see comments). N Engl J Med 337:1360–1369

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Ernst E, Resch KL (1993) Fibrinogen as a cardiovascular risk factor: a meta-analysis and review of the literature (see comments). Ann Intern Med 118:956–963

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Kannel WB, Wolf PA, Castelli WP, D’Agostino RB (1987) Fibrinogen and risk of cardiovascular disease. The Framingham Study. JAMA 258:1183–1186

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Danesh J, Collins R, Appleby P, Peto R (1998) Association of fibrinogen, C-reactive protein, albumin, or leukocyte count with coronary heart disease: meta-analyses of prospective studies. JAMA 279: 1477–1482

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Kannel WB, D’Agostino RB, Belanger AJ (1992) Update on fibrinogen as a cardiovascular risk factor. Ann Epidemiol 2:457–466

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Kannel WB (1997) Influence of fibrinogen on cardiovascular disease. Drugs 54 [Suppl 3]:32–40

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Heinrich J, Balleisen L, Schulte H, Assmann G, van de Loo J (1994) Fibrinogen and factor VII in the prediction of coronary risk. Results from the PROCAM study in healthy men (published erratum appears in Arterioscler Thromb 1994,14:1392). Arterioscler Thromb 14:54–59

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Thompson SG, Kienast J, Pyke SD, Haverkate F, van de Loo JC (1995) Hemostatic factors and the risk of myocardial infarction or sudden death in patients with angina pectoris. European Concerted Action on Thrombosis and Disabilities Angina Pectoris Study Group (see comments). N Engl J Med 332:635–641

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Hamsten A, De Faire U, Walldius G, Dahlen G, Szamosi A, Landou C, Blomback M, Wiman B (1987) Plasminogen activator inhibitor in plasma: risk factor for recurrent myocardial infarction. Lancet 2:3–9

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Jansson JH, Olofsson BO, Nilsson TK (1993) Predictive value of tissue plasminogen activator mass concentration on long-term mortality in patients with coronary artery disease. A 7-year follow-up. Circulation 88(5, part i):2030–2034

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Ridker PM, Vaughan DE, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, Hennekens CH (1993) Endogenous tissue-type plasminogen activator and risk of myocardial infarction (see comments). Lancet 341:1165–1168

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Stampfer MJ, Malinow MR, Willett WC, Newcomer LM, Upson B, Ullmann D, Tishler PV, Hennekens CH (1992) A prospective study of plasma homocyst[e]ine and risk of myocardial infarction in US physicians. JAMA 268:877–881

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Wald NJ, Watt HC, Law MR, Weir DG, McPartlin J, Scott JM (1998) Homocysteine and ischemic heart disease: results of a prospective study with implications regarding prevention (see comments). Arch Intern Med 158:862–867

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Perry IJ, Refsum H, Morris RW, Ebrahim SB, Ueland PM, Shaper AG (1995) Prospective study of serum total homocysteine concentration and risk of stroke in middle-aged British men. Lancet 346:1395–1398

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Bostom AG, Silbershatz H, Rosenberg IH, Selhub J, D’Agostino RB, Wolf PA, Jacques PF, Wilson PWF (1999) Nonfasting plasma total homocysteine levels and all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in elderly Framingham men and women. Arch Intern Med 159:1077–1080

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Bostom AG, Rosenberg IH, Silbershatz H, Jacques PF, Selhub J, D’Agostino RB, Wilson PW, Wolf PA (1999) Nonfasting plasma total homocysteine levels and stroke incidence in elderly persons: the Framingham Study. Ann Intern Med 131:352–355

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Alfthan G, Pekkanen J, Jauhiainen M, Pitkaniemi J, Karvonen M, Tuomilehto J, Salonen JT, Ehnholm C (1994) Relation of serum homocysteine and lipoprotein [a] concentrations to atherosclerotic disease in a prospective Finnish population based study. Atherosclerosis 106:9–19

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Verhoef P, Hennekens CH, Malinow MR, Kok FJ, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ (1994) A prospective study of plasma homocyst[e]ine and risk of ischemic stroke. Stroke 25:1924–1930

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Evans RW, Shaten BJ, Hempel JD, Cutler JA, Kuller LH (1997) Homo-cyst [e] ine and risk of cardiovascular disease in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Arterioscler Thromb Vase Biol 17: 1947–1953

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Folsom AR, Nieto FJ, McGovern PG, Tsai MY, Malinow MR, Eckfeldt JH, Hess DL, Davis CE (1998) Prospective study of coronary heart disease incidence in relation to fasting total homocysteine, related genetic polymorphisms, and B vitamins: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities [ARIC] study (see comments). Circulation 98: 204–210

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Selhub J, Jacques PF, Wilson PWF, Rush D, Rosenberg IH (1993) Vitamin status and intake as primary determinants of homocysteine-mia in an elderly population. JAMA 270:2693–2698

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Jacques PF, Selhub J, Bostom AG, Wilson PWF, Rosenberg IH (1999) The effect of folic acid fortification on plasma folate and total homocysteine concentrations. N Engl J Med 340:1449–1454

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Friedman GD, Klatsky AL, Siegelaub AB (1974) The leukocyte count as a predictor of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 290:1275–1278

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Ernst E, Hammerschmidt DE, Bagge U et al (1987) Leukocytes and the risk of ischemic diseases. JAMA 257:2318–2324

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Ridker PM, Cushman M, Stampfer MJ, Tracy RP, Hennekens CH (1997) Inflammation, aspirin, and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men (published erratum appears in N Engl J Med 1997,337:356) (see comments). N Engl J Med 336:973–979

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Ridker PM, Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Rifai N (2000) C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women. N Engl J Med 342:836–843

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Ridker PM (1999) Evaluating novel cardiovascular risk factors: can we better predict heart attacks? Ann Intern Med 130:933–937

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Haider AW, Wilson PWF, Larson MG, O’Donnell CJ, Wolf PA, D’Agostino RA, Michelson EL, Levy D (2000) Association of H. Pylori, C. pneumoniae and cytomegalovirus seropositivity with cardiovascular disease in the Framingham Heart Study (1999). Circulation 100:1–232

    Google Scholar 

  55. Ossewaarde JM, Feskens EJ, De Vries A, Vallinga CE, Kromhout D (1998) Chlamydia pneumoniae is a risk factor for coronary heart disease in symptom-free elderly men, but Helicobacter pylori and cytomegalovirus are not. Epidemiol Infect 120:93–99

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Ridker PM, Kundsin RB, Stampfer MJ, Poulin S, Hennekens CH (1999) Prospective study of Chlamydia pneumoniae IgG seropositivity and risks of future myocardial infarction. Circulation 99: 1161–1164

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Ridker PM, Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Kundsin R, Shih J (1999) Baseline IgG antibody titers to Chlamydia pneumoniae, Helicobacter pylori, herpes simplex virus, and cytomegalovirus and the risk for cardiovascular disease in women. Ann Intern Med 131:573-

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Ridker PM, Hennekens CH, Stampfer MJ, Wang F (1998) Prospective study of herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, and the risk of future myocardial infarction and stroke. Circulation 98:2796–2799

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Roivainen M, Viik-Kajander M, Palosuo T, Toivanen P, Leinonen M, Saikku P, Tenkanen L, Manninen V, Hovi T, Manttari M (2000) Infections, inflammation, and the risk of coronary heart disease. Circulation 101:252–257

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Kannel WB, Gordon T, Castelli WP, Margolis JR (1970) Electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy and risk of coronary heart disease; the Framingham Study. Ann Intern Med 72:813–822

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Levy D, Garrison RJ, Savage DD, Kannel WB, Castelli WP (1990) Prognostic implications of echocardiographically determined left ventricular mass in the Framingham Heart Study. N Engl J Med 322: 1561–1566

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Kuller LH, Shemanski L, Psaty BM, Borhani NO, Gardin J, Haan MN, O’Leary DH, Savage PJ, Tell GS, Tracy R (1995) Subclinical disease as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (see comments). Circulation 92:720–726

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Kuller L, Borhani N, Furberg C, Gardin J, Manolio T, O’Leary D, Psaty B, Robbins J (1994) Prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease and association with risk factors in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Am J Epidemiol 139:1164–1179

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Kelley MJ, Newell JD (1983) Chest radiography and cardiac fluoroscopy in coronary artery disease. Cardiol Clin 1:575–595

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Witteman JC, Kannel WB, Wolf PA, Grobbee DE, Hofman A, D’Agostino RB, Cobb JC (1990) Aortic calcified plaques and cardiovascular disease (the Framingham Study). Am J Cardiol 66:1060–1064

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Iribarren C, Sidney S, Sternfeld B, Browner WS (2000) Calcification of the aortic arch: risk factors and association with coronary heart disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease. JAMA 283: 2810–2815

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Wilson PW, Kauppila LI, O’Donnell CJ, Kiel DP, Hannan M, Polak JM, Cupples LA (2001) Abdominal aortic calcific deposits are an important predictor of vascular morbidity and mortality. Circulation 103:1529–1534

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Seed A, Wong N, Tang W, Wang S, Doherty T, Detrano R (1997) Electron beam computed tomographic coronary calcium as a predictor of coronary events: comparison of two protocols (see comments). Circulation 96:1122–1129

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Arad Y, Spadaro LA, Goodman K, Lledo-Perez A, Sherman S, Lerner G, Guerci AD (1996) Predictive value of electron beam computed tomography of the coronary arteries (19-month follow-up of 1173 asymptomatic subjects (see comments). Circulation 93:1951–1953

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Detrano R, Hsiai T, Wang S, Puentes G, Fallavollita J, Shields P, Stanford W, Wolfkiel C, Georgiou D, Budoff M, Reed J (1996) Prognostic value of coronary calcification and angiographic stenoses in patients undergoing coronary angiography (see comments). J Am Coll Cardiol 27:285–290

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Detrano RC, Wong ND, Doherty TM, Shavelle RM, Tang W, Ginzton LE, Budoff MJ, Narahara KA (1999) Coronary calcium does not accurately predict near-term future coronary events in high-risk adults (see comments) (published errata appear in Circulation 2000, 101:697 and 2000,101:1355). Circulation 99:2633–2638

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Mäher JE, Bielak LF, Raz JA, Sheedy PF, Schwartz RS, Peyser PA (1999) Progression of coronary artery calcification: a pilot study. Mayo Clin Proc 74:347–355

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Callister TQ, Raggi P, Cooil B, Lippolis NJ, Russo DJ (1998) Effect of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors on coronary artery disease as assessed by electron-beam computed tomography (see comments). N Engl J Med 339:1972–1978

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. O’Leary DH, Polak JF, Kronmal RA, Manolio TA, Burke GL, Wolfson SK Jr (1999) Carotid-artery intima and media thickness as a risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke in older adults. Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group (see comments). N Engl J Med 340:14–22

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Myers RH, Kiely D, Cupples LA, Kannel WB (1990) Parental history is an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease: the Fram-ingham Study. Am Heart J 120:963–969

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Cargill M, Altshuler D, Ireland J, Sklar P, Ardlie K, Patil N, Shaw N, Lane CR, Lim EP, Kalyanaraman N, Nemesh J, Ziaugra L, Friedland L, Rolfe A, Warrington J, Lipshutz R, Daley GQ, Lander ES (1999) Characterization of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in coding regions of human genes (published erratum appears in Nat Genet 1999) 23:373). Nat Genet 22:231–238

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Lander ES, Linton LM, Birren B et al. (2001) Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Nature 409:860–921

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Sytkowski PA, D’Agostino RB, Belanger A, Kannel WB (1996) Sex and time trends in cardiovascular disease incidence and mortality: the Framingham Heart Study, 1950–1989. Am J Epidemiol 143:338–350

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Hunink MG, Goldman L, Tosteson AN, Mittleman MA, Goldman PA, Williams LW, Tsevat J, Weinstein MC (1997) The recent decline in mortality from coronary heart disease, 1980–1990. The effect of secular trends in risk factors and treatment (see comments). JAMA 277:535–542

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Greenland P, Grundy S, Pasternak RC, Lenfant C (1998) Problems on the pathway from risk assessment to risk reduction (editorial; comment) (see comments). Circulation 97:1761–1762

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Smith SC Jr (1998) Lessons from cholesterol-lowering trials. Am J Med 104(6A):28S-32S

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Krumholz HM, Radford MJ, Wang Y, Chen J, Heiat A, Marciniak TA (1998) National use and effectiveness of beta-blockers for the treatment of elderly patients after acute myocardial infarction: National Cooperative Cardiovascular Project (published erratum appears in JAMA 1999,281:37). JAMA 280:623–629

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Christopher J. O’Donnell
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. William B. Kannel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Herz-Zentrum Coswig, Klinik für Kardiologie und Angiologie, Lerchenfeld 1, 06869, Coswig (Anhalt), Germany

    Peter Lanzer MD

  2. The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, One Clinic Center, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, 44195, OH, USA

    Eric J. Topol MD

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2002 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

O’Donnell, C.J., Kannel, W.B. (2002). Epidemiology of Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease. In: Lanzer, P., Topol, E.J. (eds) Pan Vascular Medicine. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56225-9_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56225-9_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-62565-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-56225-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation