Abstract
A protocol that has been validated in an institution other than your own can at best be a guide, and during the implementation process must be modified in ways to “fit” your institutional needs and practices. It is the implementation process itself that is the focus of this chapter. What good is even the best tool if it is not implemented and subsequently used appropriately? Our patients deserve an algorithmic or protocolized approach to liberation from mechanical ventilation (MV) because we know that this enhances their timely removal from the ventilator and reduces complications and costs (see the previous chapter, entitled “The Importance of Clinical Algorithms to Facilitate Weaning and Extubation”). However, effectively incorporating the protocol into daily practice, continually updating or modifying it so that the protocol accommodates new data, and using good clinical judgment as part of the daily decision process will all be discussed in this chapter.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Greco PJ, Eisenberg JM (1993) Changing physicians’ practices. N Engl J Med 329: 1271–1273
Main DS, Cohen SJ, DiClemente CC (1995) Measuring physician readiness to change cancer screening: preliminary results. Am J Prey Med 11: 54–58
Cohen IL (1994) Weaning from mechanical ventilation–the team approach and beyond. Intensive Care Med 20: 317–318
Stoller JK (1994) Why therapist-driven protocols? Respir Care 39: 706–708
Weber K, Milligan S (1994) Therapist-driven protocols: the state of the art. Respir Care 39: 746–755
Ely EW, Bennett PA, Bowton DL, Murphy SM, Haponik EF (1999) Large-scale implementation of a respiratory therapist-driven protocol for ventilator weaning. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 159: 439–446
Esteban A, Alia I, Tobin M, Gil A, Gordo F, Vallverdu I, et al (1999) Effect of spontaneous breathing trial duration on outcome of attempts to discontinue mechanical ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 159: 512–518
Jacobs J (1994) How are we doing with operational restructuring and therapist-driven protocols? Am Assoc Respir Care Times 18: 66–69
Tietsort J (1998) Benchmarking report on use of TDPs. Respir Care Manager 7: 1–12
Shrake KL, Scaggs JE, England KR, Henkle JQ, Eagleton LE (1994) Benefits associated with a respiratory care assessment-treatment program: results of a pilot study. Respir Care 39: 715–724
Wood G, MacLeod B, Moffatt S (1995) Weaning from mechanical ventilation: physician-directed vs a respiratory-therapist-directed protocol. Respir Care 40: 219–224
Ely EW, Baker AM, Dunagan DP, Burke HL, Smith AC, Kelly PT, et al (1996) Effect on the duration of mechanical ventilation of identifying patients capable of breathing spontaneously. N Engl J Med 335: 1864–1869
Saura P, Blanch L, Mestre J, Valles J, Artigas A, Fernandez R (1996) Clinical consequences of the implementation of a weaning protocol. Intensive Care Med 22: 1052–1056
Burns SM, Marshall M, Burns JE, Ryan B, Wilmoth D, Carpenter R, et al (1998) Design, testing, and results of an outcomes-managed approach to patients requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation. Am J Crit Care 7: 45–57
Djunaedi H, Cardinal P, Greffe-Laliberte G, Jones G, McMath B, Snell CC (1987) Does a ventilatory management protocol improve the care of ventilated patients? Respir Care 42: 604–610
Schriefer J (1993) Reducing the length of stay for post-operative open heart surgical patients. Qual Connect 2: 8–9
Bowton D, Ely EW, Bennett PA, Florance A, Haponik EF (1999) Successful implementation of a weaning protocol requires continued reinforcement. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 159:A83
Jaeschke RZ, Meade MO, Guyatt GH, Keenan SP, Cook DJ (1997) How to use diagnostic test articles in the intensive care unit: diagnosing weanability using f/Vt. Crit Care Med 25: 1514–1521
Soumerai SB, McLaughlin TJ, Gurwitz JH, Guadagnoli E, Hauptman PJ, Borbas C, et al (1998) Effect of local medical opinion leaders on quality of care for acute myocradial infarction. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 279: 1358–1363
Epstein SK (1995) Etiology of extubation failure and the predictive value of the rapid shallow breathing index. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 152: 545–549
Epstein SK, Ciubotaru RL (1997) Influence of gender and endotracheal tube size on preextubation breathing pattern. Am J Respir Grit Care Med 154: 1647–1652
Krieger BP, Isber J, Breitenbucher A, Throop G, Ershowsky P (1997) Serial measurements of the rapid-shallow-breathing index as a predictor of weaning outcome in elderly medical patients. Chest 112: 1029–1034
Vitacca M, Clini E, Porta R, Foglio K, Ambrosino N (1996) Acute exacerbations in patients with COPD: predictors of need for mechanical ventilation. Eur Respir J 9: 1487–1493
Jeffrey AA, Warren PM, Flenley DC (1992) Acute hypercapnic respiratory failure in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease: risk factors and use of guidelines for management. Thorax 47: 34–40
Moran JL, Green JM, Homan SD, Leeson RJ, Leppard PI (1998) Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and mechanical ventilation: a reevaluation. Crit Care Med 26: 71–78
Seneff MG, Wagner DP, Wagner RP, Zimmermann JE, Knaus WA (1995) Hospital and 1-year survival of patients admitted to intensive care units with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. JAMA 274: 1852–1857
Hudson LD (1989) Survival data in patients with acute and chronic lung disease requiring mechanical ventilation. Am Rev Respir Dis 140: S19 - S24
Menzies R, Gibbons W, Goldberg P (1989) Determinants of weaning and survival among patients with COPD who require mechanical ventilation for acute respiratory failure. Chest 95: 398–405
Anthonisen NR (1989) Prognosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: results from multicenter clinical trials. Am Rev Respir Dis 140: S95 - S99
Brochard L, Mancebo J, Wysocki M, Lofaso F, Conti g, Rauss A, et al (1995) Noninvasive ventilation for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 333: 817–822
Ely EW, Baker AM, Evans GW, Haponik EF (2000) The cost of respiratory care in mechanically ventilated patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Crit Care Med 28: 408–413
Conti G, DeBlasi R, Pelaia P, Benito S, Rocco M, Antonelli M, et al (1992) Early prediction of successful weaning during pressure support ventilation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Crit Care Med 29: 366–371
Sassoon CSH, Te TT, Mahutte CK, Light RW A(1987) irway occlusion pressure: an important indicator for successful weaning in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 135: 107–113
Sassoon CSH, Light RW, Lodia R, Sieck GC, Mahutte CK (1991) Pressure-time product during continuous positive airway pressure, pressure support ventilation, and T-piece during weaning from mechanical ventilation. Am Rev Respir Dis 143: 469–475
Vallverdu I, Calaf N, Subirana M, Net A, Benito S, Mancebo J (1999) Clinical characteristics, respiratory functional parameters, and outcome of a two-hour T-piece trial of patients weaning from mechanical ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 158: 1855–1862
Antonelli M, Conti g, Rocco M, Bufi M, DeBlasi RA, Vivino G, et al (1998) A comparison of noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation and conventional mechanical ventilation in patients with acute respiratory failure. N Engl J Med 339: 429–435
Nava S, Ambrosino N, Clini E, Prato M, Orlando GVM, Brigada P, et al (1998) Noninvasive mechanical ventilation in the weaning of patients with respiratory failure due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 128: 721–728
Kollef MH, Horst HM, Prang L, Brock WA (1998) Reducing the duration of mechanical ventilation: three examples of change in the intensive care unit. New Horizons 6: 52–60
Chatila W, Ani S, Guaglianone D, Jacob B, Amoateng-Adjepong Y, Manthous CA (1996) Cardiac ischemia during weaning from mechanical ventilation. Chest 109: 1577–1583
The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network (2000) Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 342: 1301–1308
Ely EW, Namen AM, Tatter S, Lucia MA, Smith AC, Landry S, et al (1999) Impact of a ventilator weaning protocol in neurosurgical patients: a randomized, controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 159: A371
Namen AM, Ely EW, Tatter S, Case D, Lucia MA, Smith A, et al (2001) Predictors of successful extubation in neurosurgical patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 163: 654–658
Chevron V, Menard J, Richard J, Girault C, Leroy J, Bonomarchand G (1998) Unplanned extubation: risk factors of development and predictive criteria for reintubation. Crit Care Med 26: 1049–1053
Hobbs F, Damon BL, Taeuber CM (1996) Sixty-five plus in the United States. U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics, and Statistics Administration, Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC
Sage WM, Hurst CR, Silverman JF, Bortz WM (1987) Intensive care for the elderly: outcome of elective and nonelective admissions. J Am Geriatr Soc 35: 312–318
Knaus WA, Draper EA, Wagner DP, Zimmerman JE (1986) An evaluation of outcome from intensive care in major medical centers. Ann Intern Med 104: 410–418
Cohen IL, Lambrinos J (1995) Investigating the impact of age on outcome of mechanical ventilation using a population of 41,848 patients from a statewide database. Chest 107: 1673–1680
Kurek CJ, Cohen IL, Lambrinos J, Minatoya K, Booth FV, Chalfin DB (1997) Clinical and economic outcome of patients undergoing tracheostomy for prolonged mechanical ventilation in New York state during 1993: analysis of 6,353 cases under diagnosis-related group 483. Crit Care Med 25: 983–988
Kurek CJ, Dewar D, Lambrinos J, Booth FV, Cohen IL (1998) Clinical and economic outcome of mechanically ventilated patients in New York State during 1993. Chest 114: 214–222
Chelluri L, Grenvik A, Silverstein M (1995) Intensive care for critically ill elderly: mortality, costs, and quality of life. Review of the literature. Arch Intern Med 155: 1013–1022
Hamel MB, Philips RS, Teno JM, Lynn J, Galanos AN, Davis RB, et al (1996) Seriously ill hospitalized adults: do we spend less on older patients? J Am Geriatr Soc 44: 1043–1048
Hakim RB, Teno JM, Harrell FE, Knaus WA, Wenger NS, Phillips RS, et al (1996) Factors associated with do-not-resuscitate orders: patients’ preferences, prognoses, and physicians’ judgments. SUPPORT Investigators. The Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcome and Risks of Treatments. Ann Intern Med 125: 284–293
Hamel MB, Teno JM, Goldman L, Lynn J, Davis RB, Galanos AN, et al (1999) Patient age and decisions to withhold life-sustaining treatments from seriously ill, hospitalized adults. Ann Intern Med 130: 116–125
Ely EW, Evans GW, Haponik EF (1999) Mechanical ventilation in a cohort of elderly patients admitted to an intensive care unit. Ann Intern Med 131: 96–104
Ely EW, Margolin R, Francis J, May L, Truman B, Wheeler A, et al (2000) Delirium in the ICU: measurement and outcomes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 161:A506
Esteban A, Anzueto A, Alia I, Ely EW, Frutos F, Brochard L, et al (2000) The effect of age on outcome from mechanical ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 161:A385
Ely EW, Wheeler A, Thompson T, Steinberg KP, Ancukiewicz M, Bernard G (2000) Age is an independent predictor of outcomes in ARDS. Am J Respir Grit Care Med 161:A210
Kollef MH, O’Brien JD, Silver P (1997) The impact of gender on outcome from mechanical ventilation. Chest 111: 434–441
Yuen EJ, Gonnella JS, Louis DZ, Epstein KR, Howell SL, Markson LE (1995) Severity-adjusted differences in hospital utilization by gender. Am J Med Qual 10: 76–80
Cohen IL, Lambrinos J, Fein IA (1993) Mechanical ventilation for the elderly patient in intensive care. Incremental changes and benefits. JAMA 269: 1025–1029
Boult C, Dowd B, McCaffrey D, Boult L, Hernandez R, Krulewitch H (1993) Screening elders for risk of hospital admissionn. J Am Geriatr Soc 41: 811–817
Goldberg AI (1988) Life-sustaining technology and the elderly. Prolonged mechanical ventilation factors influencing the treatment decision. Chest 94: 1277–1282
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2003 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Ely, E.W. (2003). Strategies for Implementation of Weaning Algorithms in the Clinical Arena. In: Mancebo, J., Net, A., Brochard, L. (eds) Mechanical Ventilation and Weaning. Update in Intensive Care Medicine, vol 36. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56112-2_18
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56112-2_18
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-44181-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-56112-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive