Abstract
Accurate interpretation of the postoperative status of the knee cannot be achieved without a working knowledge of the utilised surgical procedures and techniques, as well as familiarity with the expected imaging appearances of the structures that have been repaired, resected or replaced. A thorough understanding of these two areas is therefore a prerequisite to the identification and correct interpretation of recurrent or new problems in the postoperative knee. This chapter will focus primarily on the postoperative assessment of the knee following surgery to the menisci, cruciate ligaments and articular cartilage.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Adriani E, Mariani PP, Maresca G, Santori N (1995) Healing of the patellar tendon after harvesting of its mid-third for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and evolution of the unclosed donor site defect. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 3:138-143
Allen PR, Denham RA, Swan AV (1984) Late degenerative changes after meniscectomy. Factors affecting the knee after operation. J Bone Joint Surg Br 66:666–671
Alparslan L, Minas T, Winalski CS (2001) Magnetic resonance imaging of autologous chondrocyte implantation. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 22:341–351
Applegate GR, Flannigan BD, Tolin BS, Fox JM, Del Pizzo W (1993) MR diagnosis of recurrent tears in the knee: value of intraarticular cont material. AJR Am J Roentgenol 16:821–825
Arnoczky SP, Cooper TG, Stadelmaier DM, Hannafin JA (1994) Magnetic resonance signals in healing menisci: an experimental study in dogs. Arthroscopy 10:552–557
Bellelli A, Adriani E, Margheritini F, Camillieri G, Della Rocca C, Mariani PP (1999) Synovial healing in reconstructed cruciate ligaments. Our personal experience compared in single interventions and combined reconstruction (in Italian). Radiol Med (Torino) 98:454–461
Bergfeld JA, McAllister DR, Parker RD, Valdevit AD, Kambic HE (2001) A biomechanical comparison of posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction techniques. Am J Sports Med 29:129–136
Bernicker JP, Haddad JL, Lintner DM, DiLiberti TC, Bocell JR (1998) Patellar tendon defect during the first year after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: appearance on serial magnetic resonance imaging. Arthroscopy 14:804–809
Bolano LE, Grana WA (1993) Isolated arthroscopic partial meniscectomy. Functional radiographic evaluation at five years. Am J Sports Med 21:432–437
Bronstein R, Kirk P, Hurley J (1992) The usefulness of MRI in evaluating menisci after meniscus repair. Orthopaedics 15:149–152
Cassar-Pullicino VN, McCall IW, Strover AE (1994) MRI of the knee following prosthetic cruciate ligament reconstruction. Clin Radiol 49:89–99
Cassidy RE, Shaffer AJ (1981) Repair of peripheral meniscus tears. A preliminary report. Am J Sports Med 9:209–214
Cheung Y, Magee TH, Rosenberg ZS, Rose DJ (1992) MRI of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Comput Assist Tomgr 16:134–137
Clancy WG Jr, Smith L (1991) Arthroscopic anterior and posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction technique. Ann Chir Gynaecol 80:141–148
Corsetti JR, Jackson DW (1996) Failure of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: the biologic basis. Clin Orthop 325:42–49
Coupens SD, Yates CK, Sheldon C, Ward C (1992) Magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of the patellar tendon after use central one-third for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 20:332–335
Covall DJ, Wasilewski SA (1992) Roentgenographic changes after arthroscopic meniscectomy: five year follow-up in patients more than 45 years old. Arthroscopy 8:242–246
Cross MJ, Roger G, Kujawa P, Anderson IF (1992) Regeneration of the semitendinosus and gracilis tendons following their transection for repair of the anterior cruciate ligament. Am J Sports Med 20:221–223
Dandy DJ, Jackson RW (1975) Meniscectomy and chondromalacia of the femoral condyle. J Bone Joint Surg Am 57:1116–1119
DeHaven KE (1985) Meniscus repair in the athlete. Clin Orthop 198:31–35
Deutsch AL, Mink JH, Fox JM, Arnoczky SP, Rothman BJ, Stoller DW, Cannon WD Jr (1990) Peripheral meniscal tears: MR findings after conservative treatment or arthroscopic repair. Radiology 176:484–488
Deutsch AL, Mink JH, Fox JM, Friedman MJ, Howell SM (1992) The postoperative knee. Magn Reson Q 8:23–54
Drez DJ Jr, DeLee J, Holden JP, Arnoczky S, Noyes FR, Roberts TS (1991) Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using bone-patellar tendon-bone allografts. A biological and biomechanical evaluation in goats. Am J Sports Med 19:256–263
Eggli S, Wegmuller H, Kosina J, Huckell C, Jakob RP (1995) Long-term results of arthroscopic meniscal repair. An analysis of isolated tears. Am J Sports Med 23:715–720
Einhorn TA (1995) Enhancement of fracture-healing. J Bone Joint Surg Am 77:940–956
Erickson SJ, Prost RW, Timins ME (1993) The “magic angle” effect: background physics and clinical relevance. Radiology 188:23–25
Fahey M, Indelicato PA (1994) Bone tunnel enlargement after anterior cruciate ligament replacement. Am J Sports Med 22:410–414
Fairbank TJ (1948) Knee joint changes after meniscectomy. J Bone Joint Surg Br 30:664–670
Farley TE, Howell SM, Love KF, Wolfe RD, Neumann CH (1991) Meniscal tears: MR and arthrographic findings after arthroscopic repair. Radiology 180:517–522
Graf B, Uhr F (1988) Complications of intra-articular anterior cruciate reconstruction. Clin Sports Med 7:835–848
Hangody L, Kish G, Karpati Z, Szerb I, Udvarhelyi I (1997) Arthroscopic autogenous osteochondral mosaicplasty for the treatment of femoral condylar articular defects. A preliminary report. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 5:262–267
Hanks GA, Gause TM, Sebastianelli WJ, O’Donnell CS, Kalenak A (1991) Repair of peripheral meniscal tears: open versus arthroscopic technique. Arthroscopy 7:72–77
Harter RA, Osternig LR, Singer KM, James SL, Larson RL, Jones DC (1988) Long-term evaluation of knee stability and function following surgical reconstruction for anterior cruciate ligament insufficiency. Am J Sports Med 16:434–443
Howell SM, Clark JA (1992) Tibial tunnel placement in anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions and graft impingement. Clin Orthop 283:187–195
Howell SM, Berns GS, Farley TE (1991a) Unimpinged and impinged anterior cruciate ligament grafts: MR signal intensity measurements. Radiology 179:639–643
Howell SM, Clark JA, Blasier RD (1991b) Serial magnetic resonance imaging of hamstring anterior cruciate ligament auto grafts during the first year of implantation. A preliminary study. Am J Sports Med 19:42–47
Howell SM, Knox KE, Farley TE, Taylor MA (1995) Revascularization of a human anterior cruciate ligament graft during the first two years of implantation. Am J Sports Med 23:42–49
Howell SM, Gittins ME, Gottlieb JE, Traina SM, Zoellner TM (2001) The relationship between the angle of the tibial tunnel in the coronal plane and loss of flexion and anterior laxity after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 29:567–574
Jansson KA, Karjalainen PT, Harilainen A, Sandelin J, Soila K, Tallroth K, Atonen HJ (2001) MRI of anterior cruciate ligament repair with patellar and hamstring tendon autografts. Skeletal Radiol 30:8–14.
Johnson LL (1993) The outcome of a free autogenous semitendinosus tendon graft in human anterior cruciate reconstructive surgery: a histological stydy. Arthroscopy 9:131–142
Johnson DL, Bealle D (1999) Meniscal allograft transplantation. Clin Sports Med 18:93–108
Johnson DL, Either DB, Vanarthos WJ (1996) Herniation of the patellar fat pad through the patellar tendon defect after autologous bone-patellar tendon-bone anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. A case report. Am J Sports Med 24:201–204
Kannus P, Jarvinen M (1987) Conservatively treated tears of the anterior cruciate ligament. Long-term results. J Bone Joint Surg Am 69:1007–1012
Kartus J, Rostgard-Christensen L, Movin T, Lindahl S, Ejerhed L, Karlsson J (2000) Evaluation of harvested and normal patellar tendons: a reliability analysis of magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 8:275–280
Kitziger KJ, DeLee JC (1990) Failed partial meniscectomy. Clin Sports Med 9:641–660
Lajtai G, Humer K, Aitzetmuller G, Unger F, Noszian I, Orthner E (1999) Serial magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of a bioabsorbable interference screw and the adjacent bone. Arthroscopy 15:481–488
Lim PS, Schweitzer ME, Bhatia M, Giuliano V, Kaneriya PP, Senyk RM, Oliveri M, Johnson W, Amster B, Parker L (1999) Repeat tear of postoperative meniscus: potential MR imaging signs. Radiology 210:183–188
Liu SH, Hang DW, Gentili A, Finerman GA (1996) MRI and morphology of the insertion of the patellar tendon after graft harvesting. J Bone Joint Surg Br 78:823–826
Manaster BJ, Remley K, Newman AP, Mann FA (1988) Kneeligament reconstruction: plain film analysis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 150:337–342
Mariani PP, Adriani E, Bellelli A, Maresca G (1999) Magnetic resonance imaging of tunnel placement in posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy 15:733–740
Maywood RM, Murphy BJ, Uribe JW, Hechtman KS (1993) Evaluation of arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Sports Med 21:523–527
Mink JH, Deutsch AL (1989) Magnetic resonance imaging of the knee. Clin Orthop 244:29–47
Mink JH, Reicher MA, Crues JV III, Deutsch AL (1993) MRI of the knee2nd edn. Raven Press, New York
Mink JH, Levy T, Crues JV 3rd (1998) Tears of the anterior cruciate ligament and menisci of the knee: MR imaging evaluation. Radiology 167:769–774
Muellner T, Egkher A, Nikolic A, Funovics M, Metz V (1999) Open meniscal repair: clinical and magnetic resonance imaging findings after twelve years. Am J Sports Med 27:16–20
Munk PL, Vellet AD, Fowler PJ, Miniaci T, Crues JV 3rd (1992) Magnetic resonance imaging of reconstructed knee ligaments. Can Assoc Radiol J 43:411–419
Murakami Y, Sumen Y, Ochi M, Fujimoto E, Adachi N, Ikuta Y (1998) MR evaluation of human anterior cruciate ligament autograft on oblique axial imaging. J Comput Assist Tomogr 22:270–275
Murakami Y, Sumen Y, Ochi M, Fujimoto E, Deie M, Ikuta Y (1999) Appearance of anterior cruciate ligament auto grafts in their tibial bone tunnels on oblique axial MRI. Magn Reson Imaging 17:679–687
Nixon RG, SeGall GK, Sax SL, Cain TE, Tullos HS (1995) Reconstitution of the patellar tendon donor site after graft harvest. Clin Orthop 317:162–17l
Potter HG, Rodeo SA, Wickiewicz TL, Warren RF (1996) MR imaging of meniscal allografts: correlation with clinical and arthroscopic outcomes. Radiology 198:509–514
Proctor CS, Jackson DW, Simon TM (1997) Characterization of the repair tissue after removal of the central one-third of the patellar ligament. An experimental study in goat model. J Bone Joint Surg Am 79:997–1006
Race A, Amis AA (1998) PCL reconstruction. In vitro biomechanical comparison of “isometric” v single and doublebundled “anatomic” grafts. J Bone Joint Surg Br 80:173–179 ai]Rak KM, Gillogly SD, Schaefer RA, Yakes WF, Liljedahl RR (1991) Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: evaluation with MR imaging. Radiology 178:553–556
Rangger C, Klestil T, Gloetzer W, Kemmler G, Benedetto KP (1995) Osteoarthritis after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy. Am J Sports Med 23:240–244
Recht MP, Piraino DW, Cohen MA, Parker RD, Bergfeld JA (1995) Localized anterior arthrofibrosis (cyclops lesion) after reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligament: MR imaging findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol 165:383–385
Recht M, Bobic V, Burstein D, Disler D, Gold G, Gray M, Kramer J, Lang P, McCauley T, Winalski C (2001) Magnetic resonance imaging of articular cartilage. Clin Orthop 391 (Suppl):S379–S396
Richardson JB, Caterson B, Evans EH, Ashton BA, Roberts S (1999) Repair of human articular cartilage after implantation of autologous chondrocytes. J Bone Joint Surg Br 81:1064–1068
Roos H, Lauren M, Adalberth T, Roos EM, Jonsson K, Lohmander LS (1998) Knee osteoarthritis after meniscectomy: prevalence of radiographic change after twenty-one years compared with matched controls. Arthritis Rheum 41:687–693
Sanders TG, Mentzer KD, Miller MD, Morrison WB, Campbell SE, Penrod BJ (2001) Autogenous osteochondral “plug” transfer for the treatment of focal chondral defects: postoperative MR appearance with clinical correlation. Skeletal Radiol 30:570–578
Schatz JA, Potter HG, Rodeo SA, Hannafin JA, Wickiewicz TL (1997) MR imaging of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. AJR Am J Roentgenol 169:223–228
Schick F, Dammann F, Lutz O, Claussen CD (1995) Adapted techniques for clinical MR imaging of tendons. MAGMA 3:103–107
Schimmer RC, Brulhart KB, Duff C, Glinz W (1998) Arthroscopic partial meniscectomy: a 12-year follow-up and two-step evaluation of the long-term course. Arthroscopy 14:136–142
Sciulli RL, Boutin RD, Brown RR, Nguyen KD, Muhle C, Lektrakul N, Pathria MN, Pedowitz R, Resnick D (1999) Evaluation of the postoperative meniscus of the knee: a study comparing conventional arthrography, conventional MR imaging, MR arthrography with iodinated contrast material, and MR arthrography with gadolinium based contrast material. Skeletal Radiol 28:508–514
Smith DK, Totty WG (1990) The knee after partial meniscectomy: MR imaging features. Radiology 176:141–144
Stockle U, Hoffmann R, Schwedke J, Lubrich J, Vogi T, Sudkamp NP, Haas N (1998) Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: the diagnostic value of MRI. Int Orthop 22:288–292
Tsai CL, Liu CN, Lim AC (1992) Meniscal repair with autogenous periosteum and fibrin adhesive system (in Chinese). Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei) 49:170–176
Tuite MJ, De Smet AA (1996) MR of the postoperative knee. Top Magn Reson Imaging 8:2–14
Van Trommel MF, Simonian PT, Potter HG, Wickiewicz TL (1998) Arthroscopic meniscal repair with fibrin clot of complete radial tears of lateral meniscus in the avascular zone. Arthroscopy 14:360–365
Verstraete KL, Huysse WCJ, Steines D, Lang P, Declercq D, Rousseaux M (2000) Assessment of osteochondral autografts of the knee with CT, conventional MRI, dynamic contrast-enhanced and cartilage thickness images. Seventh Annual Meeting, European Society of Musculoskeletal RadiologyLeiden
Vogi TJ, Schmitt J, Lubrich J, Hochmuth K, Diebold T, Del Tredici K, Sudkamp N (2001) Reconstructed anterior cruciate ligaments using patellar tendon ligament grafts: diagnostic value of contrast-enhanced MRI in a 2 year follow-up regimen. Eur Radiol 11:1450–1456
Warden WH, Friedman R, Teresi LM, Jackson DW (1999) Magnetic resonance imaging of bioabsorbable polylactic acid interference screws during the first 2 years after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy 15:474–480
Whitman TL, Diduch DR (1998) Transient posterior knee pain with the meniscal arrow. Arthroscopy 14:762–763
Wiley JP, Bray RC, Wiseman DA, Elliott PD, Ladly KO, Vale LA (1997) Serial ultrasonographic imaging evaluation of the patellar tendon after harvesting its central one third for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Ultrasound Med 16:251–255
Yamato M, Yamagishi T (1992) MRI of patellar tendon anterior cruciate ligament autografts. J Comput Assist Tomogr 16:604–607
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2003 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Cassar-Pullicino, V., Roberts, S.N.J. (2003). The Postoperative Knee 1: Menisci, Cruciate Ligaments, Cartilage. In: Davies, A.M., Cassar-Pullicino, V. (eds) Imaging of the Knee. Medical Radiology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55912-9_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55912-9_11
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-00250-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-55912-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive